Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Single-Trial Analysis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction

Abstract

In modern neuroscience, accurate estimations of single-trial parameters in event-related brain responses have been set as a highly desirable goal, since the traditionally used across-trial averaging approach could lead to the loss of the information concerning across-trial variability of both phase-locked ERP and non-phase-locked ERS/ERD responses. In this chapter, we provided the technical details of single-trial analysis methods both in the time domain and the time-frequency domain to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of event-related brain responses and estimate their single-trial parameters (e.g., latency and amplitude of ERP peaks, as well as latency, frequency, and magnitude of EEG oscillatory features). These methods included probabilistic independent component analysis and common spatial pattern for spatial filtering, continuous wavelet transform for time-frequency filtering, as well as multiple linear regression without/with a dispersion term for feature extraction. Finally, we emphasized the importance of single-trial analysis and discussed its promising applications in basic studies and clinical practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ab Aziz CB, Ahmad AH. The role of the thalamus in modulating pain. Malays J Med Sci. 2006;13(2):11–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Allen PJ, Polizzi G, Krakow K, Fish DR, Lemieux L. Identification of EEG events in the MR scanner: the problem of pulse artifact and a method for its subtraction. NeuroImage. 1998;8(3):229–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen PJ, Josephs O, Turner R. A method for removing imaging artifact from continuous EEG recorded during functional MRI. NeuroImage. 2000;12(2):230–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aminoff MJ, Olney RK, Parry GJ, Raskin NH. Relative utility of different electrophysiologic techniques in the evaluation of brachial plexopathies. Neurology. 1988;38(4):546–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagshaw AP, Warbrick T. Single trial variability of EEG and fMRI responses to visual stimuli. NeuroImage. 2007;38(2):280–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbati G, Sigismondi R, Zappasodi F, Porcaro C, Graziadio S, Valente G, et al. Functional source separation from magnetoencephalographic signals. Hum Brain Mapp. 2006;27(12):925–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barbati G, Porcaro C, Hadjipapas A, Adjamian P, Pizzella V, Romani GL, et al. Functional source separation applied to induced visual gamma activity. Hum Brain Mapp. 2008;29(2):131–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beckmann CF, Smith SM. Probabilistic independent component analysis for functional magnetic resonance imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2004;23(2):137–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell AJ, Sejnowski TJ. An information-maximization approach to blind separation and blind deconvolution. Neural Comput. 1995;7(6):1129–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernat EM, Williams WJ, Gehring WJ. Decomposing ERP time-frequency energy using PCA. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;116(6):1314–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernat EM, Malone SM, Williams WJ, Patrick CJ, Iacono WG. Decomposing delta, theta, and alpha time-frequency ERP activity from a visual oddball task using PCA. Int J Psychophysiol. 2007;64(1):62–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bingham E, Hyvarinen A. A fast fixed-point algorithm for independent component analysis of complex valued signals. Int J Neural Syst. 2000;10(1):1–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blankertz B, Losch F, Krauledat M, Dornhege G, Curio G, Muller KR. The Berlin Brain--Computer Interface: accurate performance from first-session in BCI-naive subjects. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2008;55(10):2452–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casarotto S, Bianchi AM, Cerutti S, Chiarenza GA. Dynamic time warping in the analysis of event-related potentials. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 2005;24(1):68–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cichocki A. Tensor decompositions: a new concept in brain data analysis? CoRR. 2013:abs/1305.0395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruccu G, Aminoff MJ, Curio G, Guerit JM, Kakigi R, Mauguiere F, et al. Recommendations for the clinical use of somatosensory-evoked potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119(8):1705–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson GD. A summation technique for detecting small signals in a large irregular background. J Physiol. 1951;115(1):2p–3p.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson GD. A summation technique for the detection of small evoked potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1954;6(1):65–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Weerd JP. A posteriori time-varying filtering of averaged evoked potentials. I Introduction and conceptual basis. Biol Cybern. 1981;41(3):211–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Weerd JP, Kap JI. A posteriori time-varying filtering of averaged evoked potentials. II Mathematical and computational aspects. Biol Cybern. 1981;41(3):223–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Debener S, Ullsperger M, Siegel M, Fiehler K, von Cramon DY, Engel AK. Trial-by-trial coupling of concurrent electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging identifies the dynamics of performance monitoring. J Neurosci. 2005;25(50):11730–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Debener S, Ullsperger M, Siegel M, Engel AK. Single-trial EEG-fMRI reveals the dynamics of cognitive function. Trends Cogn Sci. 2006;10(12):558–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Debener S, Strobel A, Sorger B, Peters J, Kranczioch C, Engel AK, et al. Improved quality of auditory event-related potentials recorded simultaneously with 3-T fMRI: removal of the ballistocardiogram artefact. NeuroImage. 2007;34(2):587–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deletis V, Shils JL. Neurophysiology in neurosurgery: a modern intraoperative approach. San Diego: Academic; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delorme A, Makeig S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J Neurosci Methods. 2004;134(1):9–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devlin VJ, Anderson PA, Schwartz DM, Vaughan R. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring: focus on cervical myelopathy and related issues. Spine J. 2006;6(6 Suppl):212S–24S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dien J. Evaluating two-step PCA of ERP data with Geomin, Infomax, Oblimin, Promax, and Varimax rotations. Psychophysiology. 2009;

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle DJ. Some comments on the use of Wiener filtering for the estimation of evoked potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1975;38(5):533–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friman O, Borga M, Lundberg P, Knutsson H. Adaptive analysis of fMRI data. NeuroImage. 2003;19(3):837–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friston KJ, Fletcher P, Josephs O, Holmes A, Rugg MD, Turner R. Event-related fMRI: characterizing differential responses. NeuroImage. 1998;7(1):30–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Larrea L, Frot M, Valeriani M. Brain generators of laser-evoked potentials: from dipoles to functional significance. Neurophysiol Clin. 2003;33(6):279–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman RI, Wei CY, Philiastides MG, Gerson AD, Friedman D, Brown TR, et al. Single-trial discrimination for integrating simultaneous EEG and fMRI: identifying cortical areas contributing to trial-to-trial variability in the auditory oddball task. NeuroImage. 2009;47(1):136–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hossein-Zadeh GA, Ardekani BA, Soltanian-Zadeh H. A signal subspace approach for modeling the hemodynamic response function in fMRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;21(8):835–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu Y, Luk KD, Lu WW, Leong JC. Application of time-frequency analysis to somatosensory evoked potential for intraoperative spinal cord monitoring. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(1):82–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hu Y, Lam BS, Chang CQ, Chan FH, Lu WW, Luk KD. Adaptive signal enhancement of somatosensory evoked potential for spinal cord compression detection: an experimental study. Comput Biol Med. 2005;35(9):814–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu L, Mouraux A, Hu Y, Iannetti GD. A novel approach for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and detecting automatically event-related potentials (ERPs) in single trials. NeuroImage. 2010;50(1):99–111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu L, Liang M, Mouraux A, Wise RG, Hu Y, Iannetti GD. Taking into account latency, amplitude, and morphology: improved estimation of single-trial ERPs by wavelet filtering and multiple linear regression. J Neurophysiol. 2011a;106(6):3216–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hu L, Zhang ZG, Hung YS, Luk KD, Iannetti GD, Hu Y. Single-trial detection of somatosensory evoked potentials by probabilistic independent component analysis and wavelet filtering. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011b;122(7):1429–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu L, Zhang ZG, Mouraux A, Iannetti GD. Multiple linear regression to estimate time-frequency electrophysiological responses in single trials. NeuroImage. 2015;111:442–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang DS, Mi JX. A new constrained independent component analysis method. IEEE Trans Neural Netw. 2007;18(5):1532–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang G, Xiao P, Hung YS, Iannetti GD, Zhang ZG, Hu L. A novel approach to predict subjective pain perception from single-trial laser-evoked potentials. NeuroImage. 2013;81:283–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyvarinen A. Fast and robust fixed-point algorithms for independent component analysis. IEEE Trans Neural Netw. 1999;10(3):626–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyvarinen A, Oja E. Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications. Neural Netw. 2000;13(4–5):411–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iannetti GD, Niazy RK, Wise RG, Jezzard P, Brooks JC, Zambreanu L, et al. Simultaneous recording of laser-evoked brain potentials and continuous, high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans. NeuroImage. 2005a;28(3):708–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iannetti GD, Zambreanu L, Cruccu G, Tracey I. Operculoinsular cortex encodes pain intensity at the earliest stages of cortical processing as indicated by amplitude of laser-evoked potentials in humans. Neuroscience. 2005b;131(1):199–208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iannetti GD, Zambreanu L, Tracey I. Similar nociceptive afferents mediate psychophysical and electrophysiological responses to heat stimulation of glabrous and hairy skin in humans. J Physiol. 2006;577.(Pt 1:235–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Iannetti GD, Hughes NP, Lee MC, Mouraux A. Determinants of laser-evoked EEG responses: pain perception or stimulus saliency? J Neurophysiol. 2008;100(2):815–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • James CJ, Gibson OJ. Temporally constrained ICA: an application to artifact rejection in electromagnetic brain signal analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2003;50(9):1108–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jolliffe IT. Principal component analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jongsma MLA, Eichele T, Van Rijn CM, Coenen AML, Hugdahl K, Nordby H, et al. Tracking pattern learning with single-trial event-related potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117(9):1957–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jung TP, Makeig S, Westerfield M, Townsend J, Courchesne E, Sejnowski TJ. Analysis and visualization of single-trial event-related potentials. Hum Brain Mapp. 2001;14(3):166–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser HF. Citation classic – varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor-analysis. Cc/Soc Behav Sci. 1979;(24):20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayser J, Tenke CE. Optimizing PCA methodology for ERP component identification and measurement: theoretical rationale and empirical evaluation. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(12):2307–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koles ZJ. The quantitative extraction and topographic mapping of the abnormal components in the clinical EEG. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1991;79(6):440–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koles ZJ, Lazar MS, Zhou SZ. Spatial patterns underlying population differences in the background EEG. Brain Topogr. 1990;2(4):275–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lam BS, Hu Y, Lu WW, Luk KD, Chang CQ, Qiu W, et al. Multi-adaptive filtering technique for surface somatosensory evoked potentials processing. Med Eng Phys. 2005;27(3):257–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MC, Mouraux A, Iannetti GD. Characterizing the cortical activity through which pain emerges from nociception. J Neurosci. 2009;29(24):7909–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Legrain V, Guerit JM, Bruyer R, Plaghki L. Attentional modulation of the nociceptive processing into the human brain: selective spatial attention, probability of stimulus occurrence, and target detection effects on laser evoked potentials. Pain. 2002;99(1–2):21–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Legrain V, Bruyer R, Guerit JM, Plaghki L. Nociceptive processing in the human brain of infrequent task-relevant and task-irrelevant noxious stimuli. A study with event-related potentials evoked by CO2 laser radiant heat stimuli. Pain. 2003;103(3):237–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu W, Rajapakse JC. ICA with Reference. Neurocomputing. 2006;69:2244–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luk KD, Hu Y, Lu WW, Wong YW. Effect of stimulus pulse duration on intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) monitoring. J Spinal Disord. 2001;14(3):247–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Makeig S, Jung TP, Bell AJ, Ghahremani D, Sejnowski TJ. Blind separation of auditory event-related brain responses into independent components. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(20):10979–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mayhew SD, Iannetti GD, Woolrich MW, Wise RG. Automated single-trial measurement of amplitude and latency of laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) using multiple linear regression. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117(6):1331–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayhew SD, Dirckx SG, Niazy RK, Iannetti GD, Wise RG. EEG signatures of auditory activity correlate with simultaneously recorded fMRI responses in humans. NeuroImage. 2010;49(1):849–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minahan RE. Intraoperative neuromonitoring. Neurologist. 2002;8(4):209–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minka TP. Automatic choice of dimensionality for PCA. Adv Neural Inf Proces Syst. 2001;13:598–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouraux A, Iannetti GD. Across-trial averaging of event-related EEG responses and beyond. Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;26(7):1041–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mouraux A, Iannetti GD. Nociceptive laser-evoked brain potentials do not reflect nociceptive-specific neural activity. J Neurophysiol. 2009;101(6):3258–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mouraux A, Plaghki L. Single-trial detection of human brain responses evoked by laser activation of Adelta-nociceptors using the wavelet transform of EEG epochs. Neurosci Lett. 2004;361(1–3):241–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mouraux A, Guerit JM, Plaghki L. Non-phase locked electroencephalogram (EEG) responses to CO2 laser skin stimulations may reflect central interactions between A partial partial differential- and C-fibre afferent volleys. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(4):710–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller-Gerking J, Pfurtscheller G, Flyvbjerg H. Designing optimal spatial filters for single-trial EEG classification in a movement task. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;110(5):787–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niazy RK, Beckmann CF, Iannetti GD, Brady JM, Smith SM. Removal of FMRI environment artifacts from EEG data using optimal basis sets. NeuroImage. 2005;28(3):720–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nunez PL, Srinivasan R. Electric fields of the brain: the neurophysics of EEG. 2nd ed. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nuwer MR. Spinal cord monitoring with somatosensory techniques. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1998;15(3):183–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orssaud C. Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Orphanet Encyclopedia; 2003

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelosi L, Geesken JM, Holly M, Hayward M, Blumhardt LD. Working memory impairment in early multiple sclerosis. Evidence from an event-related potential study of patients with clinically isolated myelopathy. Brain. 1997;120(Pt 11):2039–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfurtscheller G, Lopes da Silva FH. Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;110(11):1842–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porcaro C, Barbati G, Zappasodi F, Rossini PM, Tecchio F. Hand sensory-motor cortical network assessed by functional source separation. Hum Brain Mapp. 2008;29(1):70–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porcaro C, Coppola G, Di Lorenzo G, Zappasodi F, Siracusano A, Pierelli F, et al. Hand somatosensory subcortical and cortical sources assessed by functional source separation: an EEG study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30(2):660–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porcaro C, Ostwald D, Bagshaw AP. Functional source separation improves the quality of single trial visual evoked potentials recorded during concurrent EEG-fMRI. NeuroImage. 2010;50(1):112–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purves AM, Boyd SG. Time-shifted averaging for laser evoked potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993;88(2):118–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quiroga RQ. Obtaining single stimulus evoked potentials with wavelet denoising. Physica D. 2000;145(3–4):278–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quiroga RQ, Garcia H. Single-trial event-related potentials with wavelet denoising. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(2):376–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramoser H, Muller-Gerking J, Pfurtscheller G. Optimal spatial filtering of single trial EEG during imagined hand movement. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 2000;8(4):441–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richman MB. Rotation of Principal Components. J Climatol. 1986;6(3):293–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi L, Bianchi AM, Merzagora A, Gaggiani A, Cerutti S, Bracchi F. Single trial somatosensory evoked potential extraction with ARX filtering for a combined spinal cord intraoperative neuromonitoring technique. Biomed Eng Online. 2007;6:2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roweis S. EM algorithms for PCA and SPCA. Adv Neural Inf Proces Syst. 1998;10:626–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnakers C, Chatelle C, Majerus S, Gosseries O, De Val M, Laureys S. Assessment and detection of pain in noncommunicative severely brain-injured patients. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10(11):1725–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz E, Zherdin A, Tiemann L, Plant C, Ploner M. Decoding an individual’s sensitivity to pain from the multivariate analysis of EEG data. Cereb Cortex. 2012;22(5):1118–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer KM. Averaging, detection, and classification of single-trial ERPs. In: Handy TC, editor. Event-related potentials: a methods handbook. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2005. p. 209–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang AC, Sutherland MT, McKinney CJ. Validation of SOBI components from high-density EEG. NeuroImage. 2005;25(2):539–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tecchio F, Porcaro C, Barbati G, Zappasodi F. Functional source separation and hand cortical representation for a brain-computer interface feature extraction. J Physiol. 2007;580(Pt.3):703–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tipping ME, Bishop CM. Mixtures of probabilistic principal component analyzers. Neural Comput. 1999a;11(2):443–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tipping ME, Bishop CM. Probabilistic principal component analysis. J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol. 1999b;61:611–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tognola G, Grandori F, Ravazzani P. Wavelet analysis of click-evoked otoacoustic emissions. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998;45(6):686–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tu Y, Zhang Z, Tan A, Peng W, Hung YS, Moayedi M, et al. Alpha and gamma oscillation amplitudes synergistically predict the perception of forthcoming nociceptive stimuli. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37(2):501–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walter DO. A posteriori “Wiener filtering” of average evoked responses. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1968;27:61+.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Maier A, Leopold DA, Logothetis NK, Liang H. Single-trial evoked potential estimation using wavelets. Comput Biol Med. 2007;37(4):463–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiedemayer H, Fauser B, Sandalcioglu IE, Schafer H, Stolke D. The impact of neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring on surgical decisions: a critical analysis of 423 cases. J Neurosurg. 2002;96(2):255–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolrich MW, Behrens TE, Smith SM. Constrained linear basis sets for HRF modelling using Variational Bayes. NeuroImage. 2004;21(4):1748–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yiannikas C, Vucic S. Utility of somatosensory evoked potentials in chronic acquired demyelinating neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2008;38(5):1447–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu KB, McGillem CD. Optimum filters for estimating evoked potential waveforms. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1983;30(11):730–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeman BD, Yiannikas C. Functional prognosis in stroke: use of somatosensory evoked potentials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(2):242–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Li Hu

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Li Hu

Authors
  1. Li Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Li Hu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Li Hu

  2. School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

    Zhiguo Zhang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hu, L. (2019). Single-Trial Analysis. In: Hu, L., Zhang, Z. (eds) EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9113-2_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation