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Measurement of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Parameters from Higher Harmonics

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Measurement of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Characteristics

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Measurement Science and Technology ((SSMST))

Abstract

Higher harmonic generation is a classic phenomenon of nonlinear ultrasonic interaction, which can occur in both material elastic and contact acoustic nonlinearities. However, this chapter covers only material elastic nonlinearity. The nonlinear ultrasonic parameters quantitatively represent the nonlinear elastic properties of a material and can be measured from the higher harmonics generated during ultrasonic wave propagation in the material. In this chapter, we describe the measurement process of nonlinear ultrasonic parameters. Furthermore, we introduce the configuration of the experimental apparatus and the signal processing techniques in detail. In particular, we focused on the error-inducing factors. Methods that use longitudinal waves are mainly considered; however, a method that uses surface waves is also introduced in brief.

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Abbreviations

\(A\left(\upomega \right)\) :

displacement amplitude

\(A_{1}\) :

displacement amplitude of the fundamental frequency component

\(A^{\prime}_{1}\) :

detected signal amplitude of the fundamental frequency component

\(A_{1,0}^{\prime}\) :

detected signal amplitude of the fundamental frequency component for the reference material

\(A_{2}\) :

displacement amplitude of the second-order harmonic frequency component

\(A_{2}^{\prime }\) :

detected signal amplitude of the second-order frequency component

\(A_{2,0}^{\prime }\) :

detected signal amplitude of the second-order frequency component for the reference material

AV(ω):

amplitude of a detected voltage signal

Ci(ω):

response function of couplant layer function at position i

\(C_{IJ}\) :

second-order elastic constant

\(C_{IJK}\) :

third-order elastic constant

D(ω):

amplitude composition of an electrical signal sent to a transmitting transducer

G(ω):

response function of an amplifier

\(H\left(\upomega \right)\) :

calibration function

\(I^{\prime}_{in} \left( \omega \right)\) :

input current in the calibration

\(I_{out} \left( \omega \right)\) :

current measured at the receiving part in the nonlinear measurement

\(I_{out}^{\prime } \left( \omega \right)\) :

output current in the calibration

\(K\left( \omega \right)\) :

transfer function

\(M_{IJ}\) :

second-order Huang coefficient

\(M_{IJK}\) :

third-order Huang coefficient

\(N\) :

window length

\(N_{p}\) :

number density of precipitates

\(P_{A,in} \left( \omega \right)\) :

monochromatic acoustic power at the transmitting transducer

\(P_{A,out} \left( \omega \right)\) :

acoustic power at the receiving transducer

\(P_{{{\text{E}},{\text{cal}} - {\text{in}}}} \left(\upomega \right)\) :

generated signal in the calibration

\(P_{E,cal - out} \left(\upomega \right)\) :

received signal in the calibration

\(P_{E,in} \left( \omega \right)\) :

monochromatic electrical power at the transmitting transducer

\(P_{E,out} \left( \omega \right)\) :

electrical power at the receiving transducer

R(ω):

response function of a receiving transducer

T(ω):

response function of transmitting transducer

\(V_{in}^{\prime } \left(\upomega \right)\) :

input voltage in the calibration

\(V_{\text{out}}^{\prime } \left(\upomega \right)\) :

output voltage in the calibration

X :

propagation direction

\(Z\left(\upomega \right)\) :

electrical impedance

\(a\) :

area of the receiving transducer

d :

line beam spacing

f fund :

fundamental wave frequency determined by selection of line beam spacing

\(k\) :

wave number

\(k^{\prime}\) :

wave number compensation factor

\(k_{0}\) :

wave number for the reference material

n :

data number

q :

quantum voltage

\(r_{p}\) :

average radius of the precipitates

t :

time

u :

displacement

u 1 :

first-order perturbation solution

u 2 :

second-order perturbation solution

\(u_{{\left( {0^{^\circ } } \right)}}\) :

displacement of ultrasonic wave when the phase of the incident ultrasound is 0Ëš

\(u_{{\left( {180^{^\circ } } \right)}}\) :

displacement of ultrasonic wave when the phase of the incident ultrasound is 180Ëš

\(v\) :

particle velocity

w :

line beam width,

\(x\) :

propagation distance

\(\Delta \beta\) :

variation in the nonlinear ultrasonic parameter

\(\varLambda\) :

dislocation density

\(\alpha^{\prime}\) :

displacement proportionality compensation factor

\(\alpha_{1}\) :

displacement proportionality coefficient for the fundamental frequency

\(\alpha_{1,0}\) :

displacement proportionality coefficient for the fundamental frequency for the reference material

\(\alpha_{2}\) :

displacement proportionality coefficient for the second-order harmonic frequency

\(\alpha_{2,0}\) :

displacement proportionality coefficient for the second-order harmonic frequency for the reference material

\(\alpha_{i}\) :

displacement proportionality coefficient

\(\beta\) :

second-order nonlinear ultrasonic parameter

\(\beta^{\prime}\) :

relative nonlinear ultrasonic parameter

\(\beta_{0}\) :

nonlinear ultrasonic parameter for the reference material

\(\beta_{e}\) :

estimated nonlinear ultrasonic parameter

\(\beta_{p}\) :

plate-shaped precipitates

\(\beta_{p} {{^{\prime}}}\) :

rod-shaped precipitates

\(\beta _{p}^{{''}}\) :

needle-shaped precipitates

ε:

strain

\(\varepsilon_{J}\) :

strain tensor

\(\varepsilon_{K}\) :

strain tensor

ε q :

quantization error

\(\kappa\) :

coefficient that determines the profile of the Tukey window

λ :

wavelength

\(\rho\) :

density

\(\sigma\) :

stress

\(\sigma_{I}\) :

stress tensor

\(\sigma_{y}\) :

yield strength

ω :

angular frequency

ω1:

fundamental angular frequency

ω2:

second-order harmonic angular frequency

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Acknowledgements

A major portion of this work was financially supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2013M2A2A9043241).

We would like to thank all of the ISNDE Lab (Intelligent Sensing & Nondestructive Evaluation Lab, Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University) graduates over the past 27 years for their research efforts, discussions, and contributions to the field of nonlinear ultrasonics. A special tribute to Dr. Kyung-Cho Kim, the first Ph.D. graduate of ISNDE to pioneer nonlinear ultrasonics research in solid materials, Dr. Taehun Lee, developed fundamental technologies for the measurement of nonlinear ultrasonic parameters, and Dr. Chung-Seok Kim, who worked as a research Professor at Hanyang University from 2010 to 2012 (currently a Professor at Chosun University) on various applications of nonlinear ultrasonics for material characterization.

Many thanks to Dr. Yob Ha, Dr. Hyunmook Kim, and Dr. Hongjoon Kim, who developed miscellaneous methods for the measurement of nonlinear ultrasonic characteristics, including laser ultrasonic techniques, and Dr. Hogeon Seo who pioneered the measurement of contact acoustic nonlinearity and its synthetic imaging.

Special thanks to the students currently working in the ISNDE Lab: Ph.D. students Dong-Gi Song, Jihyun Jun, Seong-Hyun Park, and Master’s degree students Juyoung Ryu, Youngchang Lee, Seunghoon Lee, Jungyean Hong, who have improved the measurement systems, developed various application techniques, and contributed to the editing and data organization of this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Kyung-Young Jhang & Sungho Choi

  2. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

    Jongbeom Kim

Authors
  1. Kyung-Young Jhang
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  2. Sungho Choi
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  3. Jongbeom Kim
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Correspondence to Kyung-Young Jhang .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)

    Kyung-Young Jhang

  2. Engg Sci & Mechanics, EES Bldg 212, Pennsylvania State Univ, University Park, PA, USA

    Cliff J. Lissenden

  3. Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung, Kunststofftechnik, Univ. Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

    Igor Solodov

  4. Dept. of Materials Processing, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Yoshikazu Ohara

  5. Laboratoire d’Acoustique, Université du Maine, Le Mans, France

    Vitalyi Gusev

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Jhang, KY., Choi, S., Kim, J. (2020). Measurement of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Parameters from Higher Harmonics. In: Jhang, KY., Lissenden, C., Solodov, I., Ohara, Y., Gusev, V. (eds) Measurement of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Characteristics. Springer Series in Measurement Science and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1461-6_2

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