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Orexin/Hypocretin and Organizing Principles for a Diversity of Wake-Promoting Neurons in the Brain

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Behavioral Neuroscience of Orexin/Hypocretin

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 33))

Abstract

An enigmatic feature of behavioural state control is the rich diversity of wake-promoting neural systems. This diversity has been rationalized as ‘robustness via redundancy’, wherein wakefulness control is not critically dependent on one type of neuron or molecule. Studies of the brain orexin/hypocretin system challenge this view by demonstrating that wakefulness control fails upon loss of this neurotransmitter system. Since orexin neurons signal arousal need, and excite other wake-promoting neurons, their actions illuminate nonredundant principles of arousal control. Here, we suggest such principles by reviewing the orexin system from a collective viewpoint of biology, physics and engineering. Orexin peptides excite other arousal-promoting neurons (noradrenaline, histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine neurons), either by activating mixed-cation conductances or by inhibiting potassium conductances. Ohm’s law predicts that these opposite conductance changes will produce opposite effects on sensitivity of neuronal excitability to current inputs, thus enabling orexin to differentially control input-output gain of its target networks. Orexin neurons also produce other transmitters, including glutamate. When orexin cells fire, glutamate-mediated downstream excitation displays temporal decay, but orexin-mediated excitation escalates, as if orexin transmission enabled arousal controllers to compute a time integral of arousal need. Since the anatomical and functional architecture of the orexin system contains negative feedback loops (e.g. orexin ➔ histamine ➔ noradrenaline/serotonin—orexin), such computations may stabilize wakefulness via integral feedback, a basic engineering strategy for set point control in uncertain environments. Such dynamic behavioural control requires several distinct wake-promoting modules, which perform nonredundant transformations of arousal signals and are connected in feedback loops.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by The Francis Crick Institute, which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK, the UK Medical Research Council, and the Wellcome Trust.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, University of Bern, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland

    Cornelia Schöne

  2. The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW7 1AA, UK

    Denis Burdakov

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  1. Cornelia Schöne
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  2. Denis Burdakov
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Correspondence to Denis Burdakov .

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  1. Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

    Andrew J Lawrence

  2. Dep Psychiatry & Behav Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Luis de Lecea

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Schöne, C., Burdakov, D. (2016). Orexin/Hypocretin and Organizing Principles for a Diversity of Wake-Promoting Neurons in the Brain. In: Lawrence, A.J., de Lecea, L. (eds) Behavioral Neuroscience of Orexin/Hypocretin. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 33. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_45

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