Abstract
This chapter looks at the relationship between plant breeding and trait breeding. It details the problem of variety ownership boundaries and the concept of essentially derived varieties (EDV). The chapter looks at the impact of patented accelerated breeding methods. It looks at the technical distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) requirements of the UPOV system which largely rely on morphological (phenotypic) traits irrespective of their value for cultivation and use of a newly bred variety. The chapter examines the Australian approach for resolving varietal disputes and concludes with an examination of the challenges of genome editing technologies.
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Notes
- 1.
UPOV convention, Act of 1991, Article 14(5)(b).
- 2.
Explanatory notes on essentially derived varieties under the 1991 Act of the UPOV convention (2017), https://www.upov.int/edocs/expndocs/en/upov_exn_edv.pdf.
- 3.
UPOV convention, Act of 1991, Article 14(5)(c).
- 4.
The figure was obtained by counting citations to US Patent 7,632,985.
- 5.
- 6.
Patent applications WO2019140351 and WO2019138244 for the cloned gene and the method, respectively.
- 7.
UPOV convention, Act of 1991, Articles 7–9.
- 8.
- 9.
Commission Directive 2003/90/EC: Rules on minimum characteristics and minimum conditions for examining certain varieties of agricultural plant species.
- 10.
Plant Breeder’s Rights Act 1994 (Cth), Articles 40-41.
- 11.
Id. Article 4(c).
- 12.
Id. Article 3, Definitions: essential characteristics.
- 13.
The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act (2001) of India, Article 18(c).
- 14.
CN 110,257,418.
- 15.
- 16.
US Patent 10,113,162.
- 17.
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Jamali, S.H. (2020). Trait Breeding and Plant Varietal Rights. In: Blakeney, M., Siddique, K. (eds) Local Knowledge, Intellectual Property and Agricultural Innovation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4611-2_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4611-2_6
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