Abstract
Rubbers are to be vulcanized and reinforced for their applications. Vulcanization is the most important prerequisite for displaying a stable rubber elasticity for practical utilization, while rubber reinforcement is to meet the demands of practical uses in terms of mechanical and some other functional requirements. Among lots of ingredients for rubber compounding, carbon black (CB) was found to afford several crucial characteristics for rubber tires as well as mechanical strength, early in the twentieth century. Since then, CB has been the most important filler for rubber industry, and the natural rubber (NR)-CB combination pioneered a new concept, polymer composite, together with the use of the rubber/fiber composition. This chapter gives a highly scientific but still general introduction to rubber reinforcement by means of filler. Traditional approaches are briefly described, too, from a retrospective point of view, which are expected to afford an excellent base for a modern approach to rubber reinforcement in this century.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
S. Kohjiya, Natural Rubber: From the Odyssey of the Hevea Tree to the Transportation Age (Smithers Rapra, Shrewsbury, 2015)
S. Kohjiya, Y. Ikeda (eds.), Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber (Woodhead/Elsevier, Cambridge, 2014)
Y. Ikeda, A. Kato, S. Kohjiya, Y. Nakajima, Rubber Science: A Modern Approach (Springer, Singapore, 2017)
L. Bateman (ed.), The Chemistry and Physics of Rubber-Like Substances (Maclaren & Sons, London, UK, 1963)
G. Kraus (ed.), Reinforcement of Elastomers (Interscience, New York, 1965)
H. Long (ed.), Basic Compounding and Processing of Rubber (Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Akron, 1985)
W. Hoffmann, translated into English by R. Bauer, E.A. Meinecke, Rubber Technology Handbook (Hanser, Munich, 1989) [Original German edition was published in 1980 by Gentner Verlag, Stuttgart]
A.D. Roberts (ed.), Natural Rubber Science and Technology (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1988)
M. Morton (ed.), Rubber Technology, 3rd edn. (Chapman & Hall, London, 1995)
B. Rodgers (ed.), Rubber Compounding: Chemistry and Applications (Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004)
J.E. Mark, B. Erman, C.M. Roland (eds.), The Science and Technology of Rubber, 4th edn. (Academic Press, Waltham, MA, 2013) [This book and Ref. 7 have compiled much of the traditional ideas and/or results on rubbers from engineering and chemical viewpoints]
A. Kato, A. Tohsan, S. Kohjiya, T. Phakkeeree, P. Phinyocheep, Y. Ikeda, in Progress in Rubber Nanocomposites, Chap. 12, ed. by S. Thomas, H.J. Maria (Woodhead/Elsevier, Duxford, 2017)
H.J. Stern, in Vignettes from the International Rubber Science Hall of Fame (1958–1988): 36 Major Contributors to Rubber Science, ed. by B.N. Zimmerman (Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Akron, 1989), pp. 193–197
S. Kohjiya, Y. Ikeda, in Solid State Ionics for Batteries, Chap. 6, ed. by T. Minami, M. Tatsumisago, M. Iwakura, S. Kohjiya, I. Tanaka (Springer, Tokyo, 2005)
K.C. Baranwal, in Vignettes from the International Rubber Science Hall of Fame (1958–1988): 36 Major Contributors to Rubber Science, ed. by B.N. Zimmerman (Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Akron, 1989), pp. 170–177
Y. Ikeda, Y. Yasuda, T. Ohashi, H. Yokoyama, S. Minoda, H. Kobayashi, T. Honma, Macromolecules 48, 462 (2015)
Y. Ikeda, H. Kobayashi, S. Kohjiya, Kagaku 70, 27 (2015) (in Japanese)
Y. Sakaki, R. Usami, A. Tohsan, P. Junkong, Y. Ikeda, RSC. Adv. 8, 10727 (2018)
A. Tohsan, Y. Yasuda, R. Usami, T. Ohashi, Y. Sakaki, P. Junkong, Y. Ikeda, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst (June), 111 (2018)
T. Ohashi, T. Sato, T. Nakajima, P. Junkong, Y. Ikeda, RSC. Adv. 8, 32930 (2018)
Y. Ikeda, Y. Sakaki, Y. Yasuda, P. Junkong, T. Ohashi, K. Miyaji, H. Kobayashi, Organometallics 38, 2363 (2019)
A. Kelly (ed.), Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials, Revised (Pergamon, London, 1994)
F. Li, J. Liu, H. Yang, Y. Lu, L. Zhang, Polymer 101, 199 (2016) [Heat build-up is an industrially important subject. Not many studies have been published. This one is of value as a disclosed modern approach]
S.-J. Park, M.-K. Seo, in Polymer Composites, Chap. 5, vol 1, ed. by S. Thomas, K. Joseph, S.K. Malhotra, K. Goda, M.S. Sreekala (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2011)
A. Das, G. Heinrich, Graphene-Rubber Nanocomposites, in Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials (Springer, Berlin, 2014)
V. Mittal, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 299, 906–931 (2014)
G.S. Whitby, C.C. Davis, R.F. Dunbrook (eds.), Synthetic Rubber (Wiley, New York, 1954) [Authoritative book on synthetic rubbers published at an early stage of their commercialization]
U. Schubert (ed.), Silicon Chemistry (Springer, Heidelberg, 2012)
E.P. Plueddemann, Silane Coupling Agents, 2nd edn. (Plenum Press, New York, 1982)
M.P. Wagner, Rubber World 164, 46 (1971)
S. Wolff, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst. 30, 516 (1977)
A.S. Hashim, B. Azahari, Y. Ikeda, S. Kohjiya, Rubber Chem. Technol. 71, 289 (1998)
S. Kohjiya, Y. Ikeda, Rubber Chem. Technol. 73, 534 (2000)
W. Meon, A. Blume, H.-D. Lunginsland, S. Uhrlandt, Rubber Compounding: Chemistry and Applications, Chap. 7, ed. by B. Rodgers (Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004)
L.R.G. Treloar, The Physics of Rubber Elasticity, 3rd edn. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975)
B. Erman, J.E. Mark, Structures and Properties of Rubberlike Networks (Oxford University Press, New York, 1997)
W.W. Graessley, Polymeric Liquids and Networks: Dynamics and Rheology (Garland Science, London, 2008)
C.M. Roland, Viscoelastic Behavior of Rubbery Materials (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011)
S. Kohjiya, in Nanotechnology and Soft Matters, ed. by Rubber Forum (Posty Co., Tokyo, 2005), pp. 1–7 (in Japanese)
Y. Dong, R. Umer, A.K. Tak Lau, Fillers and Reinforcements for Advanced Nanocomposites (Woodhead/Elsevier, Cambridge, 2015)
K.E. Drexler, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 5275 (1981)
D. Mulhall, Our Molecular Future: How Nanotechnology, Robotics, Genetics, and Artificial Intelligence Will Transform Our World (Prometheus Books, New York, 2002)
K.E. Drexle, Bull. Sci. Tech. Soc. 24(1) 21 (2004)
R.E. Smalley, Of chemistry, love and nanorobots-how soon will we see the nanometer-scale robots envisaged by K. Evic Drexler and other molecular nanotechnologies? The simple answer is never. Sci. Am. (September), 68 (2001)
K. Kulinowski, Nanotechnology from “wow” to “yuck”? Bull. Sci. Tech. Soc. 24(1) 13 (2004)
M. Pelow, Nature 525, 18 (3 September 2015)
R. Van Noorden, D. Castelvecchi, Nature 538, 152 (13 October 2016)
V.A. Garten, K. Eppinger, D.E. Weiss, Rubber Chem. Technol. 29, 295 (1957)
Y. Nakajima, Advanced Tire Mechanics (Springer, Singapore, 2019)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kohjiya, S., Kato, A., Ikeda, Y. (2020). Rubbery Materials and Soft Nanocomposites. In: Reinforcement of Rubber. Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3789-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3789-9_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3788-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3789-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)