A Geographical Analysis of Rural Male Out-Migration: A Case Study of Bhagalpur District

Abstract

No simple generalisation about the total effect of out-migration on the place of origin is possible. Men always seek permanent or temporary dwelling at a place where geographical factors are more or less congenial for securing livelihood, security and final adaptation. Out-migration is not only attributed to economic factors but to the entire sociocultural setting of the place. Thus, there is enormous variation in the volume of out-migration between countries and between regions within a country. However, out-migration is generally viewed from macroeconomic perspectives, concentrating mainly on the incidence of out-migration in the non-agricultural urban sector and overshadowing the specific aspects of the rural sector. This urban bias is paradoxical when it is found that most migrants come from rural areas, and also that a great deal of out-migration from the rural areas is directed towards other rural areas.

Appendices

Annexure I: Inter-state Rural-to-Rural Out-Migration from Bihar, 1991

Sr. No.	State	Inter-state male out-migrants from Bihar	Inter-state rural-to-rural male out-migrants from Bihar	Inter-state rural-to-rural male out-migration from Bihar
1.	Delhi	178,151	13,953	7.83
2.	Maharashtra	67,630	5460	8.07
3.	Karnataka	7420	790	10.65
4.	Rajasthan	25,550	4160	16.28
5.	West Bengal	673,929	118,001	17.51
6.	Andhra Pradesh	12,540	2310	18.42
7.	Haryana	42,680	9440	22.12
8.	Meghalaya	6348	1436	22.62
9.	Nagaland	5689	1350	23.73
10	Gujarat	25,610	6740	26.72
11	Madhya Pradesh	105,722	28,438	26.90
12	Punjab	63,138	17,265	27.34
13	Odisha	70,242	21,125	30.07
14	Chandigarh	8980	2769	30.84
15	Uttar Pradesh	147,531	58,665	39.76
16	Assam	115,527	48,446	41.93
17	Arunachal Pradesh	9425	4915	52.15
18	Himachal Pradesh	7878	5063	64.27
19	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	6049	4320	71.42
20	Others	17,248	5068	29.36
Total		1,597,287	359,714	22.52

1. Source Census of India 1991, Migration Tables D-2, Migration classified by place of last residence and duration of residence in place of enumeration

Annexure II: Inter-state Rural-to-Urban Out-Migration from Bihar, 1991

Sr. No.	State	Inter-state male out-migrants from Bihar	Inter-state rural-to-urban male out-migrants from Bihar	Inter-state rural-to-urban male out-migration from Bihar
1.	Himachal Pradesh	7878	983	12.48
2.	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	6049	1065	17.60
3.	Karnataka	7420	1640	22.10
4.	Andhra Pradesh	12,540	3940	31.42
5.	Arunachal Pradesh	9425	3384	35.90
6.	Uttar Pradesh	147,531	53,664	36.37
7.	Assam	115,527	47,258	40.91
8.	Punjab	63,138	26,483	41.94
9.	Gujarat	25,610	10,820	42.25
10	Odisha	70,242	29,817	42.45
11	Madhya Pradesh	105,722	47,903	45.31
12	Nagaland	5689	2642	46.44
13	Chandigarh	8980	4211	46.89
14	Meghalaya	6348	3052	48.08
15	Rajasthan	25,550	12,540	49.08
16	Haryana	42,680	24,070	56.40
17	West Bengal	673,929	400,770	59.47
18	Delhi	178,151	115,281	64.71
19	Maharashtra	67,630	43,770	64.72
20	Others	17,248	4668	27.06
Total		1,597,287	837,961	52.46

1. Source Census of India 1991, Migration Tables D-2, Migration classified by place of last residence and duration of residence in place of enumeration