Abstract
Protests at the activities of Chinese fishermen, initially referring to the conservation of marine resources, increasingly relied on considerations of biodiversity. Marine biodiversity is extremely important for the Philippines, for both ecological and economic reasons. These may be illustrated with the example of one endangered species, sea turtles, and of one fragile ecosystem, coral reefs. Sea turtles maintain habitat, maintain a balanced food web, cycle nutrients and provide habitat. The collection of their eggs and to a lesser extent, the consumption of meat is vital for marginalized and indigenous communities. Coral reefs provide physical structure services, biotic services, biogeochemical services, and information services. They are sources of living resources and mining materials as well as major tourist attractions. Coral reefs sustain the livelihood of many coastal communities. Hence it is crucial for the Philippines to preserve this fragile ecosystem. Philippine efforts to conserve sea turtles and coral reefs are undermined by the activities of Chinese fishermen and of China itself.
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See Annex 2.1.
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See the IUCN criteria for identification of critically endangered species in Annex 2.2.
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Ibid.
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The following is summarized from E. D. Wilson et al., Why Healthy Oceans Need Sea Turtles. The Importance of Sea Turtles to Marine Ecosystems (Washington, DC: Oceana, 2010), 5–15, http://www.oceana.org/sites/default/files/reports/Why_Healthy_Oceans_Need_Sea_Turtles.pdf, accessed 25 March 2019. The references to the scientific literature are to be found in this publication. See also World Wildlife Fund-Philippines, Turtle Islands: Resources and Livelihoods Under Threat. A Case Study on the Philippines (Quezon City: WWF-Philippines, 2005), 6 (“WWF-Philippines, Turtle Islands”), https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Turtle-Islands-2005.pdf, accessed 28 March 2019 and EWS-WWF, 18.
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Feral refers to a domesticated animal that has reverted to the wild. Ibid., 412.
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In a detrital food chain, dead organic matter of plants and animals is broken down by decomposers, e.g., bacteria and fungi, and moves to detritivores and then carnivores. In a grazing food chain, energy and nutrients move from plants to the herbivores consuming them, and to the carnivores or omnivores preying upon the herbivores. Dafeng Hui, “Food Web: Concept and Applications,” Nature Education Knowledge 3 (2012): 6, https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/food-web-concept-and-applications-84077181, accessed 28 March 2019.
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The six islands are Taganak, Boan, Lihiman, Langaan, Bakkungan, and Baguan.
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Jonathan L. Mayuga, “Saving the Endangered ‘Pawikan’ [Sea Turtles],” Business Mirror, 17 January 2016, http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/saving-the-endangered-pawikan-2/, accessed 25 March 2019.
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Cruz, 63.
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MTT_IOSEA, 12, para. 31.
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Romeo Trono, quoted in Morella.
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Terry Done, “Coral Reef, Definition,” in David Hopley (ed.), Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs. Structure, Form and Process (Dordrecht: Springer, 2011), 261.
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Ramsar Convention, 8th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971), “Wetlands: Water, Life, and Culture,” Valencia, Spain, 18–26 November 2002, Resolution VIII.11, Guidance for Identifying and Designating Peatlands, Wet Grasslands, Mangroves and Coral Reefs as Wetlands of International Importance (2002), 10, para. 52, http://archive.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-resol-resolution-viii-11/main/ramsar/1-31-107%5E21521_4000_0__, accessed 31 March 2019. Ramsar Convention. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, signed at Ramsar, Iran, on 2 February 1971, as amended by the Protocol of 3 December 1982 and the Amendments of 28 May 1987, https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/current_convention_text_e.pdf, accessed 24 March 2019.
- 81.
Ramsar Convention, Resolution VIII-11 (2002), 11, para. 53.
- 82.
Ibid.
- 83.
An embayment is a shape resembling a bay. Collins English Dictionary (Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 2019), https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/embayment, accessed 10 May 2019.
- 84.
Done, 261.
- 85.
Unless otherwise indicated, the following paragraphs are summarized from John E. N. Veron, “Corals, Biology, Skeletal Disposition and Reef-Building,” in David Hopley (ed.), Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs. Structure, Form and Process (Dordrecht: Springer, 2011), 275–81. Reef formation is also described in Done, 261–66; South China Sea Arbitration, Independent Expert Report. Assessment of the Potential Environmental Consequences of Construction Activities on Seven Reefs in the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea, by Sebastian C. A. Ferse, Peter Mumby, and Selina Ward, 26 April 2016, 11–12 (“Ferse Report”), https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1809, accessed 24 March 2019; John W. McManus, “Offshore Coral Reef Damage, Overfishing and Paths to Peace in the South China Sea,” The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 32 (2017): 199–237; also accessible as South China Sea Arbitration, The Philippines Annexes Cited During the Merits Hearing (Annexes 820-59) (30 November 2015), Annex 820, “Offshore Coral Reef Damage, Overfishing and Paths to Peace in the South China Sea,” by John W. McManus, 578–608, https://pcacases.com/web/view/7, accessed 26 March 2019.
- 86.
Done, 261.
- 87.
MP, Annex 240, “Eastern South China Sea Environmental Disturbances and Irresponsible Fishing Practices and Their Effects on Coral Reefs and Fisheries,” by Kent E. Carpenter, vol. VII (30 March 2014), 410 (“First Carpenter Report”), https://files.pca-cpa.org/pcadocs/The%20Philippines%27%20Memorial%20-%20Volume%20VII%20%28Annexes%20222-255%29.pdf, accessed 31 March 2019.
- 88.
Veron, 280.
- 89.
Fredrik Moberg and Carl Folke, “Ecological Goods and Services of Coral Reef Ecosystems,” Ecological Economic 29 (1999): 216. The Philippines relied heavily on this document for its arguments. See South China Sea Arbitration, Hearing on the Merits and Remaining Issues of Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Transcript, Day 3 (26 November 2015), 15–17, https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1401, accessed 31 March 2019. It is reproduced in Supplemental Documents of the Philippines (19 November 2015), Annex 262(bis), vol. III, 3–21, https://files.pca-cpa.org/pcadocs/The%20Philippines%27%20Supplemental%20Documents%20-%20Volume%20III%20%28Annexes%20710-756%29.pdf, accessed 31 March 2019.
- 90.
Veron, 277.
- 91.
As corals do not make their own food, they are in fact animals. “Corals Are Animals,” Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, 2011, http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/corals/coralanimals.html, accessed 31 March 2019. See also First Carpenter Report, 264.
- 92.
“Corals. Zooxanthellae… What’s That,” NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] Ocean Service Education, 2008, https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html, accessed 31 March 2019.
- 93.
Veron, 281.
- 94.
First Carpenter Report, 398.
- 95.
Unless otherwise indicated, the following paragraphs are summarized from Moberg and Folke.
- 96.
Surface-breaking coral reefs reduce wave energy by 97%. McManus, 215.
- 97.
A biotope is a small habitat in a large community. Larousse Dictionary of Science and Technology, 110.
- 98.
Stephen C. Wagner, “Biological Nitrogen Fixation,” Nature Education Knowledge 3 (2011): 15, http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/biological-nitrogen-fixation-23570419, accessed 31 March 2019.
- 99.
Carbon sinks are reservoirs that retain carbon and keep it from entering Earth’s atmosphere. Noelle Eckley Selin, “Carbon Sequestration,” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2018, https://www.britannica.com/technology/carbon-sequestration, accessed 31 March 2019.
- 100.
Mole, also spelled mol, in chemistry, a standard scientific unit for measuring large quantities of very small entities such as atoms, molecules, or other specified particles. The mole designates an extremely large number of units, 6.02214179 × 1023, which is the number of atoms determined experimentally to be found in 12 grams of carbon-12. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, “Mole: Chemistry,” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2018, https://www.britannica.com/science/mole-chemistry, accessed 31 March 2019.
- 101.
Porfirio M. Aliño et al., “Philippine Coral Reef Fisheries: Diversity in Adversity,” in Geronimo Silvestre et al. (eds.), In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries (Cebu City: Department of Agriculture—Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, 2004), 67, http://oneocean.org/download/db_files/fshprofl.pdf, accessed 25 March 2019.
- 102.
Unless otherwise indicated, the following paragraphs are summarized from Moberg and Folke.
- 103.
Republic of the Philippines, The Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity 2014 [Quezon City: Department of Environment and Natural Resources—Biodiversity Management Bureau, 2014], 22 (“Philippines Fifth National Report to the CBD”), https://www.cbd.int/reports/search/, accessed 25 March 2019; Wilfredo Y. Licuanan et al., “The Philippines,” in Charles Sheppard (ed.), World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation, vol. II. The Indian Ocean to the Pacific (London: Academic Press, 2019), 517 (“Licuanan et al., ‘The Philippines’”).
- 104.
Porfirio Aliño, “National Report on Coral Reefs in the Coastal Waters of the South China Sea: Philippines,” in United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. National Reports on Coastal Reefs in the Coastal Waters of the South China Sea (Bangkok: UNEP, 2007), 55–57, http://unepscs.org/remository/startdown/1961.html, accessed 31 March 2019; Licuanan et al., “The Philippines,” 517.
- 105.
Philippines Fourth National Report to the CBD, 45.
- 106.
Licuanan et al., “The Philippines,” 522.
- 107.
Aliño, 62.
- 108.
Philippines Fourth National Report to the CBD, 46. See also Herman S. J. Cesar, “Coral Reefs: Their Threats, Functions and Economic Value,” in Herman S. J. Cesar (ed.), Collected Essays on the Economics of Coral Reefs (Kalmar: Linnaeus University, 2002), 14–39, http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/pub_12370.aspx, accessed 31 March 2019.
- 109.
Aliño, 55.
- 110.
Henrylito D. Tacio, “Assessing the Status of Endangered Coral Reefs,” EdgeDavao, 18 October 2018, http://edgedavao.net/science/2018/10/18/assessing-the-status-of-endangered-coral-reefs/, accessed 15 March 2019.
- 111.
Philippines Fifth National Report to the CBD, 22.
- 112.
Licuanan et al., “The Philippines,” 526.
- 113.
Aliño, 60.
- 114.
Kristine L. Alave, “PH Center of ‘Illegal’ Live Reef, Aquarium Fish Trade,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, 12 July 2012, https://globalnation.inquirer.net/43917/ph-center-of-%E2%80%98illegal%E2%80%99-live-reef-aquarium-fish-trade, accessed 31 March 2019.
- 115.
Robert S. Pomeroy et al., “Evaluation of Policy Options for the Live Reef Food Fish Trade in the Province of Palawan, Western Philippines,” Marine Policy 32 (2008): 56.
- 116.
WWF-Philippines, Palawan’s Live Reef Food Fish Trade (Quezon City: WWF-Philippines, 2019), https://wwf.org.ph/what-we-do/food/lrfft/, accessed 31 March 2019.
- 117.
Yvonne Sadovy de Mitcheson et al., The Trade in Live Reef Food Fish—Going, Going, Gone, vol. I, Main Report (Hong Kong: ADM Capital Foundation and The University of Hong Kong, 2017), 110, https://www.chooserighttoday.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/LRFFTVol1_Final_12022018.pdf, accessed 31 March 2019.
- 118.
Pomeroy et al., 56.
- 119.
Philippines Fourth National Report to the CBD, 47; Philippines Fifth National Report to the CBD, 22.
- 120.
Licuanan et al., “The Philippines,” 517; see also Ardea M. Licuanan et al., “Initial Findings of the Nationwide Assessment of Philippine Coral Reefs,” Philippine Journal of Science 146 (2017): 177–85 (“Licuanan et al., ‘Initial Findings’”), http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf/pjs_pdf/vol146no2/initial_findings_of_the_nationwide_assessment_of_philippine_coral_reefs.pdf, accessed 1 March 2019.
- 121.
Philippines Fifth National Report to the CBD, 22.
- 122.
Ibid., 60.
- 123.
Sadovy de Mitcheson et al., 26.
- 124.
Ibid., 47.
- 125.
Licuanan et al., “The Philippines,” 525.
- 126.
A trophic level refers to a broad class of organisms within an ecosystem characterized by mode of supply. The first trophic level comprises the green plants, the second is the herbivores, and the third is the carnivores that eat the herbivores. Larousse Dictionary of Science and Technology, 1134.
- 127.
Jon C. Day, “Conservation and Marine Protected Areas,” in David Hopley (ed.), Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs. Structure, Form and Process (Dordrecht: Springer, 2011), 231.
- 128.
Lauretta Burke et al., Reefs at Risk Revisited (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2011), 26, https://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/pdf/reefs_at_risk_revisited_hi-res.pdf?_ga=2.243625165.954175598.1554184854-1064952833.1552820007, accessed 17 March 2019.
- 129.
Samuel Mamauag, “The Live Reef Food Fish Trade in the Philippines,” in Geronimo Silvestre et al. (eds.), In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries (Cebu City: Department of Agriculture—Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, 2004), 57, http://oneocean.org/download/db_files/fshprofl.pdf, accessed 25 March 2019; Michael Fabinyi and Dante Dalabajan, “Policy and Practice in the Live Reef Fish for Food Trade: A Case Study from Palawan, Philippines,” Marine Policy 35 (2011): 373.
- 130.
Aliño, 60.
- 131.
Sadovy de Mitcheson et al., 51.
- 132.
Mamauag, 57; Fabinyi and Dalabajan, 373.
- 133.
Day, 231.
- 134.
Aliño, 60.
- 135.
Tacio; Philippines Fifth National Report to the CBD, 22.
- 136.
The Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2019), https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/653, accessed 31 March 2019.
- 137.
Philippines Fifth National Report to the CBD, 22.
- 138.
Melvin B. Carlos et al., Restoring the Country’s Coral Reefs Through Filipinnovation, DOST-PCAARRD [Department of Science and Technology—Philippine Council for Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development], 12 February 2016, http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/portal/index.php/quick-information-dispatch/2664-restoring-the-country-s-coral-reefs-through-filipinnovation, accessed 1 April 2019.
- 139.
Licuanan et al., “The Philippines,” 518. See also Jonathan L. Mayuga, “Mission: Reduce Threats to Coral Reefs,” Business Mirror, 25 February 2018 (“Mayuga, ‘Mission’”), https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/02/25/mission-reduce-threats-to-coral-reefs/, accessed 15 March 2019; Pia Ranada, “Is Coral Transplantation the Way to Save PH Corals?” Rappler, 16 April 2015, https://www.rappler.com/science-nature/environment/90155-coral-transplantation-philippines, accessed 15 March 2019.
- 140.
Licuanan et al., “The Philippines,” 530.
- 141.
Adelina B. Benavente-Villena and Michael N. Pido, “Poaching in Philippine Marine Waters: Intrusion of Chinese Fishing Vessels in Palawan Waters,” in Geronimo Silvestre et al. (eds.), In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries (Cebu City: Department of Agriculture—Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, 2004), 267, http://oneocean.org/download/db_files/fshprofl.pdf, accessed 25 March 2019.
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Appendices
Annex 2.1: IUCN Criteria for Endangered Species
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A–E), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild:
-
A.
Reduction in population size based on any of the following:
-
1.
An observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected population size reduction of ≥70% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:
-
(a)
direct observation;
-
(b)
an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon;
-
(c)
a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and/or quality of habitat;
-
(d)
actual or potential levels of exploitation;
-
(e)
the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors, or parasites.
-
(a)
-
2.
An observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected population size reduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.
-
3.
A population size reduction of 350%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.
-
4.
An observed, estimated, inferred, projected, or suspected population size reduction of ≥50% over any 10-year or three-generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.
-
1.
-
B.
Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:
-
1.
Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a–c:
-
a.
Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations.
-
b.
Continuing decline, observed, inferred, or projected, in any of the following:
-
(i)
extent of occurrence;
-
(ii)
area of occupancy;
-
(iii)
area, extent and/or quality of habitat;
-
(iv)
number of locations or subpopulations;
-
(v)
number of mature individuals.
-
(i)
-
c.
Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
-
(i)
extent of occurrence;
-
(ii)
area of occupancy;
-
(iii)
number of locations or subpopulations;
-
(iv)
number of mature individuals.
-
(i)
-
a.
-
2.
Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a–c:
-
a.
Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations.
-
b.
Continuing decline, observed, inferred, or projected, in any of the following:
-
(i)
extent of occurrence;
-
(ii)
area of occupancy;
-
(iii)
area, extent, and/or quality of habitat;
-
(iv)
number of locations or subpopulations;
-
(v)
number of mature individuals.
-
(i)
-
c.
Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
-
(i)
extent of occurrence;
-
(ii)
area of occupancy;
-
(iii)
number of locations or subpopulations;
-
(iv)
number of mature individuals.
-
(i)
-
a.
-
1.
-
C.
Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 mature individuals and either:
-
1.
An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five years or two generations, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), OR
-
2.
A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a–b):
-
a.
Population structure in the form of one of the following:
-
(i)
no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250 mature individuals, OR
-
(ii)
at least 95% of mature individuals in one subpopulation.
-
(i)
-
b.
Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.
-
a.
-
1.
-
D.
Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals.
-
E.
Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).
Source IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1 (Gland: IUCN, 2001), 18–20, https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-2001-001.pdf, accessed 27 March 2019.
Annex 2.2: IUCN Criteria for Critically Endangered Species
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A–E), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild:
-
A.
Reduction in population size based on any of the following:
-
1.
An observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected population size reduction of 90% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:
-
(a)
direct observation;
-
(b)
an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon;
-
(c)
a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and/or quality of habitat;
-
(d)
actual or potential levels of exploitation;
-
(e)
the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors, or parasites.
-
(a)
-
2.
An observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected population size reduction of ≥80% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.
-
3.
A population size reduction of 380%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.
-
4.
An observed, estimated, inferred, projected, or suspected population size reduction of ≥80% over any 10-year or three-generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.
-
1.
-
B.
Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:
-
1.
Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a–c:
-
a.
Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location.
-
b.
Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:
-
(i)
extent of occurrence;
-
(ii)
area of occupancy;
-
(iii)
area, extent, and/or quality of habitat;
-
(iv)
number of locations or subpopulations;
-
(v)
number of mature individuals.
-
(i)
-
c.
Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
-
(i)
extent of occurrence;
-
(ii)
area of occupancy;
-
(iii)
number of locations or subpopulations;
-
(iv)
number of mature individuals.
-
(i)
-
a.
-
2.
Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a–c:
-
a.
Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location.
-
b.
Continuing decline, observed, inferred, or projected, in any of the following:
-
(i)
extent of occurrence;
-
(ii)
area of occupancy;
-
(iii)
area, extent, and/or quality of habitat;
-
(iv)
number of locations or subpopulations;
-
(v)
number of mature individuals.
-
(i)
-
c.
Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
-
(i)
extent of occurrence;
-
(ii)
area of occupancy;
-
(iii)
number of locations or subpopulations;
-
(iv)
number of mature individuals.
-
(i)
-
a.
-
1.
-
C.
Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals and either:
-
1.
An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three years or one generation, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), OR
-
2.
A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a–b):
-
a.
Population structure in the form of one of the following:
-
(i)
no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 50 mature individuals, OR
-
(ii)
at least 90% of mature individuals in one subpopulation.
-
(i)
-
b.
Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.
-
a.
-
1.
-
D.
Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature individuals.
-
E.
Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).
Source IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1 (Gland: IUCN, 2001), 16–18, https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-2001-001.pdf, accessed 27 March 2019.
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Robles Jr., A. (2020). Endangered Species, Fragile Marine Ecosystems, and the Philippines. In: Endangered Species and Fragile Ecosystems in the South China Sea. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9813-1_2
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