Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a risk which has gradually become common knowledge. Steps are being actively taken to limit the use of antibiotics. The meat industry (poultry, piggery and sea food) are prone to infections. Containing these infections becomes cardinal for the meat which is ultimately meant for human consumption. Alternatives are therefore sought. Two alternatives which show promising pathogen containment are short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). SCFA are known to impart bactericidal effect apart from other benefits to the host. PHAs which have been viewed as alternatives to conventional plastic are rich sources of SCFA monomer pools. The most widely studied PHA is Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a homopolymer made of 3-Hydroxybutrate (3HB) monomers. Many studies have been conducted on both SCFA and PHA on their use as biocontrol agents to understand the physiological mechanism of action for both.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Axe DD, Bailey JE (1995) Transport of lactate and acetate through the energized cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 47:8–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260470103
Baruah K, Tran T, Huy NP, Niu Y, Gupta SK, De Schryver P, Bossier P (2015) Probing the protective mechanism of poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate against vibriosis by using gnotobiotic Artemia franciscana and Vibrio campbellii as host-pathogen model. Sci Rep 5:9427. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09427
Berndt BE, Zhang M, Owyang SY, Cole TS, Wang TW, Luther J, Veniaminova NA, Merchant JL, Chen CC, Huffnagle GB, Kao JY (2012) Butyrate increases IL-23 production by stimulated dendritic cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 303(12):G1348–G1392. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00540.2011
Cabello FC (2006) Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environ Microbiol 8:1137–1144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01054.x
Cam DTV, Hao NV, Dierckens K, Defoirdt T, Boon N, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P (2009) Novel approach of using homoserine lactone degrading and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating bacteria to protect Artemia from the pathogenic effects of Vibrioharveyi. Aquaculture 291:23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.03.009
Chaijamrus S, Udpuay N (2008) Production and characterization of polyhydroxybutyrate from molasses and corn steep liquor produced by Bacillus megaterium ATCC 6748. Agric Eng Int X:1–12
Cherrington CA, Hinton M, Pearson GR, Chopra I (1991) Short-chain organic acids at pH 5.0 kill Escherichiacoli and Salmonella sp. without causing membrane perturbation. J Appl Bacteriol 70:161–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04442.x
Davidson PM (2001) Chap. 29. Chemical preservatives and natural antimicrobial compounds. In: Doyle MP, Beuchat LR, Montville TJ (eds) Food microbiology—fundamentals and Frontiers, 2nd edn. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp 593–627
Davidson P, Taylor T (2007) Chemical preservatives and natural antimicrobial compounds. In: Doyle M, Beuchat L (eds) Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers, 3rd edn. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp 713–745. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555815912.ch33
De Schryver P, Sinha AK, Kunwar PS, Baruah K, Verstraete W, Boon N, De Boeck G, Bossier P (2010) Poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) increases growth performance and intestinal bacterial range-weighted richness in juvenile European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 86:1535–1541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-0092414-9
Defoirdt T, Halet D, Vervaeren H, Boon N, de Wiele TV, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P, Verstraete W (2007) The bacterial storage compound poly-b-hydroxybutyrate protects Artemia franciscana from pathogenic Vibrio campbellii. Environ Microbiol 9:445–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01161.
Diez-Gonzalez F, Russell JB (1997) The ability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to decrease its intracellular pH and resist the toxicity of acetic acid. Microbiology 143:1175–1180. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-143-4-1175
Dobson A, Cotter PD, Ross RP, Hill C (2012) Bacteriocin production: a probiotic trait? Appl Environ Microbiol 78:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.05576-11.
Donohoe DR, Garge N, Zhang X, Sun W, O’Connell TM, Bunger MK (2011) The microbiome and butyrate regulate energy metabolism and autophagy in the mammalian colon. Cell Metab 13:517–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.018
Duncan SH, Barcenilla A, Stewart CS, Pryde SE, Flint HJ (2002) Acetate utilization and Butyryl coenzyme a (CoA):acetate-CoA Transferase in butyrate-producing Bacteria from the human large intestine. Appl Environ Microbiol 68(10):5186–5190. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.10.5186–5190.2002
Duncan SH, Holtrop G, Lobley GE, Calder AG, Stewart CS, Flint HJ (2004) Contribution of acetate to butyrate formation by human faecal bacteria. Br J Nutr 91:915923. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041150
Ferber D (2003) Antibiotic resistance—WHO advises kicking the livestock antibiotic habit. Science 301:1027–1027. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.301.5636.1027
Fischbach MA, Sonnenburg JL (2011) Eating for two: how metabolism establishes interspecies interactions in the gut. Cell Host Microbe 10:336–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2011.10.002
Forni D, Wenk C, Bee G (1999) Digestive utilization of novel biodegradable plastic in growing pigs. Ann Zootech 48:163–171. https://doi.org/10.1051/animres:19990302
Franke A, Roth O, De Schryver P, Bayer T, Garcia-Gonzalez L, Künzel S, Bossier P, Joanna J, Miest, Clemmesen C (2017) Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate administration during early life: effects on performance, immunity and microbial community of European sea bass yolk-sac larvae. Sci Rep 7:15022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14785-z
Freier T, Kunze C, Nischan C, Kramer S, Sternberg K, Sab M, Hopt UT, Schmitz KP (2002) In vitro and in vivo degradation studies for development of a biodegradable patch based on poly (3-hydroxybutyrate). Biomaterials 23:2649–2657. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00405-7
Gallo RL, Hooper LV (2012) Epithelial antimicrobial defence of the skin and intestine. Nat Rev Immunol 12:503–516. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3228
Gantois I, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Hautefort I, Thompson A (2006) Butyrate specifically down-regulates salmonella pathogenicity island 1 gene expression. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:946–949. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.1.946-949.2006
Gowda V, Shivakumar S (2013) Poly(3)hydroxybutyrate (phb) production in Bacillus thuringiensis IAM 12077 under varied nutrient limiting conditions and molecular detection of class IV pha synthase gene by PCR. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 4:794–802
Gowda V, Shivakumar S (2015) Poly(-β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase PHAZPen from Penicillium expansum: purification, characterization and kinetic studies. 3 Biotech 5:901–909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-015-0287-4
Halet D, Defoirdt T, Van Damme P, Vervaeren H, Forrez I, de Wiele TV, Boon N, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P, Verstraete W (2007) Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating bacteria protect gnotobiotic Artemia franciscana from pathogenic Vibrio campbellii. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 60:363–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00305.x
Hong YH, Nishimura Y, Hishikawa D, Tsuzuki H, Miyahara H, Gotoh C (2005) Acetate and propionate short chain fatty acids stimulate adipogenesis via GPCR43. Endocrinology 146:5092–5099. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0545
Hosseini E, Grootaert C, Verstraete W, Van de Wiele T (2011) Propionate as a health-promoting microbial metabolite in the human gut. Nutr Rev 69:245–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00388.x
Humblot C, Bruneau A, Sutren M, Lhoste EF, Dore J, Andrieux C, Rabot S (2005) Brussels sprouts, inulin and fermented milk alter the faecal microbiota of human microbiota-associated rats as shown by PCR-temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis using universal, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium 16S rRNA gene primers. Br J Nutr 93:677684. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20051372
Israni N, Shivakumar S (2013) Combinatorial screening of hydrolytic enzyme/s and PHA producing bacillus spp., for cost effective production of PHAs. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 4:934–945
Jendrossek D (1998) Microbial degradation of polyesters: a review on extracellular poly (hydroxyalkanoic acid) depolymerases. Polym Degrad Stab 59:317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00190-0
Jendrossek D, Handrick R (2002) Microbial degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Annu Rev Microbiol 56:403–432. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160838
Kiran GS, Priyadharshini S, Dobson ADW, Gnanamani E, Selvin J (2016) Degradation intermediates of polyhydroxybutyrate inhibit phenotypic expression of virulence factors and biofilm formation in luminescent Vibrio sp. PUGSK8. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2:16002. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjbiofilms.2016.2
Kirkpatrick C, Maurer LM, Oyelakin NE, Yoncheva YN, Maurer R, Slonczewski JL (2001) Acetate and formate stress: opposite responses in the proteome of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 183:6466–6477. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.21.6466-6477.2001
Kregel KC (2002) Heat shock proteins: modifying factors in physiological stress responses and acquired thermotolerance. J Appl Physiol 92:2177–2186. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01267.2001
Laranja JLQ, Amar EC, Ludevese-Pascual GL, Nui Y, Geaga MJ, De Schryver P, Bossier P (2017) A probiotic bacillus strain containing amorphous poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) stimulates the innate immune response of Penaeus monodon postlarvae. Fish Shellfish Immunol 68:202–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.023.
Lawley TD, Walker AW (2013) Intestinal colonization resistance. Immunology 138:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03616.x.
Layden BT, Angueira AR, Brodsky M, Durai V, Lowe WL Jr (2013) Short chain fatty acids and their receptors: new metabolic targets. Transl Res 161:131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2012.10.007
Leatham MP, Banerjee S, Autieri SM, Mercado-Lubo R, Conway T, Cohen PS (2009) Precolonized human commensal Escherichia coli strains serve as a barrier to E. coli O157:H7 growth in the Streptomycin-treated mouse intestine. Infect Immun 77:2876–2886. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00059-09
Lemos PC, Serafim LS, Reis MAM (2006) Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates from different short-chain fatty acids by mixed cultures submitted to aerobic dynamic feeding. J Biotechnol 122:226–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.09.006
Lin HV, Frassetto A, Kowalik EJ Jr, Nawrocki AR, Lu MM, Kosinski JR (2012) Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS One 7:e35240. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035240
Louis P, Duncan SH, McCrae SI, Millar J, Jackson MS, Flint HJ (2004) Restricted distribution of the butyrate kinase pathway among butyrate-producing bacteria from the human colon. J Bacteriol 186:2099–2106. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.7.2099-2106.2004
Millette M, Cornut G, Dupont C, Shareck F, Archambault D, Lacroix M (2008) Capacity of human nisin- and pediocin-producing lactic acid bacteria to reduce intestinal colonization by vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:1997–2003. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02150-07
Najdegerami EH, Tran TN, Defoirdt T, Marzorati M, Sorgeloos P, Boon N, Bossier P (2012) Effects of poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) on Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) fingerlings performance and its gastrointestinal tract microbial community. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 79:25–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01194.x
Nava GM, Friedrichsen HJ, Stappenbeck TS (2011) Spatial organization of intestinal microbiota in the mouse ascending colon. ISME J 5:627–638. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2010.161
Nhan DT, Wille M, De Schryver P, Defoirdt T, Bossier P, Sorgeloos P (2010) The effect of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate on larviculture of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture 302:76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.02.011
Pal A, Prabhu A, Kumar AA, Rajagopal B, Dadhe K, Ponnamma V, Shivakumar S (2009) Optimization of process parameters for maximum poly(-beta-)hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by Bacillus thuringiensis IAM 12077. Pol J Microbiol 58:149–154
Pedron T, Mulet C, Dauga C, Frangeul L, Chervaux C, Grompone G (2012) A crypt-specific core microbiota resides in the mouse colon. MBio 3:116–112. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00116-12
Phillips I, Casewell M, Cox T, De Groot B, Friis C, Jones R, Nightingale C, Preston R, Waddell J (2004) Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data. J Antimicrob Chemother 53:28–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg483
Repaske DR, Adler J (1981) Change in intracellular pH of Escherichia coli mediates the chemotactic response to certain attractants and repellents. J Bacteriol 145:1196–1208. doi: 0021-9193/81/031196-13$02.00/0
Ricke SC (2003) Perspectives on the use of organic acids and short chain fatty acids as antimicrobials. Poult Sci 82:632–639. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.4.632
Roy CC, Kien CL, Bouthillier L, Levy E (2006) Short-chain fatty acids: ready for prime time? Nutr Clin Pract 21:351–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0115426506021004351
Salehizadeh H, Van Loosdrecht MC (2004) Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by mixed culture: recent trends and biotechnological importance. Biotechnol Adv 22:261–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.09.003
Shivakumar S (2013) Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) Depolymerase from Fusarium solani Thom. J Chemother 2013:406386. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/406386
Situmoranga ML, De Schryver P, Dierckens K, Bossiera P (2016) Effect of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate on growth and disease resistance of Nile tilapiaOreochromis niloticus juveniles. Vet Microbiol 182:44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.10.024
Srividya S (2011) Production of PHB from lactose and whey by Bacillus thuringiensis IAM 12077. Res J Biotech 6:12–18
Sugunaa P, Binuramesh C, Abirami P, Saranya V, Poornima K, Rajeswari V, Shenbagarathai R (2014) Immunostimulation by poly-β hydroxybutyrate–hydroxyvalerate (PHB–HV) from Bacillus thuringiensis in Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 36:90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.012
Sui L, Liu Y, Sun H, Wille M, Bossier P, De Schryver P (2012) The effect of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate on the performance of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis Milne-Edwards) zoealarvae. Aquac Res:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12077
Sunkara LT, Achanta M, Schreiber NB, Bommineni YR, Dai G, Jiang W (2011) Butyrate enhances disease resistance of chickens by inducing antimicrobial host defense peptide gene expression. PLoS One 6:e27225. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027225
Sunkara LT, Jiang W, Zhang G (2012) Modulation of antimicrobial host defence peptide gene expression by free fatty acids. PLoS One 7:e49558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049558
Termén S, Tollin M, Rodriguez E, Sveinsdóttir SH, Jóhannesson B, Cederlund A (2008) PU.1 and bacterial metabolites regulate the human gene CAMP encoding antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in colon epithelial cells. Mol Immunol 45:3947–3955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2008.06.020
Thai TQ, Wille M, Garcia-Gonzalez L, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P, De Schryver P (2014) Poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate content and dose of the bacterial carrier for Artemia enrichment determine the performance of giant freshwater prawn larvae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:5205–5215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5536-7
Tolhurst G, Heffron H, Lam YS, Parker HE, Habib AM, Diakogiannaki (2012) Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2. Diabetes 61:364–371. https://doi.org/10.2337/db11-1019
Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, Pasmans F, Velge P, Bottreau E, Fievez V (2003) Invasion of Salmonella enteritidis in avian intestinal epithelial cells in vitro is influenced by short-chain fatty acids. Int J Food Microbiol 85:237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00542-1
Van Immerseel F, Boyen F, Gantois I, Timbermont L, Bohez L, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R (2005) Supplementation of coated butyric acid in the feed reduces colonization and shedding of Salmonella in poultry. Poult Sci 84:1851–1856. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.12.1851
Van Immerseel F, Russell JB, Flythe MD, Gantois I, Timbermont L, Pasmans F (2006) The use of organic acids to combat Salmonella in poultry: a mechanistic explanation of the efficacy. Avian Pathol 35:182–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450600711045
Walter J Ley R (2011) The human gut microbiome: ecology and recent evolutionary changes. In: Gottesman S Harwood CS (ed) Annual review of microbiology. Vol. 65, pp 411–429
Weiner N, Draskoczy P (1961) The effects of organic acids on the oxidative metabolism of intact and disrupted E. coli. Pharmacolo Exp Ther 132:299–305. PubMed: 13783909
Wong JM, de Souza R, Kendall CW, Emam A, Jenkins DJ (2006) Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. J Clin Gastroenterol 40:235–243. PMID: 16633129
Xiong Y, Miyamoto N, Shibata K, Valasek MA, Motoike T, Kedzierski RM (2004) Short-chain fatty acids stimulate leptin production in adipocytes through the G protein-coupled receptor GPR41. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:1045–1050. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2637002100
Yu J, Chen L (2005) Kinetics and mechanism of the monomeric products from abiotic hydrolysis of poly[(R)-3- hydroxybuyrate] under acidic and alkaline conditions. Polym Degrad Stab 89:289–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.12.026
Yu J, Plackett D, Chen LXL (2005) Kinetics and mechanism of the monomeric products from abiotic hydrolysis of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] under acidic and alkaline conditions. Polym Degrad Stab 89:289–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.12.026
Zhao P, Lu Z, Strand MR, Jianf H (2011) Antiviral, anti-parasitic, and cytotoxic effects of 5,6-dihydroxyidole (DHI), a reactive compound generated by phenoloxidase during insect immune response. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 41:645–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.04.006
Zimmerman MA, Singh N, Martin PM, Thangaraju M, Ganapathy V, Waller JL (2012) Butyrate suppresses colonic inflammation through HDAC1-dependent Fas upregulation and Fas-mediated apoptosis of T cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 302:1405–1415. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00543.2011
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gowda, V., Shivakumar, S. (2019). Novel Biocontrol Agents: Short Chain Fatty Acids and More Recently, Polyhydroxyalkanoates. In: Kalia, V. (eds) Biotechnological Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3759-8_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3759-8_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3758-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3759-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)