Abstract
Climate-related changes represent potential additional stresses on the coastal ecosystems that are already under pressure from degradation and non-climatic pressure. The potential impact of these pressures on the coastal areas and livelihood of coastal communities necessitate the need for researchers, policymakers, residents, and other key stakeholders to work together to establish a framework for adaptation that is integrated within current coastal management processes and practices and takes a broader view of the subject. There are three important coastal adaptation strategies, viz. protection, accommodation, and retreat. All these measures involve technologies, often available or known to the scientific communities. The major challenge to adaptation is access to the adaptation measures, participation by all the stakeholders, and coordination at different levels. At the same time, mitigation methods are centred on adjustment or modification in transportation, shelter, food production, energy, and carbon storage and bioengineering. This chapter describes various options available for adaptation and mitigation strategies for natural as well as human-managed systems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arvai J, Bridge G, Dolsak N, Franzese R, Koontz T, Luginbuh A et al (2006) Adaptive management of the global climate problem: bridging the gap between climate research and climate policy. Clim Chang 78(1):217–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9094-6
Bijlsma L, Ehler CN, Klein RJT, Kulshrestha SM, McLean RF, Mimura N, Nicholls RJ, Nurse LA et al (1996) In: Watson RT, Zinyowera MC, Moss RH (eds) Coastal zones and small islands. Climate change 1995: impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change: scientific-technical analyses. Contribution of working group II to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 289–324
Burney JA, Steven J, Davisc SJ, Lobella DB (2010) Green house gas mitigation by agricultural intensification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(26):12052–12057
Chen X, Zong Y (1999) Major impacts of sea-level rise on agriculture in the Yangtze Delta area around Shanghai. Appl Geogr 19:69–84
Easterling W, Apps M (2005) Assessing the consequences of climate change for food and forest resources: a view from the IPCC. In: Salinger J, Sivakumar M, Motha RP (eds) Increasing climate variability and change. Springer, Dordrecht
Easterling WE, Aggarwal PK, Batima P, Brander KM, Erda L, Howden SM et al (2007) Food, fibre and forest products. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge., 2007, pp 273–313
Glick P, Staudt A, Stein B (2009) A new era for conservation: review of climate change adaptation literature. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC, p 69
Hannah L (2010) Climate change biology. Academic, Burlington, p 470
IPCC (2001) Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguer M, van der Linden PJ, Dai X, Maskelland K, Johnson CA (eds) Climate change: the scientific basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 881
IPCC (2007) Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 779–810
IPCC (2007a) An assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007: synthesis report, p 73
IPCC (2007b) Climate change 2007. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p 996
IPCC (2012) In: Field CB, Barros V, Stocker TF, Dahe Q, Dokken DJ et al (eds) Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation: special report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177245.333333
Kareiva P, Enquist C (2008) Synthesis and conclusions—preliminary review of adaptation options for climate-sensitive ecosystems and resources. In: Julius SH, West JM (eds) A report by the U.S. climate change science program and the subcommittee on global change research. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, pp 9–66
Klein RJT, Nicholls RJ (1999) Assessment of coastal vulnerability to climate change. Ambio 28(2):182–187
Klein RJT, Buckley EN, Nicholls RJ, Ragoonaden S, Aston J, Capobianco M, Mizutani M, Nunn PD (2000) Coastal adaptation. In: Metz B, Davidson OR, Martens JW, van Rooijen SN, Van Wie McGrory L (eds) Methodologies and technological issues in technology transfer, A Special Report of IPCC Working Group III. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York, pp 349–372
Lal M (2004) Climate change and small island developing countries of the South Pacific. Fijian Stud 2:15–31
Lawler JJ (2009) Climate change adaptation strategies for resource management and conservation planning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1162(1):79–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04147.x19432646
Maddrell RJ (1996) Managed coastal retreat, reducing flood risks and protection costs, Dungeness Nuclear Power Station, UK. Coast Eng 28:1–15
Mazria E, Kershner K (2008) The 2030 blueprint: solving climate change saves billions. Architecture 2030, Santa Fe
Michel D, Pandya A (2010) Coastal zones and climate change. The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, DC
Nelson GC, Rosegrant MW, Koo J, Robertson R, Sulser T, Zhu T, Ringler C, Msangi S, Palazzo A, Batka M, Magalhaes M, Santos RV, Ewing M, Lee D (2009) Climate change- impact on agriculture and costs of adaptation. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, p 30
Nicholls H, Nicholls RJ (2008) Global Sea-level rise and coastal vulnerability. Sustain Sci 3(1):5–7
Nunn PD, Veitayaki J, Ram-Bidesi V, Venisea A (1999) Coastal issues for oceanic islands: implications for human futures. Nat Res Forum 23:195–207
Pittock AB, Jones RN (1999) Adaptation to what, and why? Environ Monit Assess 61:9–35
Poff NLR, Zimmerman JKH (2010) Ecological responses to altered flow regimes: a literature review to inform the science and management of environmental flows. Freshw Biol 55(1):194–205
Pope J (1997) Responding to coastal erosion and flooding damages. J Coast Res 13(3):704–710
Rosenzweig C, Tubiello FN (2007) Adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture: an analysis of potential synergies. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 12(5):855–873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-007-9103-8
Smith P, Martino D, Cai Z, Gwary D, Janzen H et al (2008) Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture. Philos Trans R Soc B 363:789–813
UNFCCC (2006) Technologies for adaptation to climate change. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn, p 40
Veitayaki J (1998) Traditional and community-based marine resources management system in Fiji: an evolving integrated process. Coast Manag 26:47–60
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ayyam, V., Palanivel, S., Chandrakasan, S. (2019). Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Coastal Areas. In: Coastal Ecosystems of the Tropics - Adaptive Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8926-9_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8926-9_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-8925-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-8926-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)