Skip to main content

In Neoliberal Times

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Paradox and the School Leader

Part of the book series: Educational Leadership Theory ((ELT))

  • 300 Accesses

Abstract

The ‘meteoric’ expansion of academic inquiry into neoliberalism (Springer, 2012, p.135) over the last two decades has undone scholarly consensus about its meanings and effects. Disagreements have emerged over the way the ‘academic growth concept’ (Flew, 2012, p. 44) of neoliberalism should be apprehended and about its power and pervasiveness across social fields such as education. To commence this chapter, I flag an a priori concern about neoliberalism’s burgeoning literature catalogue and the enormous breadth and depth of its contexts and applications and the contemporaneous disappearance of unifying structure or coherent meaning.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For a more comprehensive coverage of Foucault’s treatment and framing of neoliberalism, see Brown (2015), Chaps. 2 and 3.

  2. 2.

    The process of ‘neoliberalisation’ as it might be applied to principal subjectivity is given more detailed treatment at the beginning of Chap. 5.

  3. 3.

    Foucault (1977) uses the term ‘dressage’ in reference to ‘a technique of training’ that regulates behaviour and ensures obedience (p. 166).

  4. 4.

    For purposes on anonymity, I have not cited or fully expanded these references.

  5. 5.

    Heffernan (2018) adds theoretical weight to ideas like those of Bansel (2014) by invoking the notion of a ‘sociology of numbers’. She claims that this notion embodies the idea that ‘numbers are fair and rigorous representations of the work undertaken in schools and indeed may be adopted as a means of making this work measurable or accessible to those with little knowledge of the field, providing licence to make judgments without having expertise to support these judgments’ (p. 7).

  6. 6.

    While this reference is, most obviously, to the Australian Professional Standard for Principals, it encompasses a range of other third-party documents, such as professionalism/performance rubrics, psychometric tests and various state-based leadership frameworks.

  7. 7.

    In a chapter titled Unforeseeable freedom (Derrida & Roudinesco, 2004), Derrida cautions against careless use of the word ‘freedom’. However, he adds an interpretation that accords with my use of the word in the phrase ‘new spaces of freedom’. He says he would ‘militate for a recognition and respect’ for a freedom that ‘is an excess of play in the machine, an excess of every determinate machine’ (p. 48–9).

  8. 8.

    ‘Textual data’ is used descriptively to indicate the contribution of literature to my empirical work (rather than to suggest a link, metaphorical or otherwise, to the technical process of extracting data from texts).

References

  • ACARA. (2013). MySchool. Retrieved from www.myschool.edu.au

  • AITSL. (2015). Australian professional standard for principals. Retrieved from www.aitsl.edu.au/lead-develop/understand-the-principal-standard:

  • Angus, L. (2012). Teaching within and against the circle of privilege: Reforming teachers, reforming schools. Journal of Education Policy, 27(2), 231–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angus, L. (2015). School choice: Neoliberal education policy and imagined futures. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 36(3), 395–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bacchi, C. (2000). Policy as discourse: What does it mean? Where does it get us? Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 21(1), 45–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacchi, C. (2009). Analysing policy: What’s the problem represented to be? Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, P. L. J. (2013). The policy dispositif: Historical formation and method. Journal of Education Policy, 28(6), 807–827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S. J. (2001). Performativities and fabrications in the education ceremony: Towards the performative society. In D. Gleeson & C. Husbands (Eds.), The performing school: Managing teaching and learning in a performance culture (pp. 210–226). London: Routledge Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S. J. (2006). Education policy and social class the selected works of Stephen J. Ball. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S. J. (2013). Foucault, power, and education. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S. J., Maguire, M., Braun, A., & Hoskins, K. (2011a). Policy actors: Doing policy work in schools. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 32(4), 625–639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S. J., Maguire, M., Braun, A., & Hoskins, K. (2011b). Policy subjects and policy actors in schools: Some necessary but insufficient analyses. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 32(4), 611–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bansel, P. (2014). The subject of policy. Critical Studies in Education, 56(1), 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, L., Frederick, M., Gulbrandsen, T., & Murillo, E. (2002). The marketization of education: Public schools for private ends. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 33(1), 5–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, A. (2013). Transcending systems thinking in education reform: Implications for policy-makers and school leaders. Journal of Education Policy, 28(1), 38–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, B. B. (1996). Pedagogy, symbolic control and identity: Theory, research, critique. London: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binkley, S. (2009). The work of neoliberal governmentality: Temporality and ethical substance in the tale of two dads. Foucault Studies, 6, 60–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. (2015). Undoing the demos: Neoliberalism’s stealth revolution. New York: Zone Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buras, K. L., & Apple, M. W. (2005). School choice, neoliberal promises, and unpromising evidence. Educational Policy, 19(3), 550–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (2004). What is critique? An essay on Foucault’s virtue. In S. Salih (Ed.), The Judith Butler reader (pp. 302–321). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J., Bainton, D., Lendvai, N., & Stubbs, P. (2015). Making policy move: Towards a politics of translation and assemblage. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, M. (2013). Terror/enjoyment: Performativity, resistance and the teacher’s psyche. London Review of Education, 11(3), 229–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dardot, P., & Laval, C. (2014). The new way of the world: On neoliberal society. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, B., & Bansell, P. (2010). Governmentality and academic work: Shaping the hearts and minds of academic workers. Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 26(3), 5–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, M. (2010). Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society (2nd ed.). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derrida, J., & Roudinesco, E. (2004). For what tomorrow: A dialogue. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dey, P. (2014). Governing the social through ‘social entrepreneurship’: A Foucauldian view of ‘the art of governing’ in advanced liberalism. In H. Douglas & S. Grant (Eds.), Social entrepreneurship and enterprise (pp. 55–72). Melbourne, Australia: Tilde University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diem, S., Young, M. D., Welton, A. D., Mansfield, K. C., & Lee, P.-L. (2014). The intellectual landscape of critical policy analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 27(9), 1068–1090.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flew, T. (2012). Michel Foucault’s The Birth of Biopolitics and contemporary neo-liberalism debates. Thesis Eleven, 108(1), 44–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, T. (2006). Foucault’s mapping of history. In G. Gutting (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Foucault. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1970). The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality. Volume 1, an introduction (R. Hurley, Trans.). New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1980a). Confessions of the flesh. In C. Gordon (Ed.), Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972–1977 (pp. 194–228). New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1980b). Questions of geography. In C. Gordon (Ed.), Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972–1977 (pp. 63–77). New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1991). Governmentality. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon, & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1994). Dits et écrits (Tome III, 1976–1979). Paris: Gallimard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1996). The archaeology of knowledge. In S. Lotringer (Ed.), Foucault live: Collected interviews, 1961–1984 (pp. 57–65). New York: Semiotext[e].

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1997). What is critique? In S. Lotringer & L. Hochroth (Eds.), The politics of truth (pp. 23–82). Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (2000). Polemics, politics and problematizations (R. Hurley, Trans.). In P. Rabinow (Ed.), Ethics: Subjectivity and truth (pp. 111–120). London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (2002). So is it important to think? In J. Faubion (Ed.), Power (pp. 454–458). London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (2008). The birth of biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–1979. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gale, T. (2001). Critical policy sociology: Historiography, archaeology and genealogy as methods of policy analysis. Journal of Education Policy, 16(5), 379–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giroux, H. A. (2008). Against the terror of neoliberalism: Politics beyond the age of greed. London: Paradigm Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobby, B. (2017). Problematisations, practices and subjectivation. In G. Lakomski, S. Eacott, & C. W. Evers (Eds.), Questioning leadership: New directions for educational organisations (pp. 86–99). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, C. (1991). Introduction. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon, & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grace, G. R. (1995). School leadership-beyond education management: An essay in policy scholarship. London: The Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L. J. (2011). The product of text and ‘other’ statements: Discourse analysis and the critical use of Foucault. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 43(6), 663–674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunter, H. (2013). Researching and conceptualising the field. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 45(2), 201–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hattam, R., & Zipin, L. (2009). Towards pedagogical justice. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 30(3), 297–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heffernan, A. (2018). The principal and school improvement: Theorising discourse, policy, and practice. Singapore, Singapore: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, C. (2011). The possibility of public education in an instrumentalist age. Educational Theory, 61(4), 451–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holstein, J. A., & Gubrium, J. F. (2004). The active interview. In D. Silverman (Ed.), Qualitative research: Theory, method and practice (2nd ed., pp. 140–161). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howarth, D. (2010). Power, discourse, and policy: Articulating a hegemony approach to critical policy studies. Critical Policy Studies, 3(3–4), 309–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, A. Y., & Mazzei, L. A. (2011). Thinking with theory in qualitative research: Viewing data across multiple perspectives. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, R. (2005). Analysing discourse. An approach from the sociology of knowledge. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6(3), 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, R. (2011). The sociology of knowledge approach to discourse (SKAD). Human Studies, 34(1), 43–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knights, D. (2009). Power at work in organizations. In M. Alvesson, T. Bridgman, & H. Willmott (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of critical management studies (pp. 144–165). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lather, P. (1999). To be of use: The work of reviewing. Review of Educational Research, 69(1), 2–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2007). Transformational school leadership for large-scale reform: Effects on students, teachers, and their classroom practices. School Effectiveness and School Improvement: An International Journal of Research, Policy and Practice, 17(2), 201–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lingard, B. (2010). Policy borrowing, policy learning: Testing times in Australian schooling. Critical Studies in Education, 51(2), 129–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lingard, B. (2011). Policy as numbers: Ac/counting for educational research. The Australian Educational Researcher, 38(4), 355–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lingard, B., & Sellar, S. (2013). ‘Catalyst data’: Perverse systemic effects of audit and accountability in Australian schooling. Journal of Education Policy, 28(5), 634–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, K. (2014). New managerialism: The impact on education. Concept, 5(3), Article 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacBeath, J. (2007). Leadership as a subversive activity. Journal of Education Administration, 45(3), 242–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, M., Hoskins, K., Ball, S. J., & Braun, A. (2011). Policy discourses in school texts. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 32(4), 597–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, M., Perryman, J., Ball, S. J., & Braun, A. (2011). The ordinary school – What is it? British Journal of Sociology of Education, 32(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, J., & Garratt, D. (2013). Participation as governmentality? The effect of disciplinary technologies at the interface of service users and providers, families and the state. Journal of Education Policy, 28(6), 733–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muijs, D. (2011). Leadership and organisational performance: From research to prescription? International Journal of Educational Management, 25(1), 45–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oksala, J. (2013). From biopower to governmentality. In C. Falzon, T. O’Leary, & J. Sawicki (Eds.), A companion to Foucault (pp. 320–336). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ozga, J. (1990). Policy research and policy theory: A comment on Fitz and Halpin. Journal of Education Policy, 5(4), 359–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozga, J. (2000). Policy research in educational settings: Contested terrain. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peter, T. (2018). Excellence: On the genealogical reconstruction of a rationality. In R. Bloch, A. Mitterle, C. Paradeise, & T. Peter (Eds.), Universities and the production of elites (pp. 33–51). Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pignatelli, F. (2002). Mapping the terrain of a Foucauldian ethics: A response to the surveillance of schooling. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 21(2), 157–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Protevi, J. (2009). What does Foucault think is new about neo-liberalism? Pli: Warwick Journal of Philosophy, 21, 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajagopal, I. (2014). Does the Internet shape a disciplinary society? The information-knowledge paradox. First Monday, 19(3), Article 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, D. (1998, February 20). The school effectiveness mission has only just begun. Times Educational Supplement, p. 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. (1998). Inventing our selves: Psychology, power, and personhood. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. S., O’Malley, P., & Valverde, M. (2006). Governmentality. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 2(1), 83–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rouse, J. (2006). Power/knowledge. In G. Gutting (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Foucault (2nd ed., pp. 95–122). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savage, G. C. (2013). Governmentality in practice: Governing the self and others in a marketized education system. In D. Gillies (Ed.), Educational leadership and Michel Foucault (pp. 85–105). Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, M., & Masschelein, J. (2008). Our ‘will to learn’ and the assemblage of a learning apparatus. In A. Fejes & K. Nicoll (Eds.), Foucault and lifelong learning: Governing the subject (pp. 48–60). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, G. B., & Griggs, C. B. (2015). Standardization and subjection: An autonomist critique of neoliberal school reform. Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, 37(5), 438–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, J., & McInerney, P. (2012). Sculpting a ‘social space’ for re-engaging disengaged ‘disadvantaged’ young people with learning. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 44(3), 187–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, J., & Shacklock, G. (2003). Re-making teaching ideology, policy, and practice. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Springer, S. (2012). Neoliberalism as discourse: Between Foucauldian political economy and Marxian poststructuralism. Critical Discourse Studies, 9(2), 133–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stickney, J. (2013). Judging teachers: Foucault, governance and agency during education reforms. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 44(6), 649–662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Styhre, A. (2001). Kaizen, ethics, and care of the operations: Management after empowerment. Journal of Management Studies, 38(6), 795–810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamboukou, M. (2003). Genealogy/ethnography: Finding the rhythm. In M. Tamboukou (Ed.), Dangerous encounters: Genealogy and ethnography (pp. 195–216). New York: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R. (2009). Critical management studies on identity: Mapping the terrain. In M. Alvesson, T. Bridgman, & H. Willmott (Eds.), Oxford handbook of critical management studies (pp. 166–185). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, S., & Watson, L. (2011). Quality and accountability: Policy tensions for Australian school leaders. In International handbook of leadership for learning (Vol. 25, pp. 189–208). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, P. (2001). How principals lose ‘face’: A disciplinary tale of educational administration and modern managerialism. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 22(1), 5–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, P. (2004). Severed heads and compliant bodies? A speculation about principal identities. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 25(1), 43–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, P., Lingard, B., & Wrigley, T. (2012). Ideas for changing educational systems, educational policy and schools. Critical Studies in Education, 53(1), 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thrupp, M., & Willmott, R. (2003). Educational management in managerialist times. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, T. (2007). 20 years of ICSEI: The impact of school effectiveness and school improvement on school reform. In T. Townsend & B. Avalos (Eds.), International handbook of school effectiveness and improvement (pp. 3–26). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Walkerdine, V., & Bansel, P. (2010). Neoliberalism, work and subjectivity: Towards a more complex account. In M. Wetherell & C. T. Mohanty (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of identities (pp. 492–508). London: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wallenstein, S. (2013). Introduction: Foucault, biopolitics, and governmentality. In J. Nilsson & S. Wallenstein (Eds.), Foucault, biopolitics, and governmentality. Södertörns högskola: Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, P. T. (2014). Policy problematization. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 27(3), 364–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, P. T., Gulson, K., & Pitton, V. (2014). The neo-liberal education policies of epimeleia heautou: Caring for the self in school markets. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 35(1), 31–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willmott, R. (1999). School effectiveness research: An ideological commitment? Journal of Philosophy of Education, 33(2), 253–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, N. (2001). Leadership,‘bastard leadership’and managerialism: Confronting twin paradoxes in the Blair education project. Educational Management & Administration, 29(3), 275–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youdell, D. (2006). Impossible bodies, impossible selves: Exclusions and student subjectivities (Vol. 3). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zipin, L., Sellar, S., & Hattam, R. (2012). Countering and exceeding ‘capital’: A ‘funds of knowledge’approach to re-imagining community. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 33(2), 179–192.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Dolan, C. (2020). In Neoliberal Times. In: Paradox and the School Leader. Educational Leadership Theory. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3086-9_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3086-9_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3085-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3086-9

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics