Skip to main content

Chemical Carcinogenesis: Interactions of Carcinogens with Nucleic Acids

  • Chapter
Etiology: Chemical and Physical Carcinogenesis

Part of the book series: Cancer, A Comprehensive Treatise ((C))

Abstract

Some of the major conceptual advances in chemical carcinogenesis made during the past several years have been (1) the discovery of the enzymatic activation of procarcinogens to reactive ultimate carcinogens, (2) the characterization of interactions of the active metabolites of many carcinogens with a variety of tissue nucleophiles including DNA, RNA, and protein, and (3)the development of model systems for a sequential analysis of the initiation phase of carcinogenesis. This chapter primarily focuses on the interactions of chemical carcinogens and their activated metabolites with nucleic acids, both DNA and RNA.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abanobi, S. E., Columbano, A., Mulivor, R. A., Rajalakshmi, S., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1980. In vivo replication of hepatic deoxyribonucleic acid of rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine: Presence of dimethylnitrosamine induced O 6-methylguanine, N-7-methylguanine and N-3-methyladenine in the replicated hybrid deoxyribonucleic acid, Biochemistry 19: 1382.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abbott, P. J., And Saffhill, R., 1977, DNA synthesis with methylated poly(dA-dT) template: Possible role of O 4-methylthymine as a promutagenic base, Nucleic Acids Res. 4: 761.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abbott, P. J., And Saffhill, R., 1979, DNA synthesis with methylated poly(dC-dG) templates: Evidence for competitive nature to miscoding by O 6-methylguanine, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 562: 51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal, M. K., And Weinstein, I. B., 1970, Modifications of ribonucleic acid by chemical carcinogens. II. In vivo reaction of N-2-acetylaminofluorene with rat liver ribonucleic acid, Biochemistry 9: 503.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, P., 1952, Interference with the formation of a nucleoprotein complex by radiomimetic compounds, Nature (London) 169: 226.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, P., 1969, Comparison of the mode of action by which some alkylating agents and ionizing radiations kill mammalian cells, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 163: 652.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexandrov, K., Vendrely, C., and Vendrely, R., 1970, A comparative study of the action of carcinogenic substances on the RNA synthesis in mouse skin, Cancer Res. 30: 1192.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altamirano-Dimas, M., Sklar, R., And Strauss, B., 1979, Selectivity of the excision of alkylation products in a xeroderma-pigmentosum derived lymphoblastoid line, Mutat. Res. 60: 197.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andoh, T., Kato, K., Takaoka, T., And Katsuta, H., 1971, Carcinogenesis in tissue culture. XIII. Binding of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-3H to nucleic acids and proteins of L.P3 and JTC 25-P3 cells, Int. J. Cancer 7: 455.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araki, M., Kawazoe, Y., And Nagata, C., 1969, Chemical carcinogens. IX. Homolytic degradation of O,O’-diacetyl-4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide (1-acetoxy-4-acetyloxyimino-1,4-dihydroquinoline), Chem. Pharm. Bull. 17: 1344.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arcos, J. C., And Argus, M. F., 1968, Molecular geometry and carcinogenic activity of aromatic compounds: New perspectives, Adv. Cancer Res. 11: 305.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arcos, J. C., Venkatesen, N., And Argus, M. F., 1971 Modification of the flow dichroism spectrum of rat liver nuclear Dna by in vivo alkylation with hepatocarcinogenic dialkylnitrosamines, Gann 62: 523.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, E. A., And Young, K. E., 1974, Heterogeneity of chromatin: Fractionation of sonicated rat liver chromatin by partial precipitation with Mgt’, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 164: 73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnott, S., Chandrasekaran, R., Birdsall, D. L., Leslie, A. G. W., And Retliff, R. L., 1980, Left handed Dna helices, Nature (London) 283: 743.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Axel, R., 1975, Cleavage of Dna in nuclei and chromatin with staphylococcal nuclease, Biochemistry 14: 2921.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Axel, R., Weinstein, I. B., And Farber, E., 1967, Patterns of transfer Rna in normal rat liver during hepatic carcinogenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 58: 1255.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Axel, R., Cedar, H., And Felsenfeld, G., 1975, The structure of the globin genes in chromatin, Biochemistry 14: 2489.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Backer, J. M., And Weinstein, I. B., 1980, Modification of mitochondrial Dna by a dihydrodiolepoxide derivative of benzo(a)pyrene, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 21: 93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannon, P., And Verly, W., 1972, Alkylation of phosphates and stability of phosphate triesters in Dna, Fur. J. Biochem. 31: 103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbin, A., Bresil, H., Crosy, A., Jacquignon, P., Malaveille, C., Montesano, R., And Bartsch, H., 1975, Liver microsome-mediated formation of alkylating agents from vinyl bromide and vinyl chloride, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67: 596.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch, H., And Montesano, R., 1975, Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of vinyl chloride, Mutat. Res. 32: 93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch, H., Miller, J. A., And Miller, E. C., 1972, Activation of carcinogenic aromatic hydroxylamines by enzymatic O-acetylation, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 13: 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch, H., Montesano, R., And Malaveille, C., 1975, Human, rat and mouse liver-mediated mutagenicity of the vinyl chloride in S. typhimurium strains, Int. J. Cancer 15: 429.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beach, D. J., And Sunderman, F. W., JR., 1970, Nickel carbonyl inhibition of Rna synthesis by a chromatin—Rna polymerase complex from hepatic nuclei, Cancer Res. 30: 48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weland, F. A., 1978, Computer generated graphic models of the N2-substituted deoxyguanosine adducts of 2-acetylaminofluorene and benzo(a)pyrene and the 06-substituted deoxyguanosine adduct of 1-naphthylamine in the Dna double helix, Chem. Biol. Interact. 22: 329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benfey, O. T., 1970, Introduction to Organic Reaction Mechanisms, McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berenblum, I., And Trainin, N., 1960, Possible two-stage mechanism in experimental leukemogenesis, Science 132: 40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann, F., 1942, On the mechanism of tumor production by chemical agents, Cancer Res. 2: 660.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black, H. S., And Jirgensons, B., 1967, Interactions of aflatoxin with histones and Dna, Plant Physiol. 42: 731.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, G. M., Fenwick, R. G., And Thompson, M. W., 1972, Structure of the thymine-3,4benzopyrene photoproduct, Tetrahedron Lett. 7: 589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, K. S., And Anderson, J. N., 1978, Fractionation of hen oviduct chromatin into transcriptionally active and inactive regions after selective micrococcal nuclease digestion, Cell 15:141. Bodell, W. J., 1977, Nonuniform distribution of Dna repair in chromatin after treatment with methylmethanesulfonate, Nucleic Acids Res. 4: 2619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodell, W. J., And Banerjee, M. R., 1976, Reduced Dna repair in mouse satellite Dna after treatment with methylmethanesulfonate and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, Nucleic Acids Res. 3: 1689.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bodell, W. J., And Banerjee, M. R., 1979, The influence of chromatin structure on the distribution of Dna repair synthesis studied by nuclease digestion, Nucleic Acids Res. 6: 359.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bodell, W. J., Singer, B., Thomas, G. H., And Cleaver, J. A., 1979, Evidence for removal at different rates of 0-ethyl pyrimidines and ethyl phosphotriesters in two human fibroblast cell lines, Nucleic Acids Res. 6: 2819.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonner, J., Gottesfeld, J., Gerrard, W., Belling, R., And Uphouse, L., 1975, Isolation of template active and inactive regions of chromatin, Methods Enzymol. 40E: 97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borek, C., And Sachs, L., 1967, The number of cell generations required to fix the transformed state in X-ray-induced transformation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 57: 1522.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boutwell, R. K., Colburn, N. H., And Muckerman, C. C., 1969, In vivo reactions of ß-propiolactone, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 163: 751.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowden, G. T., And Boutwell, R. K., 1973, The binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (Dmba) to replicating and non-replicating Dna in vivo, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 14: 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyland, E., 1969, The biochemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons, amines and urethane, in Physicochemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. 1 ( E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds), p. 25, The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyland, E., And Sims, P., 1965, Metabolism of polycyclic compounds. The metabolism of 7,12dimethylbenz(a) anthracene by rat liver homogenates, Biochem. J. 95: 780.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyland, E., And Williams, K., 1969, Reaction of urethane with nucleic acids in vivo, Biochem. J. 111: 121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brash, D. E., And Hart, R. W., 1978, Dna damage and repair in vivo, J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2: 79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brawerman, G., 1974, Eukaryotic messenger Rna, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 43: 621.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brent, T. P., 1976, Purification and characterization of human endonucleases specific for damaged Dna, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 454: 172.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brent, T. P., 1979, Partial purification and characterization of a human 3-methyladenine-Dna glycosylase, Biochemistry 18: 911.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, B. A., 1976, Short term screening tests for carcinogens, Nature (London) 261: 195.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinker, J. M., Madore, A. P., And Bello, L. J., 1973, Stabilization of heterogeneous nuclear Rna by intercalating drugs, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 52: 928.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Britten, R. J., And Davidson, E. H., 1969, Gene regulation for higher cells: A theory—New facts regarding the organization of genome provide clues to the nature of gene regulation, Science 165: 349.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Britten, R. J., And Kohne, D. E., 1968, Repeated sequences in Dna. Hundreds and thousands of copies of Dna sequences have been incorporated into the genome of higher organisms, Science 161: 529.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brookes, P., 1966, Quantitative aspects of the reaction of some carcinogens with nucleic acids and the possible significance of such reactions in the process of carcinogenesis, Cancer Res. 26: 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brookes, P., And Lawley, P. D., 1960, The reaction of mustard gas with nucleic acids in vitro and in vivo, Biochem. J. 77: 478.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brookes, P., And Lawley, P. D., 1961, The reaction of mono- and di-functional alkylating agents with nucleic acids, Biochem. J. 80: 496.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brookes, P., And Lawley, P. D., 1964, Evidence for the binding of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to the nucleic acids of mouse skin: Relation between carcinogenic power of hydrocarbons and their binding to deoxyribonucleic acid, Nature (London) 202: 781.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. B., Teller, M. N., Smullyan, I., Birdsall, N. J. M., Lee, T.-C., Parham, J. C., And Stohrer, G., 1973, Correlations between oncogenic and chemical properties of several derivatives of 3-hydroxyxanthine and 3-hydroxyguanine, Cancer Res. 33: 1113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, J. D., O’Connor, P. J., And Craig, A. W., 1979, Pretreatment with acetylaminofluorene enhances the repair of 06-methylguanine in Dna, Nature (London) 281: 403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buecheler, J., And Kleihues, P., 1977, Excision of 06-methylguanine from Dna of various mouse tissues following a single injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, Chem. Biol. Interact. 16: 325.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buhl, S. N., Setlow, R. B., And Regan, J. D., 1974, Recovery of the ability to synthesize Dna in segments of normal size at long times after UV irradiation of human cells, Biophys. J. 13: 1265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butzow, J. J., And Eichhorn, G. L., 1965, IV. Degradation of polyribonucleotides by zinc and other divalent metal ions, Biopolymers 3: 95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cathcart, R., And Goldthwait, D. A., 1981, Enzymatic excision of 3-methyladenine and 7methylguanine by a rat liver nuclear fraction, Biochemistry 20: 273.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cayama, E., Tsuda, H., Sarma, D. S. R., And Farber, E., 1978, Initiation of chemical carcinogenesis requires cell proliferation, Nature (London) 275: 60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerutti, P. A., Sessions, F., Hariharan, P. V., And Lusby, A., 1978, Repair of Dna damage induced by benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxides I and II in human alveolar tumor cells, Cancer Res. 38: 2118.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, J. Y. H., And Becker, F. F., 1979, Decreased fidelity of Dna polymerase activity during N-2-fluorenylacetamide hepatocarcinogenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 76: 814.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chetsanga, C., And Lindahl, T., 1979, Release of 7-methylguanine residues whose imidazole rings have been opened from damaged Dna by a Dna glycosylase from Escherichia coli, Nucleic Acids Res. 6: 3673.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. J., And Felsenfeld, G., 1971, Structure of chromatin, Nature (London) 229: 101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clayson, D. B., And Garner, R. C., 1976, Carcinogenic aromatic amines and related compounds, in Chemical Carcinogens (C. E. Searle, ed.), p. 366, Acs Monograph 173, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleaver, J. E., 1968, Defective repair replication of Dna in xeroderma pigmentosum, Nature (London) 218: 652.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleaver, J. E., 1969, Xeroderma pigmentosum: A human disease in which an initial stage of Dna repair is defective, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 63: 428.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cleaver, J. E., 1977, Nucleosome structure controls rates of excision repair in Dna of human cells, Nature (London) 270: 451.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleaver, J. E., 1978, Dna repair and its coupling to Dna replication in eukaryotic cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 516: 489.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, J. I. And Rees, K. R., 1967, The action of aflotoxin B1 on the rat liver, Biochem. J. 102: 65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. M., Alter, A., And Bryan, G. T., 1973, Distribution of radioactivity and metabolism of formic acid 2-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2–14C-2-thiazolyl]hydrazide following oral administration to rats and mice, Cancer Res. 33: 2802.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, W. E., And Volkin, E., (eds.), 1976, m-Rna: The relation of structure and function, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colburn, N. H., And Boutwell, R. K., 1968, The in vivo binding of propiolactone to mouse skin Dna, Rna and protein, Cancer Res. 28: 642.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Columbano, A., Rao, P. M., Rajalakshmi, S., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1980, Presence of dimethylnitrosamine (Dmn) induced methylated products in the parental strand of the in vivo replicated, S1 nuclease resistant, hybrid liver Dna, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 21: 86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cookson, M. J., Sims, P., And Grover, P. L., 1971, Mutagenicity of epoxides of polycyclic hydrocarbons correlates with carcinogenicity of parent hydrocarbons, Nature (London) 234: 186.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H. K., Margison, G. P., O’Connor, P. J., And Itzhaki, R. F., 1975, Heterogenous distribution of Dna alkylation products in rat-liver chromatin after in vivo administration of N,N-di[14C]methylnitrosamine, Chem. Biol. Interact. 11: 483.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R., 1979, Differences in the removal of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea methylated products in DNase-I-sensitive and resistant regions of rat brain Dna, Cancer Res. 39: 2675.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R., And Farber, E., 1972, Ethylation of Dna versus cancer induction with ethionine, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 13: 97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R., And Irving, C. C., 1977, Selective accumulation of 06-methylguanine in Dna of rat bladder epithelium after intravesical administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, Cancer Lett. 3: 265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R., And Irving, C. C., 1979, 06-Methylguanine accumulates in Dna of mammary glands after administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea to rats, Cancer Lett. 6: 273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R., Damjanov, I., Abanobi, S., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1973, A method for measuring Dna damage and repair in the liver in vivo, Cancer Res. 33: 2114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle, M. B., And Strauss, B. S., 1969–1970, Characteristics of Dna synthesized by methylmethanesulfonate treated HEp-2 cells, Chem. Biol. Interact. 1: 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craddock, V. M., 1969, Methylation of t-Rna and ribosomal Rna in rat liver in the intact animal and the effect of carcinogens, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 195: 351.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock, V. M., 1973, Induction of liver tumours in rats by a single treatment with nitroso compounds given after partial hepatectomy, Nature (London) 245: 386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock, V. M., Villa-Trevino, S., And Magee, P. N., 1968, Occurrence of 7-methylguanine in nucleic acids of rat liver, Biochem. J. 107: 179.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Ambroslo, S. M., And Setlow, R. B., 1976, Enhancement of post-replicative repair in Chinese hamster cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 73: 2396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damjanov, I., Cox, R., Sarma, D. S. R., And Farber, E., 1973, Patterns of damage and repair of liver Dna induced by carcinogenic methylating agents in vivo, Cancer Res. 33: 2122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Andrea, A. D., And Haseltine, W. A., 1978, Modification of Dna by aflatoxin B1 creates alkali-labile lesions in Dna at positions of guanine and adenine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 75: 4120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darnell, J. E., 1968, Ribonucleic acids from animal cells, Bacteriol. Rev. 32: 262.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Debaun, J. R., Smith, J. Y. R., Miller, E. C., And Miller, J. A., 1970, Reactivity in vivo of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene: Increase by sulfate ion, Science 167: 184.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Den Engelse, L., And Phillipus, E. J., 1977, In vivo repair of rat liver Dna damaged by dimethylnitrosamine or diethylnitrosamine, Chem. Biol. Interact. 19: 111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, W. A., And Linn, S., 1979, Dna binding activity from cultured human fibroblasts that is specific for partially depurinated Dna and that inserts purines into apurinic sites, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 76: 141.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickens, F., And Jones, H. E. H., 1963, Further studies on the carcinogenic and growth-inhibitory activity of lactones and related substances, Br. J. Cancer 17: 100.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dijkstra, J., And Weide, S. S., 1972, Changes in chromatin caused by aminoazo compounds, Exp. Cell Res. 72: 345.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dingman, C. W., And Sporn, M. B., 1967, The binding of metabolites of aminoazo-dyes to rat liver Dna in vivo, Cancer Res. 27: 938.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dipaolo, J., 1960, Experimental evaluation of actinomycin D, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 89: 408.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dipple, A., 1972, Model studies for azo-dye carcinogenesis, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1: 447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dipple, A., And Slade, T. A., 1970, Structure and activity in chemical carcinogenesis: Reactivity and carcinogenicity of 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene and 7-bromomethyl-12-methylbenz(a)-anthracene, Eur. J. Cancer 6: 417.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dipple, A., Brookes, P., Mackintosh, D. S., And Rayman, M. P., 1971, Reaction of 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene with nucleic acids, polynucleotides and nucleosides, Biochemistry 10: 4323.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Druckrey, H., 1970, Production of colonic carcinomas by 1,2-dialkylhydrazines and azoxyalkanes, in Carcinoma of the Colon and Antecedent Epithelium (W. J. Burdette, ed.), p. 267, Thomas, Springfield, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Druckrey, H., 1972, Organospecific carcinogenesis in the digestive tract, in Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of The Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund ( W. Nakahara, S. Takayama, T. Sugimura, and S. Odashima, eds.), p. 73, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Druckrey, H., Preussmann, R., Matzkus, F., And Ivankonie, S., 1967, Selektive Erzeugung Von Darmkrebs bei Ratten durch 1,2-dimethylhydrazin, Naturwissenschaften 54: 285.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dube, S. K., Marcker, K. A., Clark, B. F. C., And Cory, S., 1968, Nucleotide sequence of N-formyl-methionyl transfer Rna, Nature (London) 218: 232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, M., Brookes, P., And Dipple, A., 1969, Metabolism and binding to cellular macromolecules of a series of hydrocarbons by mouse embryo cells in culture, Int. J. Cancer 4: 813.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, D. B., 1963, The isolation of 1-methyladenylic acid and 7-methylguanylic acid from ribonucleic acid, Biochem. J. 86: 14 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, G. S., Wogan, G. N., Sporn, M. B., And Pong, R. S., 1971, Structure—activity relationships in Dna binding and nuclear effects of aflatoxin and analogs, Cancer Res. 31: 1943.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eichhorn, G. L., Clark, P., And Becker, E. D., 1966, Interactions of metal ions with polynucleotides and related compounds. Vii. The binding of copper (II) to nucleosides, nucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acids, Biochemistry 5: 245.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elkind, M. M., And Redpath, J. L., 1977, Molecular and cellular biology of radiation lethality, in Cancer: A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 6 ( F. F. Becker, ed.), p. 51, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmore, D. J., Gulland, J. M., Jordan, D. O., And Taylor, H. F. W., 1948, The reaction of nucleic acids with mustard gas, Biochem. J. 42: 308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enomoto, M., Sato, K., Miller, E. C., And Miller, J. A., 1968, Reactivity of the diacetyl derivative of the carcinogen 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide with Dna, Rna and other nucleophiles, Life Sci. 7: 1025.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. M., Benedetti, E. L., Shinozuka, H., Bartus, B., And Farber, E., 1969–1970, Altered and distorted Dna from a premalignant liver lesion induced by 2-fluorenylacetamide, Chem. Biol. Interact. 1: 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • ErtÜRK, E., Morris, J. E., Cohen, S. M., Von Esch, A. M., Crovetti, A. J., Price, J. M., And Bryan, G. T., 1971, Comparative carcinogenicity of formic acid 2-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2thiazolyl]hydrazide and related chemicals in the rat, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 47: 437.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Essigmann, J. M., Croy, R. G., Nazdan, A. M., Busby, W. F., JR., Reinhold, V. N., Buchi, G., And Wogan, G. N., 1977, Structural identification of the major Dna adduct formed by aflatoxin B1 in vitro, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 74: 1870.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E., 1963, Ethionine carcinogenesis, Adv. Cancer Res. 7: 383.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E., 1967, Ethionine fatty liver, Adv. Lipid Res. 5: 119.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E., 1968, Biochemistry of carcinogenesis, Cancer Res. 28: 1859.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E., And Magee, P. N., 1960, The probable alkylation of liver ribonucleic acid by the hepatic carcinogens dimethylnitrosamine and ethionine, Biochem. J 76: 58 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E., Shull, K. H., Villa-Trevino, S., Lombardi, B., And Thomas, M., 1964, Biochemical pathology of acute hepatic adenosinetriphosphate deficiency, Nature (London) 203: 34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E., Mcconomy, J., Franzen, B., Marroquin, F., Stewart, G. A., And Magee, P. N., 1967a, Interaction between ethionine and rat liver ribonucleic acid and protein in vivo, Cancer Res. 27: 1761.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E., MccoNoMY, J., And Frumanski, B., 19676, Relative degrees of labeling of liver Dna and Rna with ethionine, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 8: 16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farber, J. L., Shinozuka, H., Serroni, A., And Farmer, R., 1975, Reversal of the ethionine-induced inhibition of rat liver Rna polymerases in vivo by adenine, Lab. Invest. 31: 465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldberg, R. S., And Grossman, L., 1976, A Dna binding protein from human placenta specific for ultraviolet damaged Dna, Biochemistry 15: 2402.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felsenfeld, G., 1978, Chromatin, Nature (London) 271: 115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiala, E. S., Kulakis, C., Bobotas, G., And Weisburger, J. H., 1976, Separation of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. 117: 181.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiala, E. S., Kulakis, C., Christiansen, G., And Weisburger, J. H., 1978, Inhibition of the metabolism of the colon carcinogen, azoxymethane, by pyrazole, Cancer Res. 38: 4515.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fink, L. M., Nishimura, S., And Weinstein, I. B., 1970, Modifications of ribonucleic acid by chemical carcinogens. I. In vitro modification of transfer ribonucleic acid by N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, Biochemistry 9: 496.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flamm, W. G., Walker, P. M., And Mccallum, M., 1969, Renaturation and isolation of single strands from the nuclear Dna of the guinea pig, J. Mol. Biol. 42: 441.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, L. R., Unuma, T., And Busch, H., 1968, Effects of aflatoxin B1 and other carcinogens upon nucleolar Rna of various tissues in the rat, Exp. Cell Res. 51: 423.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M., And Ayad, S. R., 1971, Characteristics of repair synthesis in P388 cells treated with methyl methanesulphonate, Chem. Biol. Interact. 3: 193.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frei, J. V., Swenson, D. H., Warren, W., And Lawley, P. D., 1978, Alkylation of deoxyribonucleic acid in vivo in various organs of C57BL mice by the carcinogens N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and ethyl methanesulphonate in relaation to induction of thymic lymphoma. Some applications of high-pressure liquid chromatography, Biochem. J. 174: 1031.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedberg, E. C., And Goldthwait, D. A., 1969, Endonuclease II of E. coli. I. Isolation and purification, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 62: 934.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, R. P. P., 1975, In vitro recognition of carcinogen-induced local denaturation sites in native Dna by S1 endonuclease from Aspergillus oryzae, Nature (London) 257: 151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, R. P. P., And Daune, M. P., 1974, Dynamic structure of Dna modified with the carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetyl-aminofluorene, Biochemistry 13: 4435.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, R. P. P., Lefevre, J. F., Pouyet, J., And Daune, M. P., 1976, Comparative orientation of the fluorene residue in native Dna, modified by N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene and two 7halogeno-derivatives, Biochemistry 15: 3347.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimura, S., Grunberger, D., Carvajal, G., And Weinstein, I. B., 1972, Modification of Rna by chemical carcinogen. Modification of E. coli formylmethionine tRna with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, Biochemistry 11: 3629.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda, S., And Yamamoto, N., 1972, Detection of activating enzymes for 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide activation with a microbiology assay system, Cancer Res. 32: 435.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furst, A., And Haro, R. T., 1969, Possible mechanisms of metal ion carcinogenesis, in: Physicochemical Mechanisms in Carcinogenesis, The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. 1 ( E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 310, The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuwa, K., Warren, W. E. C., Druyan, R., Bartholomay, A., And Vallee, B. L., 1960, Nucleic acids and metals. II. Transition metals as determinants of the conformation of ribonucleic acids, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 46: 1298.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith, A. I., Chapleo, M. R., And Itzhaki, R. F., 1978, Distribution of 7-methylguanine and of replication sites in the different kinetic classes of Dna from rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine, Nucleic Acids Res. 5: 3357.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith, A. I., Barker, M., And Itzhaki, R. F., 1979, Methylation of DNase digestible Dna and of Rna in chromatin from rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 561: 334.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganesan, A. K., 1974, Persistence of pyrimidine dimers during post-replication repair in ultraviolet light irradiated Escherichia coli K12, J. Mol. Biol. 87: 103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garel, A., And Axel, R., 1976, Selective digestion of transcriptionally active ovalbumin genes from oviduct nuclei, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 73: 3966.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garner, R. C., 1973, Microsomal-dependent binding of aflatoxin-B1 to Dna, Rna, polynucleotides and protein in vitro, Chem. Biol. Interact. 6: 125.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garner, R. C., Miller, E. C., Miller, J. A., Garner, J. V., And Hanson, R. S., 1971, Formation of a factor lethal for S. typhimurium TA 1530 and TA 1531 on incubation of aflatoxin B1 with rat liver microsomes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 45: 774.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gelboin, H. V., 1969, A microsome-dependent binding of benzo[a]-pyrene to Dna, Cancer Res. 29: 1272.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gelboin, H. V., Wirlham, J. S., Wilson, R. G., Friedman, M., And Wogan, G. N., 1966, Rapid and marked inhibition of rat liver Rna polymerase by aflatoxin B1, Science 154: 1205.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerchman, L. L., And Ludlum, D. B., 1973, The properties of 06-methylguanine in templates for Rna polymerase, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 308: 310.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmour, R. S., And Paul, J., 1973, Tissue specific transcription of the globin gene in isolated chromatin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 70: 3440.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginzburg, I., Cornelis, P., Giveon, D., And Littauer, U. Z., 1979, Functionally impaired Trna from ethionine treated rats as detected in injected Xenopus oocytes, Nucleic Acids Res. 6: 657.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giovanella, B. C., Mckinney, L. E., And Heidelberger, C., 1964, On the reported solubilization of carcinogenic hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions of Dna, J. Mol. Biol. 8: 20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, J. I., And Potter, V. R., 1972, Evidence for Dna repair synthesis and turnover in rat liver following ingestion of 3’-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, Cancer Res. 32: 766.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorski, J., Morrison, M., Merkel, C. G., And Lingrel, J. B., 1974, Size heterogeneity of polyadeny-late sequences in mouse globin m-Rna, J. Mol. Biol. 86: 363.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goshman, L. M., And Heidelberger, C., 1967, Binding of tritium-labeled polycyclic hydrocarbons to Dna of mouse skin, Cancer Res. 27: 1678.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gossard, F., And Verly, W. G., 1978, Properties of the main endonuclease specific for apurinic sites of Escherichia coli (endonuclease VI): Mechanism of apurinic site excision from Dna, Eur. J. Biochem. 82: 321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goth, R., And Rajewsky, M. F., 1974a, Persistence of 06-ethylguanine in rat-brain Dna: Correlation with nervous system-specific carcinogenesis by ethyl nitrosourea, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 71: 639.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goth, R., And Rajewsky, M. F., 1974b, Molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with pulsecarcinogenesis in the rat nervous system by Enu ethylation of nucleic acid; elimination rates of ethylated bases from Dna of different tissues, Z. Krebsforsch. 82: 37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gothe, R., Callerman, C. J., Ehrenberg, L., And Watchmeister, C. A., 1976, Trapping with 3,4-dichlorobenzenethiol of reactive metabolites formed in vitro from the carcinogen, vinyl chloride, Ambio 3: 234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goth-Goldstein, R., 1977, Repair of Dna damaged by alkylating carcinogens is defective in xeroderma pigmentosum-derived fibroblasts, Nature (London) 267: 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grab, D. J., And Zedeck, M. S., 1977, Organ specific effects of the carcinogen methylazoxymethanol related to metabolism by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases, Cancer Res. 37: 4182.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grab, D. J., Zedeck, M. S., Surstocki, N. I., And Sonenberg, M., 1973, In vitro synthesis of Rna with “aggregate” enzyme, chromatin and Dna from liver of methylazoxymethanol acetate-treated rats, Chem. Biol. Interact. 6: 259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, T., And Hathway, D. E., 1975, The biological fate in rats of vinyl chloride in relation to its oncogenicity, Chem. Biol. Interact. 11: 545.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, T., And Hathway, D. E., 1977, The chemistry and biogenesis of the S-containing metabolites of vinyl chloride in rats, Chem. Biol. Interact. 17: 137.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, T., And Hathway, D. E., 1978, Interactions of vinyl chloride with rat-liver Dna in vivo, Chem. Biol. Interact. 22: 211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, L., Braun, A., Feldberg, R., And Mahler, G., 1975, Enzymatic repair of Dna, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44: 19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grover, P. L., And Sims, P., 1968, Enzyme-catalysed reactions of polycyclic hydrocarbons with deoxyribonucleic acids and protein in vitro, Biochem. J. 110: 159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grover, P. L., And Sims, P., 1970, Interactions of the K-region epoxides of phenanthrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene with nucleic acids and histone, Biochem. Pharmacol. 19: 2251.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grover, P. L., Forrester, J. A., And Sims, P., 1971a, Reactivity of the K-region epoxides of some polycyclic hydrocarbons towards the nucleic acids and proteins of Bhk 21 cells, Biochem. Pharmacol. 20: 1297.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grover, P. L., Sims, P., Huberman, E., Marquardt, H., Kuroki, T., And Heidelberger, C., 1971b, In vitro transformation of rodent cells by K-region derivatives of polycyclic hydrocarbons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 68:1098.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunberger, D., And Weinstein, I. B., 1971, Modifications of ribonucleic acid by chemical carcinogens. Iii. Template activity of polynucleotides modified by N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, J. Biol. Chem. 246: 1123.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberger, D., And Weinstein, I. B., 1976, The base displacement model: An explanation for the conformational and functional changes in nucleic acids modified by chemical carcinogens, in: Biology of Radiation Carcinogenesis ( J. M. Yuhas, R. W. Tennat, and J. D. Regan, eds.), p. 175, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunberger, D., Nelson, J., Cantor, R. C., And Weinstein, I. B., 1970, Coding and conformational properties of oligonucleotides modified with the carcinogen N-2-acetylaminofluorene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 66: 488.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberger, G., Yu, F. L., Grunberger, D., And Feigelson, P., 1973, Mechanism of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene inhibition of rat hepatic ribonucleic acid synthesis, J. Biol. Chem. 248: 6278.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadi, I. S. M., Kirtikar, D., And Goldthwait, D. A., 1973, Endonuclease II of Escherichia coli, degradation of double- and single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid, Biochemistry 12: 2747.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haese, W. H., Smith, D. L., And Bueding, E., 1973, Hycanthone induced hepatic changes in mice injected with Schistosoma mansoni, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 186: 430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagenbuchle, O., Santer, M., Steitz, J. A., And Mans, R. J., 1978, Conservation of the primary structure at the 3’ end of 18s rRna from eukaryotic cells, Cell 13: 551.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, F. E., (ed.), 1971, Progress in Molecular and Sucellular Biology, Vol. 2, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanawalt, P. C., 1972, Repair of genetic material in living cells, Endeavour 31: 83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanawalt, P. C., And Setlow, R. B., (eds.), 1975, Molecular Mechanism for Repair of Dna, Parts A and B, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanawalt, P. C., Cooper, P. K., Ganesan, A. K., And Smith, C. A., 1979, Dna repair in bacteria and mammalian cells, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 48: 783.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock, R. L., 1968, Soluble Rna ethylase activity of normal and neoplastic mouse tissues, Cancer Res. 28: 1223.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, C. C., Conner, R. J., Jackson, F. E., And Lieberman, M. W., 1974, Intranuclear distribution of Dna repair synthesis induced by chemical carcinogens or ultraviolet light in human diploid fibroblasts, Cancer Res. 34: 3461.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, C. C., Autrup, H., Stoner, G., And Trump, B. F., 1978, Model systems using human lung for carcinogenesis studies, in: Pathogenesis and Therapy of Lung Cancer ( C. C. Harris, ed.), p. 559, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, R. W., Setlow, R. B., And Woodhead, A. D., 1977, Evidence that pyrimidine dimers in Dna can give rise to tumors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 74: 5574.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawks, A., Swann, P. F., And Magee, P. N., 1972, Probable methylation of nucleic acids of mouse colon by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in vivo, Biochem. Pharmacol. 21: 432.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, D. F., 1961, Mechanism of the hepatotoxic action of dialkylnitrosamine, Nature (London) 192: 170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hennings, H., And Michael, D., 1976, Guanine-specific Dna repair after treatment of mouse skin cells with N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, Cancer Res. 36: 2321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, N. P., Kato, K., And Strauss, B., 1976, A model for replication repair in mammalian cells, J. Mol. Biol. 101: 417.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holley, R. W., Apgar, J., Everett, G. A., Madison, J. T., Marquisee, M., Merrill, S. H., Penswick, J. R., And Zamir, A., 1965, Structure of a ribonucleic acid, Science 147: 1462.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard-Flanders, P., 1968, Dna repair, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 37: 175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, W. T., Lin, E. J., Harvey, R. G., And Weiss, S. B., 1977, Mechanism of phage gX174 Dna inactivation by benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 74: 3335.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, W. T., Sagher, D., Lin, E. J., Harvey, R. G., FU, P. P., And Weiss, S. B., 1979, Benzo(a)pyrene7,8-dihydrodiol: Selective binding to single stranded Dna and inactivation of 4X174 Dna infectivity, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 87: 416.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, P. H. T., And Stewart, B. W., 1977, Differences in patterns of structural change in rat liver Dna following administration of dimethylnitrosamine and methylmethanesulfonate, Cancer Res. 37: 3796.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huberman, E., And Sachs, L., 1974, Cell-mediated mutagenesis of mammalian cells with chemical carcinogens, Int. J. Cancer 13: 326.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huberman, E., Aspiras, L., Heidelberger, C., Grover, P. L., And Sims, P., 1971, Mutagenicity to mammalian cells of epoxides and other derivatives of polycyclic hydrocarbons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 68: 3195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huberman, E., Barstch, H., And Sachs, L., 1975, Mutation induction in Chinese hamster V79 cells by two vinyl chloride metabolites, chloroethylene oxide and 2-chloroacetaldehyde, Int. J. Cancer 16: 539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huberman, E., Sachs, L., Yang, S. K., And Gelboin, H., 1976, Identification of mutagenic metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene in mammalian cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 73: 607.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, C., Grand, L., And Fukinishi, R., 1964, Aromatic influences on the yields of mammary cancers following administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 51: 737.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, P. E., And Pilczyk, R., 1969–1970, The in vivo binding of metabolites of 2-naphthylamine to mouse-liver Dna, Rna and protein, Chem. Biol. Interact. 1: 307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iball, J., 1939, The relative potency of carcinogenic compounds, Am. J. Cancer 35: 188.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iball, J., And Macdonald, S. G. G., 1960, The crystal structure of 20-methylcholanthrene, Z. Kristall. Mineral. 114: 439.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingold, C. K., 1970, Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., pp. 421–555, Bell, London. Iqbal, Z. M., And Epstein, S. S., 1978, Evidence of Dna repair in the guinea pig pancreas in vivo and in vitro following exposure to N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane, Chem. Biol. Interact. 20: 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irving, C. C., 1970, in Metabolic Conjugation and Metabolic Hydrolysis, Vol. 1 (W. H. Fishman, ed.), p. 53, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irving, C. C., 1971, Metabolic activation of N-hydroxy compounds by conjugation, Xenobiotica 1: 387.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irving, C. C., 1973, Interaction of chemical carcinogens with Dna, in Methods in Cancer Research, Vol. Vii ( H. Busch, ed.), p. 189, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irving, C. C., And Russell, L. T., 1970, Synthesis of the O-glucuronide of N-2-fluorenylhydroxyl- amine:Reaction with nucleic acids and with guanosine 5’-monophosphate, Biochemistry 9: 2471.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irving, C. C., And Veazey, R. A., 1969, Persistent binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene to rat liver Dna in vivo and consideration of the mechanism of binding of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to rat liver nucleic acids, Cancer Res. 27: 1799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irving, C. C., Veazey, R. A., And Williard, R. F., 1967, The significance and mechanism of the binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to rat liver ribonucleic acid in vivo, Cancer Res. 27: 720.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irving, C. C., Veazey, R. A., And Hill, J. T., 1969, Reaction of the glucuronide of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene with nucleic acids, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 179: 189.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irving, C. C., Janss, D. H., And Russell, L. T., 1971, Lack of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene sulfotransferase activity in the mammary gland and Zymbal’s gland of the rat, Cancer Res. 31: 387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishizawa, M., And Endo, H., 1967, On the mode of action of a potent carcinogen, 4-hydroxy-laminoquinoline 1-oxide, on bacteriophage T4, Biochem. Pharmacol. 16: 637.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ivanovic, V., Geacintov, N. E., Yamasaki, H., And Weinstein, I. B., 1978, Dna and Rna adducts formed in hamster embryo cell cultures exposed to benzo(a)pyrene, Biochemistry 17: 1597.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahn, C. L., And Litman, G. W., 1977, Distribution of covalently bound benzo(a)pyrene in chromatin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76: 534.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jahn, C. L., And Litman, G. W., 1979, Accessibility of deoxyribonucleic acid in chromatin to the covalent binding of the chemical carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene, Biochemistry 18: 1442.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janss, D. H., MooN, R. C., And Irving, C. C., 1972, The binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to mammary parenchymal Dna and protein in vivo, Cancer Res. 32: 254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, A. M., Weinstein, I. B., Jennette, K. W., Grzeskowiak, K., Nakanishi, K., Harvey, R. G., Autrup, H., And Harris, C., 1977, Structure of benzo(a)pyrene nucleic acid adducts formed in human and bovine bronchial explants, Nature (London) 269: 348.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, A. M., Grzeskowiak, K., Weinstein, I. B., Nakanishi, K., Roller, P., And Harvey, R. G., 1979, Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9–10-oxide adenosine and deoxyadenosine adducts: Structure and stereochemistry, Science 206: 1309.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jelinek, W., And Darnell, J. E., 1972, Double-stranded regions in heterogeneous nuclear Rna from HeLa cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 69: 2537.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jennette, K. W., Jeffrey, A. M., Blobstein, S. H., Beland, F. A., Harvey, R. G., And Weinstein, I. B., 1977, Nucleoside adducts from the in vitro reaction of benzo(a)pyrene-7–8-dihydrodiol-9,10oxide or benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide with nucleic acids, Biochemistry 16: 932.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kadlubar, F. F., Miller, J. A., And Miller, E. C., 1978, Guanyl O 6 -arylamination and Os-arylation of Dna by the carcinogen N-hydroxy-1-natphthylamine, Cancer Res. 38: 3628.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kadlubar, F. F., Dooley, K. L., And Beland, F. A., 1980, Urothelial and hepatic Dna adducts from the carcinogen 2-naphthylamine, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 21: 119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kakefuda, T., And Yamamoto, H., 1978, Modification of Dna by the benzo(a)pyrene metabolite diol epoxide, r-7, t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 75: 415.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kakunaga, T., 1974, Requirement for cell proliferation in the fixation and expression of the transformed state in mouse cells treated with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, Int. J. Cancer 14: 736.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanagalingam, K., And Balis, M. E., 1975, In vivo repair of rat intestinal Dna damage by alkylating agents, Cancer 36: 2364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapitulnik, J., Levin, W., Conney, A. J., Yagi, H., And Jerina, D. M., 1977, Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol is more carcinogenic than benzo(a)pyrene in newborn mice, Nature (London) 266: 378.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kappus, H., Bolt, H. M., Buchter, A., And Bolt, W., 1976, Liver microsomal uptake of [14C]-vinyl chloride and transformation of protein by alkylating metabolites in vitro, Toxicol. Appi. Pharmacol. 37: 461.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapuler, A. M., And Michelson, A. M., 1971, The reaction of the carcinogen N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene with Dna and other polynucleotides and its stereochemical implications, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 232: 436.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karran, P., Lindahl, T., And Griffin, B., 1979, Adaptive response to alkylating agents involves alterations in situ of 06-methylguanine residues in Dna, Nature (London) 280: 76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, M., And Takalashi, A., 1970, Characteristics of nitro reduction of the carcinogenic agent, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide, Biochem. Pharmacol. 19: 45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamata, J., Nakabayashi, N., Kawai, A., And Ushida, T., 1958, Experimental production of sarcoma in mice with actinomycin, Med. J. Osaka Univ. 8: 753.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamata, J., Nakabayashi, N., Kawai, A., Fujita, H., Imanishi, M., And Ikegami, R., 1959, Studies on the carcinogenic effect of actinomycin, Biken J. 2: 105.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamoto, S., Ida, N., Kirschbaum, A., And Taylor, G., 1958, Urethan and leukemogenesis in mice, Cancer Res. 18: 725.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawazoe, Y., Araki, M., Aoki, K., And Nakahara, W., 1969, Structure—carcinogenicity relationship among derivatives of 4-nitro and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-l-oxides, Biochem. Pharmacol. 16: 631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawazoe, Y., Araki, M., And Huang, G. F., 1972, Chemical aspects of carcinogenesis by 4nitroquinoline 1-oxide, in: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund ( W. Nakahara, S. Takayama, T. Sugimura, and S. Odashima, eds.), p. 1, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawazoe, Y., Araki, M., Huang, G. F., Okamoto, T., Tada, M., And Tada, M., 1976, Chemical structure of Qaii, one of the covalently bound adducts of carcinogenic 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide with nucleic acid bases of cellular nucleic acids, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 23: 3041.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, C. M., And Phillips, B., 1972, Mechanism of introduction of fluorenylamine (FA) substituents into nucleic acid by rat liver, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 13: 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, C. M., Traub, N. R., Lortz, Z. M., And Thissen, M. R., 1979, Metabolic activation of arylhydroxamic acids by N-O-acetyltransferase of rat mammary gland, Cancer Res. 39: 3369.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirtikar, D. M., Catheart, G. R., And Goldthwait, D. A., 1976, Endonuclease II. Apurinic acid endonuclease and exonuclease Iii, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 73: 4324.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kit, S., 1960, Studies on structure, composition, metabolism of tumour Rna in Cell Physiology of New Phases, 14th Annual Symposium on Fundamental Cancer Research, p. 337, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute; University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleihues, P., 1972, N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea induced changes in the labeling by (14C) orotate of Rna and acid-soluble fractions in rat kidney and liver, Chem. Biol. Interact. 5: 309.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleihues, P., And Buecheler, J., 1977, Long-term persistence of O6-methylguanine in rat brain Dna, Nature (London) 269: 625.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleihues, P., And Margison, G. P., 1976, Exhaustion and recovery of repair excision of 06methylguanine from rat liver Dna, Nature (London) 259: 153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kootstra, A., Slaga, T. J., And Olins, D. E., 1979, Interaction of benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide with nuclei and isolated chromatin, Chem. Biol. Interact. 28: 225.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koreeda, M., Moore, P. D., Wislocki, P. G., Levin, W., Conney, A. H., Yagi, H., And Jerina, D. M., 1978, Binding of benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dio1–9,10-epoxides to Dna, Rna, and protein of mouse skin occurs with high stereo selectivity, Science 199: 778.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kornberg, R. D., 1977, Structure of chromatin, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46: 931.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosuge, T., Zenda, H., Yokota, M., Sawanishi, H., And Suzuki, Y., 1969, Further evidence for formation of 4-nitrosoquinoline 1-oxide, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 17: 2181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krahn, D. F., And Heidelberger, C., 1977, Liver homogenate-mediated mutagenesis in Chinese hamster V79 cells by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aflatoxins, Mutat. Res. 46: 27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kriek, E., 1968, Difference in binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene to rat liver deoxyribonucleic acid and ribosomal ribonucleic acid in vivo, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 161: 273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kriek, E., 1969, On the mechanism of action of aromatic amines in vivo. Differences in binding to ribosomal Rna and Dna in Physico-chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. 1 (E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 136, The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriek, E., 1974, Carcinogenesis by aromatic amines, Biochim., Biophys. Acta 355: 177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kriek, E., Miller, J. A., Juhl, V., And Miller, E. C., 1967, 8-(N-2-fluorenylacetamide) guanosine, an arylamidation reaction product of guanosine and the carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-fluorenyl-acetamide in neutral solution, Biochem. J. 6: 177.

    Google Scholar 

  • KRÜGer, F. W., 1972, New aspects in metabolism of carcinogenic nitrosamines, in: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund ( W. Nakahara, S. Takayama, T. Sugimura, and S. Odashima, eds.), p. 213, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • KRÜGer, F. W., 1973, Metabolism of nitrosamines in vivo. II. On the methylation of nucleic acids by aliphatic di-n-alkyl-nitrosamines in vivo, caused by ß-oxidation: The increased formation of 7-methylguanine after application of ß-hydroxypropyl-propyl-nitrosamine compared to that after application of di- n-propyl-nitrosamine, Z. Krebsforsch. 79: 90.

    Google Scholar 

  • KRÜGer, F. W., And Bertram, B., 1973, Metabolism of nitrosamines in vivo. Iii. On the methylation of nucleic acids by aliphatic di-n-alkyl-nitrosamines in vivo resulting from ß-oxidation: The formation of 7-methylguanine after application of 2-oxo-propyl-propyl-nitrosamine and methylpropyl-nitrosamine, Z. Krebsforsch. 80: 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krugh, T. R., 1972, Association of actinomycin-D and deoxyribonucleotides as a model for binding of the drug to Dna, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 69: 1911.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhnlein, V., Lee, B., Pinhoet, E. E., And Linn, S., 1978, Xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts of the D-group lack an apurinic Dna endonuclease species with a low apparent Km, Nucleic Acids Res. 5: 951.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroki, T., And Heidelberger, C., 1971, The binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the Dna, Rna and proteins of transformable cells in culture, Cancer Res. 31: 2168.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroki, T., Huberman, E., Marquardt, H., Selkirk, J. K., Heidelberger, C., Grover, P. L., And Sims, P., 1971–1972, Binding of K-region epoxides and other derivatives of benz(a)anthracene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene to Dna, Rna, and proteins of transformable cells, Chem. Biol. Interact. 4: 389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lafarge, C., And Frayssinet, C., 1970, The reversibility of inhibition of Rna and Dna synthesis induced by aflatoxin in rat liver, a tentative explanation for carcinogenic mechanism, Int. J. Cancer 6: 74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, M. C., Jenkins, H. P., And Philips, J. M., 1961, Toxicity a,sociated with certain samples of dry nuts, Nature (London) 192: 1095.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanclos, K. D., And Bresnick, E., 1976, The formation of poly-A containing Rna in rat liver after administration of 3-methylcholanthrene, Chem. Biol. Interact. 12: 341.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laqueur, G. L., And Spatz, M., 1968, Toxicology of cycasin, Cancer Res. 28: 2262.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laval, J., 1977, Two enzymes are required for strand incision in repair of alkylated Dna, Nature (London) 269: 829.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laval, J., Pierre, J., And Laval, F., 1981, Release of 7-methylguanine residues from alylated Dna by extracts of Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 78: 856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., 1966, Effects of some chemical mutagens and carcinogens on nucleic acids, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 5: 89.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., 1972, The action of alkylating mutagens and carcinogens on nucleic acids: N-methylN-nitroso compounds as methylating agents, in Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund ( W. Nakahara, S. Takayama, T. Sugimura, and S. Odashima, eds.), p. 237, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., 1973, Reaction of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (Mnua) with 32P-labelled Dna: Evidence for formation of phosphotriesters, Chem. Biol. Interact. 7: 127.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., 1974, Some chemical aspects of dose–response relationships in alkylation mutagenesis, Mutat. Res. 23: 283.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., 1976, Carcinogenesis by alkylating agents, in Chemical Carcinogens (C. E. Searle, ed.), p. 83, Acs Monograph 173, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., And Brookes, P., 1963, Further studies on the alkylation of nucleic acids and their constituent nucleotides, Biochem. J. 89: 127.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., And Orr, D. J., 1970, Specific excision of methylation products from Dna of Escherichia coli treated with N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, Chem. Biol. Interact. 2: 154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., And Shah, S. A., 1972, Methylation of ribonucleic acid by the carcinogens dimethylsulfate, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-methyl-N’ -nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine: Comparisons of chemical analysis at the nucleoside and base levels, Biochem. J. 128: 117.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., And Shah, S. A., 1973, Methylation of Dna by 3H–14C-methyl-labelled N-methyl-Nnitrosourea—evidence for transfer of the intact methyl group, Chem. Biol. Interact. 7: 115.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., And Thatcher, C. J., 1970, Methylation of deoxyribonucleic acid in cultured mammalian cells by N-methyl-N’ -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The influence of cellular thiol concentrations on the extent of methylation and the 06-oxygen atom of guanine as a site of methylation, Biochem. J. 116: 693.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., And Warren, W., 1975, Specific excision of ethylated purines from Dna of Escherichia coli treated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, Chem. Biol. Interact. 11: 55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., Brookes, P., Magee, P. N., Craddock, V. M., And Swann, P. F., 1968, Methylated bases in liver nucleic acids from rats treated with dimethylnitrosamines, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 157: 646.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., Orr, D. J., And Shah, S. A., 1971–1972, Reaction of alkylating mutagens and carcinogens with nucleic acids: N-3 of guanine as a site of alkylation by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and dimethylsulfate, Chem. Biol. Interact. 4: 431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, P. D., Orr, D. J., Shah, S. A., Farmer, P. B., And Jarman, M., 1973, Reaction products from N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and deoxyribonucleic acid containing thymidine residues: Synthesis and identification of a new methylation product, 04-methylthymidine, Biochem. J., 135: 193.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, T. A., 1968, The binding of 0-aminoazotoluene to deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid and protein in the C57 mouse, Biochem. J. 109: 917.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, T. A., And Calyson, D. B., 1969, Differences in binding of orthoaminoazotoluene to macromolecules in female and male C57 mouse liver, in Physico-chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. 1 ( E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 226, The Isreal Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, T. A., And Pound, A. W., 1971–1972, The interaction of (3H) ethyl carbamate with nucleic acids of regenerating mouse liver, Chem. Biol. Interact. 4: 329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, T. A., And Pound, A. W., 1973a, The interaction of carbon-14-labeled alkyl carbamates, labeled in the alkyl- and carbonyl-positions, with Dna in vivo, Chem. Biol. Interact. 6: 99.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, T. A., And Pound, A. W., 1973b, The prolonged binding of ethyl carbamate-(14C) to Dna in regenerating and intact mouse liver, Eur. J. Cancer 9: 491.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. Y., And Lijinsky, W., 1966, Alkylation of rat liver Rna by cyclic N-nitrosamines in vivo, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 37: 401.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leffler, S., Pulkrabek, P., Grunberger, D., And Weinstein, I. B., 1977, Template activity of calf thymus Dna modified by a dihydrodiol epoxide derivative of benzo(a)pyrene, Biochemistry 16: 3133.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerman, L. S., 1964, Acridine mutagens and Dna structure J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 64: 1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerman, L. S., 1971, Intercalability, the “y” transition, and the state of Dna in nature, in Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, Vol. 2 ( F. E. Hahn, ed.), p. 382, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lett, J. T., Parkins, G. M., And Alexander, P., 1962, Physiochemical changes produced in Dna after alkylation, Arch Biochem. Biophys. 97: 80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lett, J. T., Klucis, E. S., And Sun, C., 1970, On the size of the Dna in the mammalian chromosome substructural subunits, Biophys. J. 10: 277.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, A. F., Fink, L. M., Weinstein, I. B., And Grunberger, D., 1974, Effect of N-2-acetylaminofluorene modification on the conformation of nucleic acids, Cancer Res. 34: 319.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, C. C., Schmukler, M., Frank, J. J., Karpetsky, T. P., Jewett, P. B., Hieter, P. A., Legandre, S. M., And Dorris, G., 1975, Possible role of poly(A) as an inhibitor of endonuclease activity in eukaryotic cells, Nature (London) 256: 340.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, M. W., And Poirer, M. C., 1974a, Distribution of deoxyribonucleic acid repair synthesis among repetitive and unique sequences in the human diploid genome, Biochemistry 13: 3018.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, M. W., And Poirer, M. C., 1974b, Intragenomal distribution of Dna repair synthesis: Repair in satellite and main band Dna in cultured mouse cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 71: 2461.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lijinsky, W., Loo, J., And Ross, A. E., 1968, Mechanism of alkylation of nucleic acids by nitrosodimethylamine, Nature (London) 218: 1174.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilja, H. S., Curphey, T. J., Yager, J. D., JR., And Longnecker, D. S:, 1978, Persistence of Dna damage in rat pancreas following administration of three carcinogens and/or mutagens, Chem. Biol. Interact. 22: 287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J. K., Miller, J. A., And Miller, E. C., 1977, 2,3-Dihydro-2-(guan-7-yl)-3-hydroxy-aflatoxin BI, a major acid hydrolysis product of aflatoxin-B1-Dna or ribosomal-Rna adducts formed in hepatic microsome mediated reactions and in rat liver in vivo, Cancer Res. 37:4430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingens, F., Haerlin, F., And Sussmuth, R., 1971, Mechanisms of mutagenesis by N-methyl-N’nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (Mnng). Methylation of nucleic acids by N-trideuteriomethyl-N’ -nitroN-nitrosoguanidine (D3-Mnng) in the presence of cysteine and in cells of Escherichia coli, Febs Lett. 13: 241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linsley, W. S., Penhoet, E. E., And Linn, S., 1977, Human endonuclease specific for apurinic/apyrimidinic sites in Dna. Partial purification and characterization of multiple forms from placenta, J. Biol. Chem. 252: 1235.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liquori, A. M., Delerma, B., Ascoli, F., BotrÉ, C., And Trascitti, M., 1962, Interaction between Dna and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Mol. Biol. 5: 521.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liquori, A. M., Costantino, L., And Crescezi, V., 1967, Complexes between Dna and polyamides: “A molecular model,” J. Mol. Biol. 24: 113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungquist, S., And Lindahl, T., 1977, Relation between Escherichia coli endonucleases specific for apurinic sites in Dna and exonuclease Iii, Nucleic Acids Res. 4: 2871.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lotlikar, P. D., And Luha, L., 1971a, Enzymatic N-acetylation of N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene of liver cytosol from various species, Biochem. J. 123: 287.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lotlikar, P. D., And Luha, L., 1971 b, Acylation of carcinogenic hydroxamic acids by carbamoylphosphate to form reactive esters, Biochem. J. 124: 69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loveless, A., 1969, Possible relevance of 06 alkylation of deoxyguanosine to the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of nitrosamines and nitrosamides, Nature (London) 223: 206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, W. K., 1979, In vivo covalent binding of organic chemicals to Dna as a quantitative indicator in the process of chemical carcinogenesis, Mutat. Res. 65: 289.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lytle, C. D., Day, R. S., Hellman, K. B., And Bockstahler, L. E., 1976, Infection of UV irradiated xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts by herpes-simplex-virus: Study of capacity and Weigle reactivation, Mutat. Res. 36: 257.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lytle, C. D., Coppey, J., And Taylor, W. D., 1978, Enhanced survival of ultraviolet-irradiated herpes-simplex virus in carcinogen pretreated cells, Nature (London) 272: 60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magee, P. N., And Barnes, J. M., 1967, Carcinogenic nitroso compounds, Adv. Cancer Res. 10: 163.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magee, P. N., And Farber, E., 1962, Methylation of rat-liver nucleic acids by dimethylnitrosamine in vivo, Biochem. J. 83: 114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magee, P. N., And Hultin, T., 1962, Toxic liver injury and carcinogenesis. Methylation of rat liver slices by dimethylnitrosamine in vitro, Biochem. J. 83: 106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magee, P. N., And Lee, K. Y., 1963, Experimental toxic liver injury by some nitrosamines, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 104: 916.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magee, P. N., And Lee, K. Y., 1964, Cellular injury and carcinogenesis: Alkylation of ribonucleic acid of rat liver by diethylnitrosamine and n-butylmethylnitrosamine in vivo, Biochem. J. 91: 35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magee, P. N., And Schoental, R., 1964, Carcinogenesis by nitroso compounds, Br. Med. Bull. 20: 102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maher, V. M., Douville, D., Tomura, T., And Van Lancker, J. L., 1974, Mutagenicity of reactive derivatives of carcinogenic hydrocarbons: Evidence of Dna repair, Mutat. Res. 23: 113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malaveille, C., Bartsch, H., Barbina Camus, A. M., Montesano, R., Croisy, A., And Jacquignon, P., 1975, Mutagenicity of vinyl chloride, chloroethylene oxide, chloroacetaldehyde and chloroethanol, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 63: 363.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malkin, M. F., And Zahalsky, A. C., 1966, Interaction of the water-soluble carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide with Dna, Science 154: 1665.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margison, G. P., And Pegg, A. E., 1981, Enzymatic release of 7-methylguanine from methylated Dna by rodent liver extracts, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 78: 861.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margison, G. P., Capps, M. J., O’Connor, P. J., And Craig, A. W., 1973, Loss of 7-methylguanine from rat liver Dna after methylation in vivo with methylmethanesulphonate or dimethylnitrosamine, Chem. Biol. Interact 6: 119.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marquartdt, H., Bendich, A., Philips, F. S., And Hoffmann, D., 1971, Binding of G-5H-7,12dimethylbenz(n)anthracene to Dna of normal and rapidly dividing hepatic cells of rats, Chem. BioL Interact. 3: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marroquin, F., And Farber, E., 1965, The binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene to rat liver ribonucleic acid in vivo, Cancer Res. 25: 1262.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. N., And Garner, R. C., 1977, Aflatoxin B1 oxide generated by chemical or enzymic oxidation of aflatoxin B1 causes guanine substitution in nucleic acids, Nature (London) 267: 863.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, H., And Higa, H. H., 1966, Studies on methylazoxymethanol, the aglycone of cycasin: Methylation of nucleic acids in vitro, Biochem. J. 98: 20C.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsushima, T., Kobuna, I., And Sugimura, T., 1967, In vivo interaction of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and its derivatives with Dna, Nature (London) 216: 508.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuyama, A., And Nagata, C., 1972, Detection of the unstable intermediate 4-nitrosoquinoline-1oxide, in: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Resarch Fund ( W. Nakahara, S. Takayama, T. Sugimura, and S. Odashima, eds.), p. 35, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mccalla, D. R., Reuvers, A., And Kitai, R., 1968, Inactivation of biologically active N-methyl-Nnitroso compounds in aqueous solution: Effect of various conditions of pH and illumination, Can. J. Biochem. 46: 807.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mccalla, D. R., Reuvers, A., And Kaiser, C., 1971, Activation of nitrofurazone in animal tissues, Biochem. PharmacoL 20: 3532.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mccann, J., Simon, V., Streitwiser, D., And Ames, B. N., 1975, Mutagenicity of chloroacetaldehyde, a possible metabolic product of 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene-dichloride), chloroethanol (ethylenechlorohydrin), vinyl chloride and cyclophosphamide, Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. Usa 72: 3190.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mccann, J., CHoi, E., Yamasaki, E., And Ames, B. N., 1976, Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonellalmicrosome test: Assay of 300 chemicals, Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. Usa 72: 5135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcentee, K., Weinstock, G. M., And Lehman, I. R., 1979, Initiation of general recombination catalyzed in vitro by the Rec.A protein of E. coli. Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. Usa 76: 2615.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcentee, K. Weinstock, G. M., And Lehman, I. R., 1980, Rec.A protein-catalyzed strand assimilation: Stimulation by Escherichia coli single stranded Dna-binding protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 77: 857.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meehan, T., And Straub, K., 1979, Double-stranded Dna stereoselectively binds benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxides, Nature (London) 277: 410.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mengle, L., Gamper, H., And Bartholomew, J., 1978, Base specificity in the binding of benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide to simian virus 40 Dna, Cancer Lett. 5: 131.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, G., And Daune, M., 1975, In vitro binding of N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene to Dna in chromatin, Cancer Res. 35: 2738.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, G., Wilhelm, F. X., And Wilhelm, M. L., 1976, Distribution along Dna of the bound carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene in chromatin modified in vitro, Chem. BioL Interact. 15: 257.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, G., Wilhelm, F. X., And Wilhelm, M. L., 1977, Non-random binding of a chemical carcinogen to the Dna in chromatin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 75: 703.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, R. O., Parodi, S., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1975, In vivo repair of rat liver Dna damaged by 3-hydroxyxanthine, Chem. BioL Interact. 10: 19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E. C., And Miller, J. A., 1969, Studies on the mechanism of activation of aromatic amine and amide carcinogens to ultimate carcinogenic electrophilic reactants, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 163: 731.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E. C., And Miller, J. A., 1971, The mutagenicity of chemical carcinogens: Correlations, problems and interpretations, in: Chemical Mutagens: Principles and Methods for Their Detection, Vol. I (A. Hollaender, ed.) p. 83, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J A., 1970, Carcinogenesis by chemicals: An overview—G. H. A. Clowes memorial lecture, Cancer Res. 30: 559.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. A., And Miller, E. C., 1969, Metabolic activation of carcinogenic aromatic amines and amides via N-hydroxylation and N-hydroxy-esterification and its relationship to ultimate carcinogens as electrophilic reactants, in: Physico-chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. 1 ( E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 237, The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. A., Lin, J.-K., And Miller, E. C., 1970, N-(guanosin-8-yl) and N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-Nmethyl-4-aminoazobenzene: Degradation products of hepatic Rna and Dna in rats administered N’-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 11: 56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirvish, S. S., 1968, The carcinogenic action and metabolism of urethan and N-hydroxyurethan, Adv. Cancer Res. 11: 1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miura, K., And Reckendorf, H. K., 1967, The nitrofurans, Frog. Med. Chem. 5: 320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyaki, M., Yatagai, K., And Ono, T., 1977, Strand breaks of mammalian mitochondrial Dna induced by carcinogens, Chem. Biol. Interact. 17: 321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizusawa, H., And Kakefuda, T., 1979, Inhibition of Dna synthesis in vitro by binding of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites diol-epoxide I to Dna, Nature (London) 279: 75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montesano, R., BRÉSil, H., And Margison, G., 1979, Increased excision of 06-methylguanine from rat liver Dna after chronic administration of dimethylnitrosamine, Cancer Res. 39: 1798.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, P., And Strauss, B. S., 1979, Sites of inhibition of in vitro Dna synthesis in carcinogen and UV-treated gX174 Dna, Nature (London) 278: 664.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreau, P., Bailone, A., And Devoret, R., 1976, Prophage À induction in E. coli K12 envA uvrB: A highly sensitive test for potential carcinogens, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 73: 3700.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morita, T., Fukunaga, M., And Mifuchi, I., 1976, Loss of mitochondrial Dna in respiration deficient mutant of yeast induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, Gann 66: 697.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moses, H. L., Webster, R. A., Martin, G. D., And Spelsberg, T. C., 1976, Binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to transcriptionally active nuclear subfractions of Akr mouse embryo cells, Cancer Res. 36: 2905.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer, G. H., Gumbiner, B., And Austin, G. E., 1977, Binding of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to eu- and heterochromatin fractions of rat liverin vivo, Cancer Lett. 2: 259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulivor, R. A., Abanobi, S. E., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1974, Hepatic Dna damage induced by methylmethanesulfonate (Mms) and dimethylnitrosamine (Dmn) in vivo, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 15: 85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ller, W., And Crothers, D. M., 1968, Studies on the binding of actinomycin and related compounds to Dna, J. MoL BioL 35: 251.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myles, A., And Brown, G. B., 1969, Purine N-oxides. Xxx. Biochemical studies of the oncogen 3-hydroxyxanthine, J. BioL Chem. 244: 4072.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa, H. T., Shirota, F. N., And Matsumoto, H., 1972, Decomposition of methylazoxymethanol, the aglycone of cycasin, in D20, Nature (London) 236: 234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagata, C., Kataoka, N., Imamura, A., Kawazoe, Y., And Chihara, G., 1966, Electronic spin resonance study on the free radicals produced from 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide and its significance in carcinogenesis, Gann 57: 323.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata, Y., And Matsumoto, H., 1969, Studies on methylazoxymethanol: Methylation of nucleic acids in the fetal rat brain, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 132: 383.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakahara, W., Fukuoka, F., And Sugimura, T., 1957, Carcinogenic action of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, Gann 48: 129.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakanishi, K., Kasai, H., Cho, H., Harvey, R. G., Jeffrey, A. M., Jennette, K. W., And Weinstein, I. B., 1977, Absolute configuration of a ribonucleic acid adduct formed in vivo by metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99: 258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Natori, Y., 1963, VI. Sex-dependent behavior of methionine and ethionine in rats, J. Biol. Chem. 238: 2075.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, J. H., Grunberger, D., Canto, C. R., And Weinstein, I. B., 1971, Modification of ribonucleic acid by chemical carcinogens. IV. Circular dichroism and proton magnetic resonance studies of oligonucleotides modified with N-2-acetylaminofluorene, J. Mol. Biol. 62: 331.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nery, R., 1968, Some aspects of the metabolism of urethane and N-hydroxyurethane in rodents, Biochem. J. 106: 1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nery, R., 1969, Acylation of cytosine by ethyl N-hydrocarbamate and its acyl derivatives and the binding of these agents to nucleic acids and proteins, J. Chem. Soc. C 1969: 1860.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolini, C., Ramanathan, R., Kendall, F., Murphy, J., Parodi, S., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1976, Physicochemical alterations in the conformation of rat liver chromatin induced by carcinogens in vivo, Cancer Res. 36: 1725.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicoll, J. W., Swann, P. F., And Pegg, A. E., 1977, The accumulation of O6-methylguanine in the liver and kidney Dna of rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine for a short or a long period, Chem. Biol. Interact. 16: 301.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noll, M., 1974, Subunit structure of chromatin, Nature (London) 251: 249.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura, T., 1976, Diminution of tumorigenesis initiated by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide by posttreatment with caffeine in mice, Nature (London) 260: 547.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura, T., 1980, Timing of chemically induced neoplasia in mice revealed by the antineoplastic action of caffeine, Cancer Res. 40: 1332.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, P. J., Capps, M. J., And Craig, A. W., 1973, Comparative studies of the hepatocarcinogen N,N-dimethylnitrosamine in vivo: Reaction sites in rat liver Dna and the significance of their relative stabilities, Br. J. Cancer 27: 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oleson, F. B., Mitchell, B. L., Dipple, A., And Lieberman, M. W., 1979, Distribution of Dna damage in chromatin and its relation to repair in human cells treated with 7-bromomethylbenzo(a)anthracene, Nucleic Acids Res. 7: 1343.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ornstein, R. C., And Rein, R., 1979, Nucleic acid base and carcinogen metabolites specificities during intercalative interactions between Dna and 4Nqo, Chem. Biol. Interact. 27: 291.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ortwerth, B. J., And Novelli, G. D., 1969, Studies on the incorporation of L-ethionine-ethyl-1–14C into the transfer Rna of rat liver, Cancer Res. 29: 380.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, M. R., Harvey, R. G., And Brookes, P., 1978, The reaction of trans-7,8-dihydroxy-anti9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene with Dna involves attack at the N-7 position of guanine moieties, Chem. Biol. Interact. 20: 123.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osterman Golkar, S., Ehrenberg, L., And Wachtmeister, C. W., 1970, Reaction kinetics and biological action in barley of monofunctional methanesulfonic esters, Radial. Bot. 10: 303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Painter, R. B., 1970, Repair of Dna in mammalian cells, Curr. Top. Radial. Res. 7: 45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Painter, R. B., 1978, Does ultraviolet light enhance postreplication repair in mammalian cells?, Nature (London) 275: 243.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S. D., And Cleaver, J. E., 1979, Postreplication repair: Question of its definition and possible alteration in xeroderma pigmentosum cell strains, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 76: 3927.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parodi, S., Taningher, M., Santi, L., Cananna, M., Sciaba, L., Maura, A., And Brambilla, G., 1978, A practical procedure for testing Dna damage in vivo, proposed for a prescreening of chemical carcinogens, Mutat. Res. 54: 39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, N. T., And Holoubek, V., 1976, Protein composition of liver nuclear ribonuclear protein particles of rats fed carcinogenic amino azo-dyes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 73: 112.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, M. C., Smith, B. P., Lohman, P. H. M., Anderson, A. K., And Fishman, L., 1976, Defective excision repair of X-ray damaged Dna in human (ataxia telangiectasia) fibroblasts, Nature (London) 260: 444.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, H. E., And Paul, M. F., 1964, The nitrofurans—Chemotherapeutic properties, in: Experimental Chemotherapy, Vol. II ( R. J. Schnitzer and F. Hawkins, eds.), p. 307, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, J. S., Montgomery, P. O’B., JR., And Louis, J. B., 1971, A proposed model of the interaction of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide with Dna, Cancer Res. 31: 413.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pauling, L., 1970, General Chemistry, Freeman, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pegg, A. E., 1972, Ethylation of rat liver t-Rna after administration of L-ethionine, Biochem. J 128: 59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pegg, A. E., 1973, Alkylation of transfer Rna by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-ethyl-Nnitrosourea, Chem. Biol. Interact. 6: 393.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pegg, A. E., 1978a, Inhibition of the alkylation of nucleic acids and of the metabolism of 1,2dimethylhydrazine by amino acetonitrile, Chem. Biol. Interact. 23: 273.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pegg, A. E., 1978b, Enzymatic removal of 06-methylguanine from Dna by mammalian cell extracts, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 84: 166.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pegg, A. E., And Hui, G., 1978, Removal of methylated purines from rat liver Dna after administration of dimethylnitrosamine, Cancer Res. 38: 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pegg, A. E., And Jackson, A., 1976, Alkylation of messenger Rna by dimethylnitrosamine, Chem. Biol. Interact. 12: 279.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D. H., Miller, J. A., Miller, E. C., And Adams, B. 1981, N2 atom of guanine and N6 atom of adenine residues as sites for covalent binding of metabolically activated 1’-hydroxy safrole to mouse liver Dna in vivo, Cancer Res. 41: 2664.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pochon, F., And Michelson, A. M., 1971, Action of the carcinogen 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene on synthetic polynucleotides, Eur. J. Biochem. 21: 144.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poirier, L. A., Miller, J. A., Miller, E. C., And Sato, K., 1967, N-Benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4aminoazobenzene. Its carcinogenic activity in the rat and its reactions with proteins and nucleic acids and their constituents in vitro, Cancer Res. 27: 1600.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pong, R. S., And Wogan, G. N., 1970, Time course and dose—response characteristics of aflatoxin B1 effects on rat liver Rna polymerase and ultrastructure, Cancer Res. 30: 294.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pound, A. W., Franke, F., And Lawson, T. A., 1976, Binding of ethyl carbamate to Dna of mouse liver in vivo. The nature and site of binding, Chem. Biol. Interact. 14: 149.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powers, D. M., And Holley, R. W., 1972, Selective chemical methylation of yeast alanine transfer Rna, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 287: 456.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash, L., And Strauss, B., 1970, Repair of alkylation damage: Stability of methyl groups in Bacillus subtilis treated with methylmethanesulfonate, J. Bacteriol. 102: 760.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preussmann, R., Druckrey, H., Ivankovic, S., And Hodenberg, A. V., 1967, Chemical structure and carcinogenicity of aliphatic hydrazo, azo and azoxy compounds and of triazenes, potential in vivo alkylating agents, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 163: 697.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prodi, G., Rocchi, P., And Grilli, S., 1970a, In vivo interaction of urethan with nucleic acids and proteins, Cancer Res. 30: 2887.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prodi, G., Rocchi, P., And Grilli, S., 1970b, Binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and benzopyrene to nucleic acids and proteins of organs in rats, Cancer Res. 30: 1020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulkrabek, P., Leffler, S., Grunberger, D., And Weinstein, I. B., 1979, Modification of deoxyribonucleic acid by a diol epoxide of benzo(a)pyrene. Relation to Dna structure and conformation and effects on transfectional activity, Biochemistry 18: 5128.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pullman, B., And Pullman, A., 1959, The electronic structure of the purine—pyrimidine pairs of Dna, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 36: 343.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rages, H. M., Realer, R., Wilhelm, R., Rode, G., And Riess, H., 1979, Alkylation of Dna and Rna by [14C] dimethylnitrosamine in hydroxyurea synchronized regenerating rat liver, Cancer Res. 39: 4228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radman, M., 1974, in: Molecular and Environmental Aspects of Mutagenesis (L. Prakash, F. Sherman, M. W., Miller, C. W. Lawrence, And H. W. Teber, eds.), p. 128, Thomas, Springfield, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajalakshmi, S., 1973, A liver tRna for the assay of rat liver methylase in vitro, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 14: 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajalakshmi, S., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1973, Rapid repair of hepatic Dna damage induced by camptothecin in the intact rat, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 53: 1268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajalakshmi, S., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1975, Replication of hepatic Dna in rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine, Chem. Biol. Interact. 11: 245.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajalakshmi, S., Rao, P. M., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1978a, Modulation of carcinogen chromatin Dna interaction by polyamines, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 81: 936.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajalakshmi, S., Rao, P. M., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1978, Studies on carcinogen chromatin-Dna interaction: Inhibition of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced methylation of chromatin-Dna by spermine and distamycin-A, Biochemistry 17: 4515.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajalakshmi, S., Rao, P. M., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1980, Carcinogen—Dna interaction: Differential effects of distamycin-A and spermine on the formation of 7-methylguanine in Dna by N-methyl-Nnitrosourea, methylmethanesulfonate and dimethylsulfate, Teratogenesis Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis 1: 97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanathan, R., And Dipple, A., 1976, Specificity of interaction of directly acting carcinogens with Dna, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 17: 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanathan, R., Rajalakshmi, S., Sarma, D. S. R., And Farber, E., 1976a, Non-random nature of in vivo methylation by dimethylnitrosamine and subsequent removal of methylated products from rat liver chormatin Dna, Cancer Res. 36: 2073.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanathan, R., Rajalakshmi, S., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1976b, Non-random nature of in vivo interaction of 3H-N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and its subsequent removal from rat liver chromatin Dna, Chem. Biol. Interact. 14: 375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramstein, J., HoussIer, C., And Leng, M., 1973, Electro-optical properties of nucleic acids and nucleoproteins, IV. Influence of base composition and methylation on the properties of Dna and Dna—proflavin complexes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 335: 54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, P. M., Rajalakshmi, S., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1978, Carcinogen induced alterations in DNase I rlease of N5-methyladenine from liver chromatin, Chem. Biol. Interact. 22: 347.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regan, J. D., And Setlow, R. B., 1974, Two forms of repair in the Dna of human cells damaged by chemical carcinogens and mutagens, Cancer Res. 34: 3318.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, B. D., And Walker, I. G., 1969, The response of mammalian cells to alkylating agents. II. On the mechanism of the removal of sulfur-mustard-induced crosslinks, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 179: 179.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiner, B., And Zamenhof, S., 1957, Studies on the chemically reactive groups of deoxyribonucleic acids, J. Biol. Chem. 228: 475.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renard, A., Thibodeau, L., And Verly, W. G., 1978, O6-Ethylguanine excision from Dna of liver nuclei treated with ethylnitrosourea, Fed. Proc. 37: 1412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhaese, H. J., And Freese, E., 1969, Chemical analysis of Dna alteration. IV. Reactions of oligodeoxynucleotides with monofunctional alkylating agents leading to backbone breakage, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 190: 418.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riazuddin, S., And Lindahl, T., 1978, Properties of 3-methyl-adenine-Dna glycosylase from Escherichia coli, Biochemistry 17: 2110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. J., 1969, The binding of metabolites of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and 2-methyl-4dimethylaminoazobenzene to hooded rat macromolecules during chronic feeding, in: Physicochemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. 1 (E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 229, The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. J., 1972, Repair of alkylated Dna in mammalian cells, in: Molecular and Cellular Repair Processes ( R. F. Beers, R. M. Herriott, and R. C. Tilghman, eds.), p. 226, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. J., 1978, The repair of Dna modified by cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals, Adv. Radiat. Bio. 7: 211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. J., And Warwick, G. P., 1961, Reactions of 5H-labelled butter yellow in vivo and N-hydroxy-methylaminoazobenzene in vitro, Biochem. J. 93: 1897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. J., And Warwick, G. P., 1963, The reaction of ß-propiolactone with guanosine, deoxyguanylic acid and Rna, Biochem. Pharmacol. 12: 1441.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. J., And Warwick, G. P., 1966, The covalent binding of metabolites of dimethyl-aminoazobenzene, ß-naphthylamine and aniline to nucleic acids in vivo, Int. J. Cancer 1: 179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, P., And Cairns, J., 1979, Quantitation of the adaptive response to alkylating agents, Nature (London) 280: 74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, L. V., And Becker, F. F., 1976, Rat liver chromatin, fractionation into eu- and hetero-chromatin with localization of ribosomal genes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 173: 428.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, L., 1968, Ethylation in vivo of purines in rat liver t-Rna by L-ethionine, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 33: 546.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell, K., 1974, Dose related inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis in mouse skin by caffeine, Nature (London) 252: 69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RuPP, W. D., And Howard-Flanders, P., 1968, Discontinuities in the Dna synthesized in an excision-defective strain of Escherichia coli following ultraviolet irradiation, J. Mol. Biol. 31: 291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryskov, A. P., Farashyan, V. R., And Georgiev, G. P., 1972, Ribonuclease-stable base sequences specific exclusively for giant dRna, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 262: 568.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saffhill, R., Cooper, H. K., And Itzhaki, R. F., 1974, Detection by Dna polymerase I of breaks produced in rat liver chromatin in vivo by alkylating agents, Nature (London) 248: 153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, A. G., 1976, Cytochrome P450 and the metabolism of vinyl chloride, Cancer Lett. 2: 109.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarasin, A. R., And Hanawalt, P. C., 1978, Carcinogens enhance survival of UV-irradiated simian virus 40 in treated monkey kidney cells: Induction of a recovery pathway, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 75: 346.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarasin, A. R., Goze, A., Devoret, R., And Moule, Y., 1977, Induced reactivation of UV-damaged phage A in E. coli K12 host cells treated with aflatoxin B1 metabolites, Mutat. Res. 42: 205.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarma, D. S. R., 1973, Chemical interaction measurements, in: Carcinogenesis Testing of Chemicals ( L. Golberg, ed.), p. 95, Crc Press, Cleveland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarma, D. S. R., Zubroff, J., Michael, R. O., And Rajalakshmi, S., 1974, Dna damage and repair in vivo—A measurement of in vivo carcinogen–Dna interaction and a possible bioassay for carcinogens, Excerpta Med. Int. Congr. Ser. 350: 82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarma, D. S. R., Rajalakshmi, S., And Farber, E., 1975, Chemical carcinogenesis: Interactions of carcinogens with nucleic acids, in: Cancer: A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 1 ( F. F. Becker, ed.), p. 235, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarma, D. S. R., Zubroff, J., And Rajalakshmi, S., 1977, Repair in vivo of liver deoxyribonucleic acid damaged by hycanthone and related compounds, Mol. Pharmacol. 13: 719.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarma, D. S. R., Rajalakshmi, S., Udupa, R., Farber, E., And Rao, P. M., 1978, Factors influencing Dna damage and its repair with cellular implications for toxicology, in: Advances in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 9 ( Y. Cohen, ed.), p. 71, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki, M. S., And Tonomura, A., 1973, A high susceptibility of Fanconi’s anemia to chromosome breakage by Dna crosslinking agents, Cancer Res. 33: 1829.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki, T., And Yoshida, T., 1935, Production of carcinoma of the liver by feeding oaminoazotoluene, Arch. Pathol. Anat. 295: 175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scaife, J. J., 1970–1971, Aflatoxin B1: Cytotoxic mode of action evaluated by mammalian cell cultures, Febs Lett. 12: 143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schabort, J. C., 1971, The differential interaction of aflatoxin B2 with deoxyribonucleic acids from different sources and with purines and purine nucleosides, Chem. Biol. Interact. 3: 371.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schendel, P. F., And Robins, P. E., 1978, Repair of 06-methylguanine in adapted Escherichia coli, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 75: 6017.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, E., And Emmelot, P., 1977, Pre-cancerous transformation in rat liver by diethylnitrosamine in relation to the repair of alkylated site in Dna, Mutat. Res. 46: 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, W. C., And Kuff, E. L., 1965, The isolation and some properties of rat liver mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci Usa 54: 1650.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoental, R., 1973, The mechanisms of action of the carcinogenic nitroso and related compounds, Br. J. Cancer 28: 436.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, U., And Mccalla, D. R., 1969, Reactions of cysteine with N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide and N-methyl-N’ -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, Can. J. Biochem. 47: 2021.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, E. L., And Goodman, J. I., 1979, Quantitative and qualitative aspects of the binding of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to hepatic chromatin fractions, Chem. Biol. Interact. 26: 287.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, A., Schroeder, M., Barnette, O., And Van Duuren, B. L., 1974, Studies on the effects in vitro of ß-propiolactone and ß-propiolact[14C]one on whole mouse skin chromatin, Biochem. Pharmacol. 23: 937.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selkirk, J. K., Huberman, E., And Heidelberger, C., 1971, An epoxide is an intermediate in the microsomal metabolism of the chemical carcinogen dibenz(a, h)anthracene, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 43: 1010.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Setlow, R. B., And Regan, J. D., 1972, Defective repair of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-induced lesions in the Dna of xeroderma pigmentosum cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 46: 1019.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shank, R. C., And Magee, P. N., 1967, Similarities between the biochemical actions of cycasin and dimethylnitrosamine, Biochem. J. 105: 521.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, R., 1968, Chemistry of guanine and its biologically significant derivatives, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 8: 73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, R., 1969, Reactions with purines and pyrmidines, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 163: 624.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shearman, C. W., And Loeb, L. A., 1979, Effects of depurination on the fidelity of Dna synthesis, J. Mol. Biol. 128: 197.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, T., Dasgupta, C. Cunningham, R. P., And Radding, C. M., 1979, Purified Escherichia coli rec-A-protein catalyzed homologous pairing of superhelical Dna and single stranded fragments, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 76: 1638.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shinohara, K., And Cerutti, P. A., 1977, Excision repair of benzo(a)pyrene–deoxyguanosine adducts in baby hamster kidney 21/C13 cells and in secondary mouse embryo fibroblasts057BL/6J, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 74: 979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shooter, K. V., 1978, Dna phosphotriesters as indicators of cumulative carcinogen-induced damage, Nature (London) 274: 612.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shooter, K. V., And Merrifield, K., 1976, An assay for phosphotriester formation in the reaction of alkylating agents with deoxyribonucleic acid in vitro and in vivo, Chem. Biol. Interact. 13: 223.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shooter, K. V., House, R., Shah, S. A., And Lawley., P. D., 1974a, The molecular basis for biological interaction of nucleic acid: The action of methylating agents on the Rna containing bacterophage R-17, Biochem. J. 137: 303.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shooter, K. V., House, R., And Merrifield, K., 1974b, Biological effects of phosphotriester formation, Biochem. J. 137: 313.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shull, K. H., 1962, Hepatic phosphorylase and adenosine triphosphate levels in ethionine treated rats, J. Biol. Chem. 237: 1734.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shull, K. H., Mcconomy, J., Vogt, M., Castillo, A., And Farber, E., 1966, On the mechanism of induction of hepatic adenosine triphosphate deficiency by ethionine, J. Biol. Chem. 241: 5060.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, B., And Mirsky, A. E., 1973, Accessibility of Dna in chromatin to Dna polymerase and Rna polymerase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 70: 1326.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sims, P., And Grover, P. L., 1968, Quantitative aspects of the metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene by liver homogenates from animals of different age, sex and species, Biochem. Pharmacol. 17: 1751.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, B., 1975, Chemical effects of nucleic acid alkylation and their relation to mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 15: 219.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, B., 1979, N-Nitrosoalkylating agents: Formation and persistence of alkyl derivatives in mammalian nucleic acid as contributing factors in carcinogenesis, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62: 1329.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, B., And Brent, T. P., 1981, Human lymphoblasts contain Dna glycosylase activity excising N-3 and N-7 methyl and ethyl purines but not 06-alkylguanines, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 78: 856.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, B., And Fraenkel-Conrat, H., 1969, Chemical modification of viral ribonucleic acid. Viii. The chemical and biological effects of methylating agents and nitrosoguanidine on tobacco mosaic virus, Biochemistry 8: 3266.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slaga, T. J., Bracken, W. M., Viaje, A., Levin, W., Vagi, H., Jerina, D. M., And Conney, A. H., 1977, Comparison of the tumor-initiating activities of benzo(a)pyrene-arene-oxides and diolepoxides, Cancer Res. 37: 4130.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smerdon, M. J., And Lieberman, M. W., 1978, Nucleosome re-arrangement in human chromatin during UV-induced Dna-repair synthesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 75: 4238.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smerdon, M. J., Kastan, M. B., And Lieberman, M. W., 1979, Distribution of repair-incorporated nucleotides and nucleosome re-arrangement in the chromatin of normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human fibroblasts, Biochemistry 18: 3732.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. J., Kaufman, D. G., And Grisham, J. W., 1980, Decreased excision of O6-methylguanine and N-7-methylguanine during the S-phase in 10T2 cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 92: 787.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. D., And Dunn, D. B., 1959, The occurrence of methylated guanines in ribonucleic acids from several sources, Biochem. J. 72: 294.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. C., And Salmon, W. D., 1965, Formation of S-adenosylethionine by ethionine-treated rats, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 111: 191.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smuckler, E. A., And Koplitz, M., 1969, The effects of carbon tetrachloride and ethionine on Rna synthesis in vivo and in isolated rat liver nuclei, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 132: 62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smuckler, E. A., And Koplitz, M., 1976, Polyadenylic acid content and electrophoretic behavior of in vitro released Rna’s in chemical carcinogenesis, Cancer Res. 36: 881.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, A. L., Kann, H. E., JR., And Kohn, K. W., 1971, Inhibition of the processing of ribosomal precursor Rna by intercalating agents, J. Mol. Biol. 5: 555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobell, H. M., Tsai, C. C., Jain, S. C., And Gilbert, S. G., 1977, Visualization of drug nucleic acid interactions at atomic resolution. Iii. Unifying structural concepts in understanding drug—Dna interactions and their broader implications in understanding protein—Dna interactions, J. Mol. Biol. 114: 333.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solt, D. B., And Farber, E., 1976, A new principle for the sequential analysis of chemical carcinogenesis, including a quantitative assay for initiation in liver, Nature (London) 263: 701.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sporn, M. B., Dingman, C. W., Phelps, H. L., And Wogan, G. N., 1966, Aflatoxin B1: Binding to Dna in vitro and alteration of Rna metabolism in vivo, Science 151: 1539.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stacey, K. A., Coff, M., Cousens, S. F., And Alexander, P., 1957–1958, The reactions of the “radiomimetic” alkylating agents with macromolecules in vitro, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 68:682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G., Stein, J., Kleinsmith, L., Park, W., Jansing, R., And Thomson, J., 1976, Non-histone chromosomal proteins and histone gene-transcription, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 19: 421.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stekol, J. A., 1965, in: Transmethylation and Methionine Biosynthesis (S. K. Shapiro and F. Schiewk, eds.), p. 231, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stekol, J. A., Mody, U., And Perry, J., 1960, The incorporation of the carbon of the ethyl group of ethionine into liver nucleic acids and the effect of ethionine feeding on the content of nucleic acids in rat liver, J. Biol. Chem. 235: 54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, B. W., And Farber, E., 1973, Strand breakage in rat liver Dna and its repair following administration of cyclic nitrosamines, Cancer Res. 33: 3209.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, B. W., And Magee, P. N., 1972, Metabolism and some biochemical effects of Nnitrosómorpholine, Biochem. J. 126: 21 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straub, K. M., Meehan, T., Burlingame, A. L., And Calvin, M., 1977, Identification of major adducts formed by reaction of benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide with. Dna in vitro, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 74: 5285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf, R., Margison, G. P., Montesano, R., And Pegg, A. E., 1979, Formation and loss of alkylated purines from Dna of hamster liver after administration of dimethylnitrosamine, Cancer Res. 39: 50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sudhakar, S., Tew, K. D., Schein, P. S., Woolley, P. V., And Smulson, M. E., 1979, Nitrosourea interaction with chomatin and effect on poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase activity, Cancer Res. 39: 1411.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimura, T., Okabe, K., And Nagao, M., 1966, The metabolism of 4-nitroquinoline-l-oxide, a carcinogen. Iii. An enzyme catalyzing the conversion of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide to 4hydroxyaminoquinoline-I-oxide in rat liver and hepatomas, Cancer Res. 26: 1717.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura, K., Teller, M. N., Parham, J. C., And Brown, G. B., 1970, A comparison of the oncogenicities of 3-hydroxyxanthine, guanine-3-N-oxide and some related compounds, Cancer Res. 30: 184.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sunderman, F. W. JR., And Estahani, M., 1968, Nickel carbonyl inhibition of Rna polymerase activity in hepatic nuclei, Cancer Res. 28: 2565.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svoboda, D., And Reddy, J., 1970, Invasive tumors induced in rats with actinomycin D., Cancer Res. 30: 2271.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swain, C. G., And Scott, C. B., 1953, Quantitative correlation of relative rates. Comparison of hydroxide ion with other nucleophilic reagents toward alkyl halides, esters, epoxides and acyl halides, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75: 141.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swann, P. F., And Magee, P. N., 1968, Nitrosamine induced carcinogenesis: The alkylation of nucleic acids of the rat by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, dimethylnitrosamine, dimethylsulfate and methylmethanesulphonate, Biochem. J. 110: 39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swann, P. F., And Magee, P. N., 1971, The alkylation of N-7 of guanine of nucleic acids of the rat by dimethylnitrosamine, N-ethyl-nitrosourea and ethylmethanesulphonate, Biochem. J. 125: 841.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swann, P. F., Pegg, A. E., Hawks, A., Farber, E., And Magee, P. N., 1971, Evidence for ethylation of rat liver deoxyribonucleic acid after administration of ethionine, Biochem. J. 123: 175.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swenberg, J. A., Cooper, H. K., Buechler, J., And Kleihues, P., 1979, 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine induced methylation of Dna bases in various rat organs and the effect of pretreatment with disulfiram, Cancer Res. 39: 465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swenson, D. H., And Lawley, P. D., 1978, Alkylation of deoxyribonucleic acid by carcinogens dimethylsulphate, ethylmethanesulphonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea: Relative reactivity of the phosphodiester site thymidylyl (3’-5’) thymidine, Biochem. J. 171: 575.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swenson, D. H., Miller, J. A., And Miller, E. C., 1973, 2,3-Dihydro-2,3-dihydroxy-aflatoxin Bt: An acid hydrolysis product of an B1 adduct formed by hamster and rat liver microsomes in vitro, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 53:1260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szafarz, D., And Weisburger, J. H., 1969, Stability of binding of label from N-hydroxy-N-2fluorenylacetamide to intraceullar targets, particularly deoxyribonucleic acid in rat, Cancer Res. 29: 962.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tada, M., And Tada, M., 1971, Interaction of a carcinogen, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, with nucleic acids: Chemical degradation of the adducts, Chem. Biol. Interact. 3: 225.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tada, M., And Tada, M., 1972, Enzymatic activation of the carcinogen 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide and its interaction with cellular macromolecules, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 46: 1025.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tada, M., And Tada, M., 1976, Main binding sites of the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in nucleic acids, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 454: 558.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tada, M., Tada, M., And Takahashi, T., 1967, Interaction of a carcinogen, 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-l-oxide, with nucleic acids, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 29: 469.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teebor, G. W., And Duker, N. J., 1975, Different ultraviolet Dna endonuclease activity in human cells, Nature (London) 255: 82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tew, K. D., Sudhakar, S., Schein, P. S., And Smulson, M. E., 1978, Binding of chlorozotocin and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea to chromatin and nucleosomal fraction of HeLa-cells, Cancer Res. 38: 3371.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tew, K. D., Schein, P., Saslaw, L. D., And Smulson, M. E., 1979, Steroid chromatin interactions modify nuclear alkylation by nitrosoureas, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 20: 191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theiss, J. C., And Shimkin, M. B., 1978, Inhibiting effect of caffeine on spontaneous and urethan-induced lung tumors in strain A mice, Cancer Res. 38: 1757.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tlsty, T. D., And Lieberman, M. W., 1978, The distribution of Dna repair synthesis in chromatin and its re-arrangement following damage with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, Nucleic Acids Res. 5: 3261.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todaro, G. J., And Green, H., 1966, Cell growth and the initiation of transformation by SV40, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 55: 302.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ToulmÉ, F., Helene, C., Fuchs, R. P. P., And Daune, M., 1980, Binding of a tryptophan-containing peptide (lysyltryptophyllysine) to deoxy-ribonucleic acid modified by 2-(N-acetoxy acetylamino)fluorene, Biochemistry 19: 870.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Troll, W., Belman, S., Berkowitz, E., Chmielewicz, Z. F., Ambrus, J. L., And Bardos, T. J., 1968, Differential responses of Dna and Rna polymerase to modifications of the template rat liver Dna caused by action of the carcinogen acetylaminofluorene in vivo and in vitro, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 157: 16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trosko, J. E., Frank, P., Chu, E. H. Y., And Becker, J. E., 1973, Caffeine inhibition of postreplication repair of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene damaged Dna in Chinese hamster cells, Cancer Res. 33: 2444.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ts’o P. O. P., Lesko, S. A., And Umans, R. S., 1969, The physical binding and the chemical linkage of benzopyrene to nucleotides, nucleic acids and nucleohistones, in: Physico-chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. 1 ( E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 106, The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuda, H., Sarma, D. S. R., Rajalakshmi. S., Zubroff, J., Farber, E., Batzinger, R. P., Nam Cha, Y., And Bueding, E., 1979, Induction of hepatic neoplastic lesions in mice with a single dose of hycanthone methanesulfonate after partial hepatectomy, Cancer Res. 39: 4491.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlenhopp, E. L., And Krasna, A. I., 1971, Alterations in the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid on chemical methylation, Biochemistry 10: 3290.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Duuren, B. L., Goldschmidt, B. M., And Seltzman, H. H., 1968–1969, The interaction of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents with nucleic acids, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 153: 744.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Lancker, J. L., And Tomura, T., 1974, Purification and some properties of a mammalian repair endonuclease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 353: 99.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veleminsky, J., Osterman Golkar, S., And Ehrenberg, L., 1970, Reaction rates and biological action of N-methyl and N-ethylnitrosourea, Mutat. Res. 10: 169.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venitt, S., Brookes, P., And Lawley, P. D., 1968, Effects of alkylating agents on the induced synthesis of ß-galactosidase by Escherichia coli B,_1, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 155: 521.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verly, W. G., Gossard, F., And Caine, P., 1974, In vitro repair of apurinic sites in Dna, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 71: 2273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villani, G., Boiteux, S., And Radman, M., 1978, Mechanism of ultraviolet-induced mutagenesis: Extent and fidelity of in vitro Dna synthesis on irradiated templates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 75: 3037.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villa-Trevino, S., Shull, K. H., And Farber, E., 1963, The role of adenosine triphosphate deficiéncy in ethionine-induced inhibition of protein synthesis, J. Biol. Chem. 238: 1757.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villa-Trevino, S., Shull, K. H., And Farber, E., 1966, The inhibition of liver ribonucleic acid synthesis by ethionine, J. Biol. Chem. 241: 4670.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, L., And Drews, J., 1970, The effect of aflatoxin B1 on Rna synthesis and breakdown in normal and regenerating rat liver, Eur. J. Cancer 6: 465.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, T. A., 1971, Physical studies on the interaction of lysergic acid diethylamide and trypanocidal dyes with Dna and Dna-containing genetic material, in: Progress in Molecular and Subceulluar Biology, Vol. 2 ( F. E. Hahn, ed.) p. 152, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, I. G., And Ewart, D. F., 1973, The nature of single-strand breaks in Dna following treatment of L-cells with methylating agents, Mutat. Res. 19: 331.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, M. S., Becker, F. F., And Rodriguez, L. V., 1979, In vivo binding of N-2-acetylaminofluorene and its N-hydroxy-derivative to the Dna of fractionated rat liver chromatin, Chem. BioL Interact. 27: 177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walpole, A. L., Roberts, D. C., Rose, F. L., Hendry, J. A., And Homes, R. F., 1954, Cytotoxic agents. IV. The carcinogenic actions of some monofunctional ethyleneimine derivatives, Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 9: 306.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, A. H. J., Quigley, G. J., Kolpak, F., Crawford, J. L., Van-Boom, J. H., Vander Marcel, G. And Rich, A., 1979, Molecular structure of a left handed double helical Dna fragment at atomic resolution, Nature (London) 282: 680.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T. Y., Kostraba, N. C., And Newman, R. S., 1976, Selective transcription of Dna mediated by non-histone proteins, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. BioL 19: 447.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warwick, G. P., 1967, The covalent binding of metabolites of tritiated 2-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene to rat liver nucleic acids and proteins and the carcinogenicity of the unlabelled compound in partially hepatectomised rats, Eur. J. Cancer 3: 227.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warwick, G. P., 1969, The covalent binding of metabolites of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene to liver nucleic acids in vivo. The possible role of cell proliferation in cancer initiation, in: Physico-chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. 1 ( E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 218, The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warwick, G. P., And Roberts, J. J., 1967, Persistent binding of butter yellow metabolites to rat liver Dna, Nature (London) 213: 1206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, C. E., Allaber, W. T., Louie, S. C., Lazear, E. J., And King, C. M., 1978, Role of aryl-hydroxamic acid acyltransferase in the mutagenicity of N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide in Salmonella typhimurium, Cancer Res. 38: 613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, I. B., 1970, Modifications in transfer Rna during chemical carcinogenesis, in: Genetic Concepts and Neoplasia, p. 380, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, I. B., And Hirschberg, E., 1971, Mode of action of miracil D, in: Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, Vol. 2 ( F. E. Hahn, ed.), p. 232, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, L. B., Grunberger, D., Fujimura, S., And Fink, L. M., 1971, Chemical carcinogens and Rna, Cancer Res. 31: 651.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub, H., And Groudine, M., 1976, Transcriptionally active and inactive conformation of chromosomal subunits, Science 193: 848.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisburger, J. H., And Weisburger, E. K., 1973, Biochemical formation and pharmacological, toxicological and pathological properties of hydroxylamines and hydroxamic acids, Pharmacol. Rev. 25: 1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisburger, J. H., Yamamoto, R. S., Williams, G. M., Grantham, P. H., Matsushima, T., And Weisburger, E. K., 1972, On the sulphate ester of N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide as a key ultimate hepatocarcinogen in the rat, Cancer Res. 32: 491.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, R. D., 1971, The binding of actinomycin D to Dna, in: Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, Vol. 2 ( F. E. Hahn, ed.), p. 21, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, R. D., And Larson, J. E., 1970, Studies on the binding of actinomycin-D to Dna and Dna model polymers, J. Mol. BioL 49: 319.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westra, J. G., Kriek, E., And Hitten Housen, H., 1976, Identification of the persistently bound carcinogen N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene to rat liver Dna in vivo, Chem. BioL Interact. 15: 149.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiebel, F. J., Matthews, E. G., And Gelboin, H. V., 1972, Ribonucleic acid synthesis-dependent induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in the absence of ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis and transfer, J. Biol. Chem. 242: 4711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilk, W., And Girke, W., 1969, Radical action of carcinogenesis alternant hydrocarbons, amines, and azo-dyes and their reactions with nucleobases, in: Physico-Chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. 1 ( E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 91, The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, R. J., And Hart, R. W., 1974, Preferential Dna repair in human cells, Nature (London) 247: 35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, R., Hawks, A., And Pegg, A. E., 1975, Methylation of rat liver mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid by chemical carcinogens and associated alterations in physical properties, Chem. Biol. Interact. 10: 157.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. I., And Friedberg, E. C., 1979, Deoxyribonucleic acid excision repair in chromatin after ultraviolet irradiation of human fibroblasts in culture, Biochemistry 18: 3965.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K., And Nerv, R., 1971, Aspects of the mechanism of urethane carcinogenesis, Xenobiotica 1: 545.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wislocki, P. G., Borchert, P., Miller, E. C., And Miller, J. A., 1973, Further studies on the metabolism and carcinogenicity of safrole, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 14: 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witkin, E. M., 1976, Ultraviolet mutagenesis and inducible Dna repair in Escherichia coli, Bacteriol. Rev. 40: 869.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WU, Y. S., And Smuckler, E. A., 1971, The acute effect of aminoazobenzene and some of its derivatives on Rna polymerase activity in isolated rat liver nuclei, Cancer Res. 31: 239.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wunderlich, V., SchÜTT, M., BÖTtger, M., And Graffi, A., 1970, Preferential alkylation of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, Biochem. J. 118: 99.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wunderlich, V., Tezlaff, I., And Graffi, A., 1971–1972, Studies on nitrosodimethylanamine: Preferential methylation of mitochondrial Dna in rats and hamsters, Chem. Biol. Interact. 4: 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamasaki, H., Leffler, S., And Weinstein, I. B., 1977a, Effects of N-2-acetylaminofluorene modification on the structure and template activity of Dna and reconstituted chromatin, Cancer Res. 37: 684.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamasaki, H., Pulkrabek, P. G., Grunburger, D., And Weinstein, I. B., 1977, Differential excision from Dna of the C-8 and N2-guanosine adducts of N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene by single strand specific endonucleases, Cancer Res. 37: 3756.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamasaki, H., Roush, T. W., And Weinstein, I. B., 1978, Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10oxide modification of Dna: Relation to chromatin structure and reconstitution, Chem. Biol. Interact. 23: 201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaura, I., Marquardt, H., And Cavalieri, L. F., 1978, Effects of benzo(a)pyrene adducts on Dna synthesis in vitro, Chem. Biol. Interact. 23: 399.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J. T., And Samejima, T., 1969, Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism of nucleic acids, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 9: 224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ying, T. S., 1980, Studies on acute cell injury, cell replication and Dna repair during the initiation of liver carcinogenesis, Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ying, T. S., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1979, Role of liver cell necrosis in the induction of preneoplastic lesions, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 20: 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ying, T. S., Sarma, D. S. R., And Farber, E., 1979, Induction of presumptive preneoplastic lesions in rat liver by a single dose of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, Chem. Biol. Interact. 28: 363.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, M., And Holoubek, V., 1976, Early effects of carcinogenic amino dyes on the protein patterns and metabolism in rat liver, Int. J. Biochem. 7: 259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Younger, L. R., Salomon, R., Wilson, R. W., Peacock, A. C., And Gelboin, H. V., 1972, Effects of polycyclic hydrocarbons on ribonucleic acid synthesis in rat liver nuclei and hamster embryo cells, Mol. Pharmacol. 8: 452.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youvan, D. C., And Hearst, J. E., 1979, Reverse transcriptase pauses at N2-methylguanine during in vitro transcription of Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal Rna, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 76: 3751.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuspa, S. H., And Bates, R. R., 1970, The binding of benzo(a)anthracene to replicating and non-replicating Dna in cell culture, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 135: 732.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zahner, A. J., 1976, Possible role of Dna replication in chemical carcinogenesis: An investigation of the in vivo replication of rat liver Dna arylated by the hepatocarcinogen N-hydroxy-2acetylaminofluorene, Ph.D. thesis, Temple University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahner, A. J., Rajalakshmi, S., And Sarma, D. S. R., 1977, Isolation of in vivo replicated rat liver Dna containing N-OH-2-Aaf metabolites(s), Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 18: 99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zajdela, F., And Latarjet, R., 1973, Effect inhibiteur de la cafeine sur l’induction de cancers cutanes par les rayons ultraviolets chez la souris, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. D 277: 1073.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zedek, M. S., Steinberg, S. S., Poynter, R. N., And Mcgowan, J., 1970, Biochemical and pathological effects of methylazoxymethanolacetate, a potent carcinogen, Cancer Res. 30: 801.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeiger, R. S., Salomon, R., Kinoshita, N., And Peacock, A. C., 1972, The binding of 9,10-dimethyl1,2-benzanthracene to mouse epidermal satellite Dna in vivo, Cancer Res. 32: 643.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zieve, F. J., 1972, Inhibition of rat liver ribonucleic acid polymerase by the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2fluorenylacetamide, J. Biol. Chem. 247: 5987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zieve, F. J., 1973, Effects of the carcinogen N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide on the template properties of deoxyribonucleic acid, Mol. Pharmacol. 9: 658.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, C., 1975, Effect of antibiotics netropsin and distamycin A on the structure and function of nucleic acids, Frog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 15: 285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rajalakshmi, S., Rao, P.M., Sarma, D.S.R. (1982). Chemical Carcinogenesis: Interactions of Carcinogens with Nucleic Acids. In: Becker, F.F. (eds) Etiology: Chemical and Physical Carcinogenesis. Cancer, A Comprehensive Treatise. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6598-7_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6598-7_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6600-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6598-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics