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Responses and Tolerance of Cereal Crops to Metal and Metalloid Toxicity

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Agronomic Crops

Abstract

Soil acts as a sink for a number of organic and inorganic pollutants, through which these enter into the food chain and become a potential source of human diseases. Heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) and metalloid (As, Sb) contamination of soil resources is increasing due to natural and anthropogenic activities. Currently, metal(loid) accumulation is one of the most serious environmental concerns owing to their toxicity to crops. Agronomic crops, mainly cereals (wheat, Triticum aestivum; maize, Zea mays; rice, Oryza sativa), are cultivated on large area and, thereby, are more vulnerable to metal(loid) toxicity, affecting crop growth (seed germination, root/shoot length, and biomass), physiology (water relation, pigmentation, photosynthetic machinery), and metabolic processes (reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, protein degradation). However, to counter these anomalies, crops are equipped with antioxidants (CAT, POD, SOD, APX, GR, proline, phenolics) to detoxify metal-induced ROS and proteins (phytochelatins, PCs; metallothioneins, MTs) to sequester metal(loid)s. Thus, further insight into these processes is important to exploit better metal-contaminated areas for raising crops, generate revenue, and feed ever-increasing population. Therefore, we present an overview of heavy metal(loid) pollution in soil; their toxicity to cereals (wheat, maize, rice) at morphological, physiological, and cellular levels; and their tolerance mechanisms. At the end, we explore the symbiotic association of cereal crops to a microbe in scavenging metal toxicity.

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Abbreviations

AI:

acid invertase

APX:

ascorbate peroxidase

AsA:

ascorbic acid

ATP:

adenosine triphosphate

CAT:

catalase

CCA:

copper-chromium-arsenic

DHAR:

dehydroascorbate reductase

ETS:

electron transport system

GDH:

glutamate dehydrogenase

GOGAT:

glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase

GPOD:

guaiacol peroxidase

GR:

glutathione reductase

GST:

glutathione-S-transferase

HMW:

high molecular weight

IAA:

indole-3-acetic acid

IBA:

indole butyric acid

MDA:

malondialdehyde

MDHAR:

monodehydroascorbate reductase

MT:

metallothioneins

NAA:

naphthaleneacetic acid

POD:

peroxidase

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari-Campus, Vehari, Pakistan

    Iftikhar Ahmad, Muhammad Tahir, Umar Daraz & Zia Ul Haq Khan

  2. School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

    Umar Daraz

  3. Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Sheringal, Dir (U), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Allah Ditta

  4. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

    Allah Ditta

  5. Department of Soil Science, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan

    Muhammad Baqir Hussain

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  1. Iftikhar Ahmad
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    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

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Ahmad, I., Tahir, M., Daraz, U., Ditta, A., Hussain, M.B., Khan, Z.U.H. (2020). Responses and Tolerance of Cereal Crops to Metal and Metalloid Toxicity. In: Hasanuzzaman, M. (eds) Agronomic Crops. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0025-1_14

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