Abstract
Seoul is the most successful of the five cities. It has all five factors of success. First, the national development strategy was clear since the early 1960; thus, Seoul has been prioritized for the country’s development. Second, Seoul has been allowed to keep a fair share of the budget revenue and expenditure. Its expenditure to the GDP is over 10 percent, about a half of the national one. Third, long-term strategies have been consistently promoted. Fourth, there have been many public entrepreneurs with powerful supporting coalitions and political terms are not necessarily a major constraint for achievements. Fifth, a centralized municipal government is positive for Seoul’s development. However, the role of urban planning is limited.
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Notes
- 1.
Induced demand in transport is the phenomenon where after the supply of roads increases, travel trips increase; thus, congestion becomes worse. In some cases, reduction of road space can mitigate congestion.
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Huynh, D. (2020). Seoul. In: Making Megacities in Asia. SpringerBriefs in Regional Science. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0660-4_2
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