Abstract
With the advent of genome-editing technologies, targeting genome engineering is no longer a hypothetical abstract. As application area of genome-editing tools is extending beyond the limits of research and biomedical remedies, specific ethical apprehensions are prevalent around the global community about the appropriate scope of genome-editing tools to be used. Genome-editing tools, i.e., meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas system), accelerate cancer research not only in its base study as well as in its cure by dissecting the mechanism of tumor development, categorizing targets for drug progression, and identifying arm cells for cell-dependent therapies. Current applications of cancer research and cure are discussed in this chapter. Moreover, it has also been discussed that genome editing is the possible cause of enhancing the risk of cancer development.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (2018) Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 68(6):394–424
Pan F, Pan D, Pardoll DM, Barbi J, Fu J (2019) Compositions and methods for targeting activin signaling to treat cancer. Google Patents
Singer M, Wang C, Cong L, Marjanovic ND, Kowalczyk MS, Zhang H, Nyman J, Sakuishi K, Kurtulus S, Gennert D (2016) A distinct gene module for dysfunction uncoupled from activation in tumor-infiltrating T cells. Cell 166(6):1500–1511.e9
Beloribi-Djefaflia S, Vasseur S, Guillaumond F (2016) Lipid metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells. Oncogene 5(1):e189
Beguin E (2018) Sonodynamic therapy of hypoxic tumours. University of Oxford, Oxford
Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE (2018) Screening for ovarian cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA 319(6):588–594
Sasieni PD, Parkin DM (2018) Global perspectives surrounding cancer prevention and screening. In: Cancer prevention and screening: concepts, principles and controversies, p 1
Thompson R, Mitrou G, Brown S, Almond E, Bandurek I, Brockton N, Kälfors M, McGinley-Gieser D, Sinclair B, Meincke L (2018) Major new review of global evidence on diet, nutrition and physical activity: a blueprint to reduce cancer risk. Nutr Bull 43(3):269–283
Knoll LJ, Hogan DA, Leong JM, Heitman J, Condit RC (2018) Pearls collections: what we can learn about infectious disease and cancer. PLoS Pathog 14(3):e1006915. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006915
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2019) Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin 69(1):7–34
Fitzmaurice C, Akinyemiju TF, Al Lami FH, Alam T, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Allen C, Alsharif U, Alvis-Guzman N, Amini E, Anderson BO (2018) Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study. JAMA Oncol 4(11):1553–1568
Doubeni CA, Gabler NB, Wheeler CM, McCarthy AM, Castle PE, Halm EA, Schnall MD, Skinner CS, Tosteson AN, Weaver DL (2018) Timely follow-up of positive cancer screening results: a systematic review and recommendations from the PROSPR consortium. CA Cancer J Clin 68(3):199–216
Gapstur SM, Drope JM, Jacobs EJ, Teras LR, McCullough ML, Douglas CE, Patel AV, Wender RC, Brawley OW (2018) A blueprint for the primary prevention of cancer: targeting established modifiable risk factors. CA Cancer J Clin 68(6):446–470
Forman D, Bauld L, Bonanni B, Brenner H, Brown K, Dillner J, Kampman E, Manczuk M, Riboli E, Steindorf K (2018) Time for a European initiative for research to prevent cancer: a manifesto for Cancer Prevention Europe (CPE). J Cancer Policy 17:15–23
Vargo JA, Moiseenko V, Grimm J, Caudell J, Clump DA, Yorke E, Xue J, Vinogradskiy Y, Moros EG, Mavroidis P (2018) Head and neck tumor control probability: radiation dose–volume effects in stereotactic body radiation therapy for locally recurrent previously-irradiated head and neck cancer: report of the AAPM working group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.01.044
Alam A, Farooq U, Singh R, Dubey V, Kumar S, Kumari R, Kumar K, Naik B, Dhar K (2018) Chemotherapy treatment and strategy schemes: a review. J Toxicol 2(7):555600. https://doi.org/10.19080/OAJT.2018.02.555600
Miller KD, Siegel RL, Lin CC, Mariotto AB, Kramer JL, Rowland JH, Stein KD, Alteri R, Jemal A (2016) Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin 66(4):271–289
Perkins A, Liu G (2016) Primary brain tumors in adults: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician 93(3):211–217
Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Murphy SE, Stepanov I, Balbo S, Hatsukami DK, Yuan J-M, Park SL, Stram DO, Haiman C (2016) Tobacco smoke toxicant and carcinogen biomarkers and lung cancer susceptibility in smokers. J Thorac Oncol 11(2):S7–S8
Gazdar AF, Zhou C (2018) Lung cancer in never-smokers: a different disease. In: IASLC thoracic oncology. Elsevier, pp 23–29.e23
Kuper H, Adami HO, Boffetta P (2002) Tobacco use, cancer causation and public health impact. J Intern Med 251(6):455–466
Kushi LH, Byers T, Doyle C, Bandera EV, McCullough M, Gansler T, Andrews KS, Thun MJ (2006) American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 56(5):254–281
Park S, Bae J, Nam B-H, Yoo K-Y (2008) Aetiology of cancer in Asia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 9(3):371–380
Pagano JS, Blaser M, Buendia M-A, Damania B, Khalili K, Raab-Traub N, Roizman B (2004) Infectious agents and cancer: criteria for a causal relation. In: Seminars in cancer biology, vol 6. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 453–471
Sonker P, Tewari AK, Chaube SK, Kumar R, Sharma VP, Sonker A, Yadav P (2018) A study on cancer and its drugs with their molecular structure and mechanism of action: A Review. World J Pharm Sci 6(7):13–34
Samaras V, Rafailidis PI, Mourtzoukou EG, Peppas G, Falagas ME (2010) Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer: a review. J Infect Dev Ctries 4(05):267–281
Brenner DJ, Hall EJ (2007) Computed tomography—an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 357(22):2277–2284
Roukos DH (2009) Genome-wide association studies: how predictable is a person’s cancer risk? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 9(4):389–392
Green J, Cairns BJ, Casabonne D, Wright FL, Reeves G, Beral V, collaborators MWS (2011) Height and cancer incidence in the Million Women Study: prospective cohort, and meta-analysis of prospective studies of height and total cancer risk. Lancet Oncol 12(8):785–794
Forschungsgemeinschaft D (2015) Carcinogenic substances. In: List of MAK and BAT values 2015: permanent senate commission for the investigation of health hazards of chemical compounds in the work area, pp 163–181
Jeon S-Y, Hwang K-A, Choi K-C (2016) Effect of steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone, on epithelial mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 158:1–8
Breitling R, Takano E (2016) Synthetic biology of natural products. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 8(10):a023994
Carroll D, Golic MM, Bibikova M, Drews G, Golic KG (2016) Targeted chromosomal mutagenesis using zinc finger nucleases. Google Patents
Forsyth A, Weeks T, Richael C, Duan H (2016) Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN)-mediated targeted DNA insertion in potato plants. Front Plant Sci 7:1572
Huang M, Zhou X, Wang H, Xing D (2018) Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 triggered isothermal amplification for site-specific nucleic acid detection. Anal Chem 90(3):2193–2200
Smith JJ, Jantz D, Hellinga HW (2011) Rationally-designed meganucleases with altered sequence specificity and DNA-binding affinity. Google Patents
Baker M (2011) Gene-editing nucleases. Nature Publishing Group, London
Bosley KS, Botchan M, Bredenoord AL, Carroll D, Charo RA, Charpentier E, Cohen R, Corn J, Doudna J, Feng G (2015) CRISPR germline engineering—the community speaks. Nat Biotechnol 33(5):478
Stoddard BL (2005) Homing endonuclease structure and function. Q Rev Biophys 38(1):49–95
Loong SLE (2005) Late Radiation Morbidity Incidence in a South-East Scottish cohort and investigation into abnormalities in DNA double-strand break repair and damage response. Edinburgh Medical School thesis. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24851
De Souza N (2011) Primer: genome editing with engineered nucleases. Nat Methods 9(1):27
Smith J, Grizot S, Arnould S, Duclert A, Epinat J-C, Chames P, Prieto J, Redondo P, Blanco FJ, Bravo J (2006) A combinatorial approach to create artificial homing endonucleases cleaving chosen sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 34(22):e149–e149
Seligman LM, Chisholm KM, Chevalier BS, Chadsey MS, Edwards ST, Savage JH, Veillet AL (2002) Mutations altering the cleavage specificity of a homing endonuclease. Nucleic Acids Res 30(17):3870–3879
Chevalier BS, Kortemme T, Chadsey MS, Baker D, Monnat RJ Jr, Stoddard BL (2002) Design, activity, and structure of a highly specific artificial endonuclease. Mol Cell 10(4):895–905
Arnould S, Chames P, Perez C, Lacroix E, Duclert A, Epinat J-C, Stricher F, Petit A-S, Patin A, Guillier S (2006) Engineering of large numbers of highly specific homing endonucleases that induce recombination on novel DNA targets. J Mol Biol 355(3):443–458
Ashworth J, Taylor GK, Havranek JJ, Quadri SA, Stoddard BL, Baker D (2010) Computational reprogramming of homing endonuclease specificity at multiple adjacent base pairs. Nucleic Acids Res 38(16):5601–5608
Redondo P, Prieto J, Munoz IG, Alibés A, Stricher F, Serrano L, Cabaniols J-P, Daboussi F, Arnould S, Perez C (2008) Molecular basis of xeroderma pigmentosum group C DNA recognition by engineered meganucleases. Nature 456(7218):107
Aslam S, Khan SH, Ahmed A, Dandekar AM (2019) Genome editing tools: need of the current era. Am J Mol Biol 9(3):85–109
Rebar EJ, Huang Y, Hickey R, Nath AK, Meoli D, Nath S, Chen B, Xu L, Liang Y, Jamieson AC (2002) Induction of angiogenesis in a mouse model using engineered transcription factors. Nat Med 8(12):1427
Kim Y-G, Cha J, Chandrasegaran S (1996) Hybrid restriction enzymes: zinc finger fusions to Fok I cleavage domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93(3):1156–1160
Cox DBT, Platt RJ, Zhang F (2015) Therapeutic genome editing: prospects and challenges. Nat Med 21(2):121
Reik A, Zhou Y, Wagner J, Hamlett A, Mendel M, Liu P-Q, Lee G, Paschon D, Rebar E, Ando D (2008) Zinc finger nucleases targeting the glucocorticoid receptor allow IL-13 zetakine transgenic CTLs to kill glioblastoma cells in vivo in the presence of immunosuppressing glucocorticoids. AACR Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA
Holt N, Wang J, Kim K, Friedman G, Wang X, Taupin V, Crooks GM, Kohn DB, Gregory PD, Holmes MC (2010) Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells modified by zinc-finger nucleases targeted to CCR5 control HIV-1 in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 28(8):839
Gaj T, Gersbach CA, Barbas CF III (2013) ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering. Trends Biotechnol 31(7):397–405
Pérez-Quintero AL, Rodriguez-R LM, Dereeper A, López C, Koebnik R, Szurek B, Cunnac S (2013) An improved method for TAL effectors DNA-binding sites prediction reveals functional convergence in TAL repertoires of Xanthomonas oryzae strains. PLoS One 8(7):e68464
Aliyari R, Ding SW (2009) RNA-based viral immunity initiated by the dicer family of host immune receptors. Immunol Rev 227(1):176–188
Barrangou R (2015) The roles of CRISPR–Cas systems in adaptive immunity and beyond. Curr Opin Immunol 32:36–41
Zhang F, Wen Y, Guo X (2014) CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing: progress, implications and challenges. Hum Mol Genet 23(R1):R40–R46
Sternberg SH, Doudna JA (2015) Expanding the biologist’s toolkit with CRISPR-Cas9. Mol Cell 58(4):568–574
Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, Romero DA, Horvath P (2007) CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Science 315(5819):1709–1712
Marraffini LA, Sontheimer EJ (2008) CRISPR interference limits horizontal gene transfer in staphylococci by targeting DNA. Science 322(5909):1843–1845
Mohanraju P, Makarova KS, Zetsche B, Zhang F, Koonin EV, Van der Oost J (2016) Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems. Science 353(6299):aad5147
Hille F, Richter H, Wong SP, Bratovič M, Ressel S, Charpentier E (2018) The biology of CRISPR-Cas: backward and forward. Cell 172(6):1239–1259
Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Alkhnbashi OS, Costa F, Shah SA, Saunders SJ, Barrangou R, Brouns SJ, Charpentier E, Haft DH (2015) An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol 13(11):722
Wright AV, Nuñez JK, Doudna JA (2016) Biology and applications of CRISPR systems: harnessing nature’s toolbox for genome engineering. Cell 164(1–2):29–44
Westra ER, Dowling AJ, Broniewski JM, van Houte S (2016) Evolution and ecology of CRISPR. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 47:307–331
Dugar G, Herbig A, Förstner KU, Heidrich N, Reinhardt R, Nieselt K, Sharma CM (2013) High-resolution transcriptome maps reveal strain-specific regulatory features of multiple Campylobacter jejuni isolates. PLoS Genet 9(5):e1003495
Hatoum-Aslan A, Maniv I, Marraffini LA (2011) Mature clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats RNA (crRNA) length is measured by a ruler mechanism anchored at the precursor processing site. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108(52):21218–21222
Yosef I, Goren MG, Qimron U (2012) Proteins and DNA elements essential for the CRISPR adaptation process in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res 40(12):5569–5576
Swarts DC, Mosterd C, Van Passel MW, Brouns SJ (2012) CRISPR interference directs strand specific spacer acquisition. PLoS One 7(4):e35888
Mussolino C, Alzubi J, Fine EJ, Morbitzer R, Cradick TJ, Lahaye T, Bao G, Cathomen T (2014) TALENs facilitate targeted genome editing in human cells with high specificity and low cytotoxicity. Nucleic Acids Res 42(10):6762–6773
Rinaldo AR, Ayliffe M (2015) Gene targeting and editing in crop plants: a new era of precision opportunities. Mol Breed 35(1):40
Regalado A (2015) CRISPR gene editing to be tested on people by 2017, says Editas. MIT Technol Rev:1–3
Cromwell CR, Sung K, Park J, Krysler AR, Jovel J, Kim SK, Hubbard BP (2018) Incorporation of bridged nucleic acids into CRISPR RNAs improves Cas9 endonuclease specificity. Nat Commun 9(1):1448
Charpentier M, Khedher A, Menoret S, Brion A, Lamribet K, Dardillac E, Boix C, Perrouault L, Tesson L, Geny S (2018) CtIP fusion to Cas9 enhances transgene integration by homology-dependent repair. Nat Commun 9(1):1133
Chen JS, Dagdas YS, Kleinstiver BP, Welch MM, Sousa AA, Harrington LB, Sternberg SH, Joung JK, Yildiz A, Doudna JA (2017) Enhanced proofreading governs CRISPR–Cas9 targeting accuracy. Nature 550(7676):407
Hu JH, Miller SM, Geurts MH, Tang W, Chen L, Sun N, Zeina CM, Gao X, Rees HA, Lin Z (2018) Evolved Cas9 variants with broad PAM compatibility and high DNA specificity. Nature 556(7699):57
Sakuma T, Yamamoto T (2018) Acceleration of cancer science with genome editing and related technologies. Cancer Sci 109(12):3679
Haapaniemi E, Botla S, Persson J, Schmierer B, Taipale J (2018) CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing induces a p53-mediated DNA damage response. Nat Med 24(7):927
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Aslam, S., Mehmood, S. (2020). Genome Editing in Cancer Research and Cure. In: Masood, N., Shakil Malik, S. (eds) 'Essentials of Cancer Genomic, Computational Approaches and Precision Medicine. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1067-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1067-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-1066-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-1067-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)