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Nanostructures and Nanomaterials for Lithium Metal Batteries

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Nanostructures and Nanomaterials for Batteries

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Abstract

Lithium metal batteries consist of a high-capacity cathode (such as oxygen and sulfur) and a Li metal anode and can deliver extremely high theoretical energy densities. The Li metal batteries were proposed earlier than the Li-ion batteries, but the Li metal anode was considered unsafe and the cathodes were hardly reversible. To meet the ever-increasing demand for the high energy density in batteries, Li metal batteries have been recently revisited and gained great interest. The nanotechnology plays a critical role in improving the performance and safety of the Li metal batteries. This chapter introduces the nano engineering in Li metal batteries, including nanostructures and nanomaterials utilized in oxygen cathodes, sulfur cathodes, and Li metal anodes. Rationally designed nanostructures with micropores, mesopores, or macropores are essential to host, constrain, protect, and improve the electrodes per electrode material properties. The nanomaterials, such as porous carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, polymer nanofilms, and inorganic nanomaterials, all show different functions such as constructing 3D conductive networks, interface protection, catalysis, and so on. This chapter reviews the nanostructures and nanomaterials in promoting the Li metal batteries, as well as their drawbacks, to provide insights to the nanotechnology in boosting the development of high-energy-density Li metal batteries.

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Abbreviations

Li–S battery:

Lithium-sulfur battery

Li-air battery:

Lithium-air battery

Li–O2 battery:

Lithium–oxygen battery

LISICON:

Lithium Super Ionic Conductor

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

ORR:

Oxygen reduction reaction

OER:

Oxygen evolution reaction

LiTFSI:

Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amine lithium salt

DOL:

1,3-dioxolane

DME:

Dimethoxymethane

TEGDME:

Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether

FEC:

Fluoroethylene carbonate

PAN:

Polyacrylonitrile

PMMA:

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CNF:

Carbon nanofiber

CVD:

Chemical vapor deposition

AAO:

Anodic aluminum oxide

MWCNT:

Multiwall carbon nanotube

GO:

Graphene oxide

rGO:

Reduced graphene oxide

ALD:

Atomic layer deposition

MOF:

Metal-organic framework

SEI:

Solid electrolyte interphase

MAG:

Massive artificial graphite

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

PPA:

Polyphosphoric acid

PEDOT:

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PDMS:

Poly(dimethylsiloxane)

PVdF-co-HFP:

Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)

CPL:

Composite protective layer

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  1. University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Chun-Peng Yang

  2. Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People’s Republic of China

    Yu-Guo Guo

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Yang, CP., Guo, YG. (2019). Nanostructures and Nanomaterials for Lithium Metal Batteries. In: Nanostructures and Nanomaterials for Batteries. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6233-0_4

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