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Cyber Systems

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Drones as Cyber-Physical Systems

Abstract

The main layers of CPS are the cyber layer and physical layer. CPS is analyzed and defined in various ways. But basically, it enables collecting the data of the real world and then providing the feedback of the results to the real world across society as a whole. Specifically, the sensor is attached to the control target (person, car and manufacturing apparatus, etc.). Various data transmitted from the sensor are collected as big data in the cloud with IoT tools. Building a DIY (Do It Yourself) drone offers a good opportunity to understand cyber domains of the CPS system. This chapter introduced various technologies for the cyber system by the drone DIY process to establish a systematic roadmap in relation to the physical system that will be introduced in the next chapter.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    While both A.C. and D.C. motors serve the same function of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most basic difference is the power source. A.C. motors are powered from alternating current (A.C.) while D.C. motors are powered from direct current (D.C.), such as batteries, D.C.

  2. 2.

    A portion of a machine that remains fixed with respect to rotating parts.

  3. 3.

    You should not to be confused with kV, the abbreviation for kilovolt.

  4. 4.

    Loosely speaking, torque is a measure of the rotational or turning force on an object such as a propeller, bolt or a flywheel.

  5. 5.

    Although the KK 2.0 is being phased out, KK 2.0 boards are well known as one of the best flight control boards. Understanding how this FC works will help you understand other FCs as well.

  6. 6.

    The umbilical cord is a tube-like structure that connects a fetus to the mother’s placenta, providing oxygen and nutrient-rich blood and removing waste.

  7. 7.

    Radio frequency (RF) is any of the electromagnetic wave frequencies that lie in the range extending from around 20 kHz to 300 GHz, which include those frequencies used in radio communication or radar. This is roughly between the upper limit of audio frequencies and the lower limit of infrared frequencies [23].

  8. 8.

    As a matter of convention, the ITU divides the radio spectrum into 12 bands, each beginning at a wavelength which is a power of ten (10n) meters, with the corresponding frequency of 3 × 108−n hertz, and each covering a decade of frequency or wavelength. For example, the term high frequency (HF) designates the wavelength range from 100 to 1 m, corresponding to a frequency range of 3–300 MHz.

  9. 9.

    ISM refers to the operation of equipment or devices used in restricted areas by generating radio wave energy for industrial, scientific, medical, household, and similar other than telecommunications. Since they are used in common, they do not pay a separate fee for using the frequency. Users have no regulatory protection for interference generated by ISM device operation. We use this frequency band in wireless LAN where we can get around us easily.

  10. 10.

    A transceiver is a device comprising both a transmitter and a receiver in a single housing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea (Republic of)

    Jung-Sup Um

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  1. Jung-Sup Um
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Um, JS. (2019). Cyber Systems. In: Drones as Cyber-Physical Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3741-3_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3741-3_3

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3740-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3741-3

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