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Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment pp 123–168Cite as

Conservation Agriculture: Perspectives on Soil and Environmental Management in Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia

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Abstract

Bread and rice basket of South Asia is feeding ~20% of the global population. The agricultural production system in South Asia is predominated by exhaustive cereal production system including rice, wheat, and maize. Thus, it greatly affects the livelihood and nutritional security of the rural and urban poor. Recently, cereal productivity had slowed down or stagnated. Present expansion rate in terms of yield of rice and wheat is ~2–3 times higher than in 1966–1994. During 1980s, the peak of “Green Revolution” in the agricultural production system helps in the reduction of rural and urban poverty by making food more affordable. During the 1990s, growth in yields slows down because of technological stagnation resulting in high food prices. Slow growth in yields mainly inflated on wheat and rice by ~1%. Therefore, agriculture in South Asia is presently in front of a major challenge of resource fatigue and declining crop productivity. In addition to that, a huge gap exists in yields mainly due to yield gap management, ranging from 14–47, 18–70, and 36–77% in wheat, rice, and maize, respectively. Crop residues are considered a vital natural resource for protecting and sustaining soil and crop productivity. Application of crop residues is useful for maintaining or enhancing soil organic matter (SOM). This chapter presents the perspectives on soil and environment through principles of conservation agriculture (CA) for sustainable cereal production system in Indo-Gangetic belts of South Asia.

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Abbreviations

BNF:

Biological N fixation

CA:

Conservation agriculture

CEC:

Cation exchange capacity

CGIAR:

Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres

CIRAD:

French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development

CRM:

Crop residue management

CRR:

Crop residue retention

CRs:

Crop residues

DAP:

Di-ammonium phosphate

DSR:

Direct seeded rice

ET:

Evapotranspiration

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

FUE:

Fertilizer use efficiency

FYM:

Farm yard manures

GHGs:

Greenhouse gases

GIZ:

German Agency for International Cooperation

HYVs:

High-yielding varieties

IGPs:

Indo-Gangetic plains

IPM:

Integrated pest management

IWM:

Integrated weed management

NARS:

National Agricultural Research System

NGO:

Non-governmental organization

NT:

No-tillage

NUE:

Nutrient use efficiency

OM:

Organic matter

RCTs:

Resource conservation technologies

RWCS:

Rice-wheat cropping system

SMB:

Soil microbial biomass

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

SOM:

Soil organic matter

TOC:

Total organic carbon

VAM:

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae

WUE:

Water use efficiency

ZT:

Zero tillage

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Crop Research, ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region Patna, Patna, Bihar, India

    Rakesh Kumar, Kirti Saurabh, J. S. Mishra & Hansraj Hans

  2. AICRP on Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Narendra Kumawat

  3. Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India

    Bal Krishna

  4. Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Swaroop Meena

  5. ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Regional Centre Plandu, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

    Bal Krishna Jha

  6. Division of Agronomy, ICAR Indian Institutes of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India

    Pravin Kumar Upadhyay

  7. Division of Crop Production, ICAR- Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    K. K. Hazra

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  1. Rakesh Kumar
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  1. Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Swaroop Meena

  2. Department of Agronomy, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India

    Sandeep Kumar

  3. Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Jitendra Singh Bohra

  4. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India

    Mangi Lal Jat

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Kumar, R. et al. (2019). Conservation Agriculture: Perspectives on Soil and Environmental Management in Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia. In: Meena, R., Kumar, S., Bohra, J., Jat, M. (eds) Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8832-3_4

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