Searching for Intelligence

E.W. Barnes, Nature, Vol. 128 (Suppl) (1931), 719–722; Dick, The Biological Universe, 414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carl Sagan, editor, CETI: Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, ix.Google Scholar

Andrew J.H. Clark and David H. Clark, Aliens: Can We Make Contact with Extraterrestrial Intelligence?, New York, Fromm, 1999, 115.Google Scholar

Isaac Asimov, “Terrestrial Intelligence,” in Ben Bova and Byron Preiss, editors, First Contact: The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, New York, NAL Books, 1990, 21–30.Google Scholar

David Lamb, The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Philosophical Inquiry, London, Routledge, 2001, 53.Google Scholar

Steven J. Dick, “Back to the Future: SETI Before the Space Age,” paper presented at the International Astronautical Congress in 1993 (IAA.9.2-93-790); Louis Berman, “What it Was Like Before Ozma,” Cosmic Search, Vol. 1, Number 4 (Fall 1979), 17–20; Frank Drake and Dava Sobel, Is Anyone Out There? The Scientific Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, London, Souvenir, 1993, 172, first published in New York by Delacorte (Bantam Doubleday Dell) in 1992; Dick, The Biological Universe, 401;Walter Sullivan, We Are Not Alone (revised edition), New York, Plume, 1994, 159; Grinspoon, 291–292; “No Mars Messages Yet,” The New York Times, 16 June 1922, in Goldsmith, editor, 80.Google Scholar

Dick, The Biological Universe, 406–408; Ben Bova, Faint Echoes, Distant Stars: The Science and Politics of Finding Life Beyond Earth, New York, Morrow, 2002, 133; Thomas H. White, “Extraterrestrial DX. Circa 1924: Will We Talk to Mars in August?” SearchLites, Vol. 9 (Summer 2003), 3–4.Google Scholar

Swift, SETI Pioneers, 6–7; Dick, The Biological Universe, 410; Walter Sullivan, We Are Not Alone (revised edition), New York, Plume, 1994, 163–164; Jeffrey M. Lichtman, “Exploring the Radio Sky,” Sky and Telescope, January 2005, 127–131.Google Scholar

Sullivan, 164; Lichtman, 127.Google Scholar

“50, 100 & 150 Years Ago,” Scientifi c American, December 2003, 22.Google Scholar

Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison, “Searching for Interstellar Communications,” Nature, Vol. 184 (1959), 844–846. Reprinted in Goldsmith, editor, 102–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frank D. Drake, “How Can We Detect Radio Transmissions from Distant Planetary Systems?” Sky and Telescope, 19 (1959), 140 (also in A.G.W. Cameron, editor, Interstellar Communication, New York, Benjamin, 1963, 165-174); Frank D. Drake, “Project Ozma,” Physics Today, Vol. 14 (April 1961), 40-46. Also see Drake and Sobel, passim.Google Scholar

Robert T. Rood and James S. Trefi l, Are We Alone? The Possibility of Extraterrestrial Civilizations, New York, Scribner’s, 1981, 2.Google Scholar

Ronald N. Bracewell, “Communications from Superior Galactic Communities,” Nature, Vol. 186 (1960), 670–672, reprinted in Goldsmith, editor, 105–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dick, The Biological Universe, 436; Clark and Clark, 68–69; Swift, 188; Carl Sagan, “On the Detectivity of Advanced Galactic Civilizations,” Icarus, Vol. 19 (1973), 350–352; reprinted in Sagan, editor, CETI, 365–370, and in Goldsmith, editor, 140–141.Google Scholar

David H. Clark, Aliens: Can We Make Contact with Extraterrestrial Intelligence?, New York, Fromm, 1999 Clark and Clark, 70–71; Walter Sullivan, We Are Not Alone (revised edition), New York, Plume, 1994, 207; Marina Benjamin, Rocket Dreams: How the Space Age Shaped Our Vision of a World Beyond, New York, Free Press, 2003, 196-198.Google Scholar

Sagan, editor, CETI, 350.Google Scholar

I.S. Shklovskii and Carl Sagan, Intelligent Life in the Universe, New York, Dell, 1966.Google Scholar

Roger A. MacGowan and Frederick I. Ordway, III, Intelligence in the Universe, Engelwood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1966.Google Scholar

Project Cyclops: A Design Study of a System for Detecting Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life, NASA Ames Research Center, 1972, revised edition 1973; Walter Sullivan, We Are Not Alone (revised edition), New York, Plume, 1994, 188.Google Scholar

Swift, SETI Pioneers, 253.Google Scholar

The text is reproduced in the preface to James Gunn’s novel The Listeners, New York, Scribner’s, 1972.Google Scholar

Carl Sagan, The Cosmic Connection, New York, Anchor Press (Doubleday), 1973.Google Scholar

Philip Morrison, John Billingham, and John Wolfe, editors, The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, NASA SP-419, 1977, 13, 14; Jill C. Tarter and Christopher F. Chyba, “Is There Life Elsewhere in the Universe?” Scientific American, December 1999, 118–123.Google Scholar

Linda Billings, “From the Observatory to Capitol Hill,” in Byron Preiss, editors, First Contact: The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, New York, NAL Books, 1990 Bova and Preiss, editors, 223–239; Carl Sagan, Cosmos, Random House, 1980.Google Scholar

The petition appeared in the issue of Science dated 29 October 1982, page 426. It was republished in The Planetary Report of May–June 1996.Google Scholar

John Billingham, and John Wolfe, editors, The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Billingham, et al., editors, “Social Implications,” 47.Google Scholar

James E. Strick, The Living Universe: NASA and the Development of Astrobiology, Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 2004 Dick and Strick, 148. Over the years 1975 to 1992, Congress appropriated $78 million for SETI. Ronald D. Ekers, et al., editors, SETI 2020: A Roadmap for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Mountain View, CA, SETI Press, 2002, xlvii.Google Scholar

Stephen J. Garber, “Searching for Good Science: The Cancellation of NASA’s SETI Program,” JBIS, Vol. 52 (1999), 3–12.Google Scholar

James E. Strick, The Living Universe: NASA and the Development of Astrobiology, Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 2004 Dick and Strick, 153; Grinspoon, 306.Google Scholar

Richard A. Kerr, “No Din of Alien Chatter in Our Neighborhood,” Science, Vol. 303 (20 February 2004), 1133. For descriptions of SETI Institute activities, see the website at www.seti.org.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Seth Shostak, “The Future of SETI,” Sky and Telescope, April 2001, 42–53.Google Scholar

Guillermo A. Lemarchand, “SETI Technology: Possible Scenarios for the Detectability of Extraterrestrial Intelligence,” paper presented at the International Astronautical Congress, 1997 (IAC-97-IAA.7.1.02); Shklovskii and Sagan, 422. Von Hoerner was quoted in Alfred Roulet, The Search for Intelligent Life in Outer Space, New York, Berkley, 1977, 135. (originally published in French by Julliard in 1973).Google Scholar

“Microsoft Co-Founder Dishes Out Millions to Search for Aliens,” Nature, Vol. 428 (25 March 2004, 358; Jill Tarter, “For the ATA, Life Begins at 32,” SETI Institute News, Third Quarter 2003, 1; Leo Blitz, “Exciting Astronomy with the ATA,” SETI Institute News, Second Quarter 2003, 2; SETI Institute fund-raising letter, 23 June 2005; David Schlom, “The Allen Telescope Array,” Ad Astra, Spring 2006, Vol. 18, Number 1, 19–20.Google Scholar

Ekers, et al., 12.Google Scholar

See Gale E. Christianson, Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1995, and Ronald Florence, The Perfect Machine: Building the Palomar Telescope, New York, Harper Perennial, 1995.Google Scholar

The Planetary Society web site is at www.planetary.org. For the early history of the Planetary Society, see Michael A.G. Michaud, Reaching for the High Frontier: The American Pro-Space Movement, 1972–1984, New York, Praeger, 1986, 207–213.Google Scholar

M. Lampton, et al., “The SERENDIP Piggyback SETI Project,” Acta Astronautica, Vol. 26 (1992), 189–192; David Koerner and Simon LeVay, Here Be Dragons: The Scientifi c Quest for Extraterrestrial Life, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000, 172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alan M. MacRobert and Andrew J. LePage, “SETI@home: Catching the Wave,” Sky and Telescope, October 1999, 68–72; Benjamin, 150, 166.Google Scholar

David H. Clark, Aliens: Can We Make Contact with Extraterrestrial Intelligence?, New York, Fromm, 1999 Clark and Clark, 74; Tom Van Horne, “The Future of SETI,” in Ben Bova, Faint Echoes, Distant Stars: The Science and Politics of Finding Life Beyond Earth, New York, Morrow, 2002, 159–164.Google Scholar

The SETI League Web Site is at www.setileague.org;. Also see Kent Cullers and William R. Alschuler, “Individual Involvement,” in Byron Preiss, editors, First Contact: The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, New York, NAL Books, 1990 Bova and Preiss, editors, 281–301.Google Scholar

David H. Clark, Aliens: Can We Make Contact with Extraterrestrial Intelligence?, New York, Fromm, 1999 Clark and Clark, 75, 110; Seth Shostak and Alex Barnett, Cosmic Company: The Search for Life in the Universe, Cambridge, 2003, 108–109; Donald E. Tarter, “Treading on the Edge: Practicing Safe Science with SETI,” The Skeptical Inquirer, Vol.17 (Spring 1993), 288–296; Drake, “Promising New Approaches.”Google Scholar

Chris Salter, “Arecibo’s Bright Future,” SETI Institute News, Vol. 12 (Third Quarter 2003), 10; Robert Irion, “Tuning in the Radio Sky,” Science, Vol. 296 (3 May 2002), 830-833; Sagan, editor, CETI, 250; Carolyn Collins Petersen, “LOFAR: A Deep Look Through a Neglected Window,” Sky and Telescope, July 2003, 22.Google Scholar

Ekers, et al., SETI 2020, xliv–xlvii, 229.Google Scholar

Kerr, “No Din of Alien Chatter.”CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Quoted in Michael A.G. Michaud, “SETI Hearings in Washington,” JBIS, Vol. 32 (1979), 116–118; Christopher F. Chyba, “Life Beyond Mars,” Nature, Vol. 382 (15 August 1996), 576–577.Google Scholar

Michael J. Klein, “Where and What Can We See?”, in Byron Preiss, editors, First Contact: The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, New York, NAL Books, 1990 Bova and Preiss, editors, 143–158; SETI Fund letter, January 2005.Google Scholar

Robert L. Forward, “Technological Limits to Space Exploration,” in Valerie Neal, editor, Where Next, Columbus? The Future of Space Exploration, New York, Oxford University Press, 1994, 171–193.Google Scholar

Diane Richards, Interview with Dr. Frank Drake, SETI Institute News, First Quarter 2003, 5–6. This is explained concisely in Donald Goldsmith and Tobias Owen, The Search for Life in the Universe, Menlo Park, CA, Benjamin/ Cummings, 1980, 386-387.Google Scholar

In Sagan, editor, CETI, 232; David Black, et al., “Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: The Ultimate Exploration,” Mercury, July–August 1977, 3–7.Google Scholar

David H. Smith, “From Cambridge to Cosmology” (interview with Martin Rees), Sky and Telescope, August 1983, 107–109; Clark and Clark, 97; John Billingham, editor, Life in the Universe, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1981, 333.Google Scholar

R.N. Schwartz and C.H. Townes, “Interstellar and Interplanetary Communication by Optical Masers,” Nature, Vol. 190 (1961), 205–208, reprinted in Cameron, editor, 223–230, and in Goldsmith, editor, 110–113; Walter Sullivan, We Are Not Alone (revised edition), New York, Plume, 1994, 182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ekers, et al., 135; “Searching for Alien Rays,” Science, Vol. 291 (2 February 2001), 823.Google Scholar

Faint Echoes, Distant Stars: The Science and Politics of Finding Life Beyond Earth, New York, Morrow, 2002 Bova, 252; Seth Shostak, “The Future of SETI,” Sky and Telescope, April 2001, 42–53; “Two Telescopes Join Hunt for ET,” Nature, Volume 440 (13 April 2006), 853.Google Scholar

Philip Morrison, “Interstellar Communication,” in Cameron, editor, 249–271; George Musser, “All Screwed Up,” Scientifi c American, November 2003, 22; “A New Way to Find ET,” Sky and Telescope, July 2005, 22.Google Scholar

Ekers, et al., editors, 61, 98, 229.Google Scholar

Ekers, et al., editors, 54, 56, 134. Also see the special section entitled “NASA’s Other Space Telescopes,” Sky and Telescope, January 2006, 34-50.Google Scholar

S. Yu. Sazonov, et al., “An Apparently Normal Gamma Ray Burst with an Unusually Low Luminosity,” Nature, Vol. 430 (5 August 2004), 646–647; Andrew MacFadyen, “Long Gamma Ray Bursts,” Science, Vol. 303 (2 January 2004), 45–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Webster Cash, et al., “Laboratory Detection of X-ray Fringes with a Grazing-Incidence Interferometer,” Nature, Vol. 407 (14 September 2000), 160–161; Dennis Normile, “Improved X-Ray Telescope Takes Flight,” Science, Vol. 309 (15 July 2005), 363; Charles Seife, “Neutrino Hunters Borrow Military Ears—and Eyes,” Science, Vol. 298 (4 October 2002), 43–45; Jay M. Pasachoff and Marc L. Kutner, “Neutrinos for Interstellar Communication,” Cosmic Search, Vol. 1, Number 3 (Summer 1979), 2–8; Robert Irion, “A Positron Map of the Sky,” Science, Vol. 305 (24 September 2004), 1899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peter G. Friedman and D. Christopher Martin warned that we will soon lose our view of the ultraviolet sky unless we preserve or replace the few remaining UV space missions. “Galex and UV Observations,” Science, Vol. 306 (1 October 2004), 54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lowell, Mars as the Abode of Life, 211.Google Scholar

Lonely Planets: The Natural Philosophy of Alien Life, New York, Ecco (Harper Collins), 2003 Grinspoon, 405.Google Scholar

Swift, SETI Pioneers 318–324.Google Scholar

In Sagan, editor, CETI: Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Cambridge, M A, MIT Press, 190.Google Scholar

Freeman Dyson, “Search for Artifi cial Sources of Infrared Radiation,” Science, Vol. 131 (1960), 1667–1668, reprinted in Cameron, editor, 111–114, and in Goldsmith, editor, 108–109; Andrew J. LePage, “Where They Could Hide,” Scientific American, July 2000, 40–41; Grinspoon, 406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ben Ianotta, “Longer View for a New Space Telescope,” Aerospace America, November 2005, 26–31.Google Scholar

See, for example, Jean Heidmann, “SETI From the Moon: An Invitation to COSPAR,” COSPAR paper F3.1-0008, 1996; Jean Heidmann, “Recent Progress on the Lunar Farside Crater Saha Proposal,” paper presented at the 1997 International Astronautical Congress (IAA-97-IAA.9.1.05), and Jean Heidmann, “Sharing the Moon by Thirds: An Extended Saha Crater Proposal,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 26 (2000), 371. Jill C. Tarter and Christopher F. Chyba briefl y discussed the issue in “Is There Life Elsewhere in the Universe?” Scientific American, December 1999, 118–123. For a dissenting view, see Dan Lester, “Here’s Dirt in Your Eye,” Sky and Telescope, April 2006, 110. For a more general perspective, see Michael A.G. Michaud, “Farside,” Future Life, May, 1980, 31; Claudio Maccone, “NASA Gateways at L-1 and L-2 and the Radio-Quiet Moon Farside Initiative,” paper presented at the 2004 International Astronautical Congress (IAA.1.1.1.08); Peter G. Stanley, “Prospects for Extraterrestrial Life,” JBIS, Vol. 50 (1997), 243–248.Google Scholar

Freeman J. Dyson, “Gravitational Machines,” in Cameron, editor, 115–120; John Kraus, “ABCs of Space,” Cosmic Search, Vol. 2, Number 1 (Winter 1980), 28-29.Google Scholar

LemarchandGoogle Scholar

William A. Reupke, “Efficiently Coded Messages Can Transmit the Information Content of a Human Across Interstellar Space,” Acta Astronautica, Vol. 26 (1992), 273–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Richard A. Kerr, “No Din of Alien Chatter in Our Neighborhood,” Science, Vol. 303 (20 February 2004), 1133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar