Abstract
Significant changes have occurred to the ownership structure in China since the Reform and Opening-up, and the economy has transitioned from a single form of ownership to multiple forms that are co-existent, competing with each other and developing together. The course of the transition in the last 30 years and the current structure of ownership are described in this chapter, based on the data of industrial enterprises according to China Statistical Yearbooks and Chinese Industry Yearbooks. Of course, estimation of the ownership structure based only on industrial enterprises may well underestimate the status of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the role they play in the national economy; however, given the continuity of the data of industrial enterprises and the purpose of this chapter, i.e., the path of the ownership structure reform and the current situation, the data are still valuable. We must point out, at the same time, that analysis of any given set of data does not necessarily speak for the actual status of SOEs, and more scientific and accurate estimation of the status of SOEs in the national economy will be given in later chapters.
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Notes
- 1.
The increase was associated with an order by the State Council, Decision on Several Issues in Strengthening Environmental Protection, to shut down 15 categories of small-sized enterprises that produced heavy pollution, which were mostly non-publicly owned.
- 2.
Changes were made in 2013 to statistical analyses in that starting from the 2013 edition of China Statistical Yearbook gross industrial production has no longer been provided. This is also why this study only covers the data of gross industrial production by 2011.
- 3.
The total assets included industrial enterprises above designated size, wholesale and retail enterprises above designated revenue and enterprises of food, drinks and hotels. Enterprises of mixed ownership included join-stock companies, co-operative enterprises, limited liability companies and limited companies. Foreign enterprises included foreign capital and capital from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, China.
- 4.
Enterprises of mixed ownership included primarily join-stock companies, co-operative enterprises, limited liability companies and limited companies, among which a large proportion of assets were state or collectively owned.
- 5.
The eastern area includes Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong and Hainan; the middle area includes Heilongjiang, Jilin, Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei and Hunan; the western area includes Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Xizang, Shanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang.
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© 2019 China Social Sciences Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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Pei, C., Yang, C., Yang, X. (2019). General Trend in the Structural Adjustment of Ownership and the Current Situation. In: The Basic Economic System of China. China Governance System Research Series. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6895-0_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6895-0_3
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