Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Cadmium Toxicity pp 85–99Cite as

Dietary Cadmium Intake Among General Populations in Japan and East Asia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 723 Accesses

Abstract

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that has insidious toxicities after chronic exposures. Daily foods are almost exclusive exposure sources for general populations, and the staple food of paddy rice plays an important role as the exposure source. Study Aim: The aims are to elucidate current levels and future trends of dietary Cd intake (Cd-D) in Japan, Korea, and China. Materials and Methods: Publications since 1960 on Cd-D of adult populations in areas with no known Cd pollution were retrieved; in practice 19, 14, and 18 reports were available for Japan, Korea, and China, respectively. Food consumption data were primarily based on food duplicate collection or market basket methods. Flame/flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used for Cd analysis. Results and Discussion: In Japan, the earliest reports on Cd-D in the late 1960s gave Cd-D values of 41–116 μg/day. Surveys in 1977–1981 resulted in 37 μg/day, and the estimates for 2003–2007 were 11.5–16.5 μg/day. In Korea, Cd-D of 71 μg/day was first reported in 1980. Cd-D of >20 μg/day followed in the 1990s, 10–20 μg/day in the 2000s, and 5–7 μg/day in 2011. The reduction in Japan and Korea was achieved by regulatory and technical efforts to remove high-Cd rice from markets. Unexpected reduction in rice consumption was also observed. In China, the first report on Cd-D gave 13.8 μg/day for the year 1990, and the latest publication in 2012 reported a Cd-D of 15.5 μg/day. However, there was a wide variation in Cd-D up to 41.8 μg/day during this period, which made the trend complex. The time span (1990 to 2015) may be too short for trend analysis. The study numbers may be insufficient for the vast country. Conclusion: Analyses for Japan and Korea revealed that Cd-D has been gradually decreasing to the level well below 20 μg/day or even lower. Further follow-up studies are desirable for the analysis in case of China.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). Environmental health criteria I34. In: Cadmium, Sources of human and environmental exposure, vol. 3. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992. p. 36–45.

    Google Scholar 

  2. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). Environmental health criteria 135. In: Cadmium - environmental aspects, Natural occurrence ad sources of environmental contamination, vol. 3. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992. p. 24–35.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR), USA. Toxicological profile for Cadmium 3.2.2.2 Health Effect- Renal effects; 2012. p. 147–167.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ishizaki A, Fukushima M. Studies on “Itai-itai” disease. Jpn J Hyg. 1968;23:271–85. (in Japanese with an English abstract)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Tsuchiya K, Iwao S. Dietary cadmium intake of residents in cadmium-polluted areas in Akita, Ishikawa and Nagasaki prefectures. Kankyo Hoken Rep. 1978;44:86–115. (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ikeda M, Zhang Z-W, Shimbo S, Watanabe T, Nakatsuka H, Moon C-S, et al. Urban population exposure to lead and cadmium in east and South-East Asia. Sci Total Environ. 2000;249:373–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Japan. National health and nutrition survey, 2013. Tokyo: Dai-ichi Shuppan Press; 2016. p. 108. (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Yum Y-T, Bae E-S, Yun B-J. A study on the crops pollution with heavy metal. Kor J Prev Med. 1980;13:3–12. (in Korean with an English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Zhang Z-W, Moon C-S, Watanabe T, Shimbo S, He F-S, Wu Y-Q, Zhou S-F, Su D-H, Qu J-B, Ikeda M. Background exposure of urban populations to lead and cadmium: comparison between China and Japan. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1997;69:273–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Moon C-S, Zhang Z-W, Shimbo S, Watanabe T, Moon D-H, Lee C-U, et al. Dietary intake of cadmium and lead among general population in Korea. Environ Res. 1995;71:40–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Huang M, Choi S-J, Kim D-W, Kim N-Y, Bae H-S, Yu S-D, et al. Evaluation of factors associated with cadmium exposure and kidney function in the general population. Environ Toxicol. 2011;28:563–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Yuan X, Wang J, Shang Y, Sun B. Health risk assessment of cadmium via dietary intake by adults in China. J Sci Food Agric. 2014;94:373–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yang J, Kim E-G, Shin D-C, Jo S-J, Lim Y-W. Human exposure and risk assessment of cadmium for residents of abandoned metal mines in Korea. Environ Geochem Health. 2015;37:321–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kim NH, Hyun YY, Lee K-B, Chang Y, Rhu S, Oh K-H, et al. Environmental heavy metal exposure and chronic kidney disease in the general population. J Kor Med Sci. 2015;30:272–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ikeda M, Ezaki T, Tsukahara T, Moriguchi J. Dietary cadmium intake in polluted and non-polluted areas in Japan in the past and in the present. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2004;7:227–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ikeda M. Cadmium exposure in Japan and in Asia. Cadmium 2011. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Cadmium Conference, Kuming, China. International Cadmium Association, Brussels, Belgium & Virginia, U.S.A; 2013. p. 62–80.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ikeda M, Watanabe T, Nakatsuka H, Moriguchi J, Sakuragi S, Ohashi F, Shimbo S. Cadmium exposure in general populations in Japan; a review. Food Safety. 2015;3:118–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Acheson KJ, Campbell IT, Edholm OG, Miller DS, Stock MJ. The measurement of food and energy intake in man – an evaluation of some techniques. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33:1147–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Watanabe T, Koizumi A, Fujita H, Kumai M, Ikeda M. Dietary cadmium intakes of farmers in nonpolluted areas in Japan, and the relation with blood cadmium levels. Environ Res. 1985;37:33–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Moon C-S, Zhang Z-W, Shimbo S, Watanabe T, Lee C-U, Lee B-K, et al. Evaluation of urinary cadmium and lead as markers of background exposure of middle-aged women in Korea; dietary intake as an influential factor. Toxicol Lett. 1999;108:173–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Fukushima M. Cadmium levels in various food items. Kankyo Hoken Rep. 1972;11:22–5. (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Zheng N, Wang Q, Zhang X, Zheng D, Zhang Z, Zhang S. Population health risk due to dietary intake of heavy metals in the industrial area of Huluao city, China. Sci Total Environ. 2007;387:96–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Chen MYY, Chan BTP, Lam CH, Chung SWC, Ho YY, Xiao Y. Dietary exposure to eight metallic contaminants of the Hong Kong adult population from a total diet study. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2014;31:1539–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang Q, Feng Y-M, Du Y-Q, Yin J-Z, Yang Y-L. Assessment of cadmium exposure in blood, diet, and water of Pumi people in Yunnan, China. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2015;168:349–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Moon C-S, Lee CK, Lee JT, Kim JM, Paik J-M, Ikeda M. Time trends in dietary cadmium intake of Korean women. Toxicol Res. 2012;1:145–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Yamagata N, Iwashima K. Average cadmium intake of the Japanese people. Bull Inst Public Health. 1975;24:18–24.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Wang Y, Ou Y-L, Liu Y-Q, Xie Q, Liu Q-F, Wu Q, Fan T-Q, Yan L-L, Wang J-Y. Correlation of trace elements levels in the diet, blood, urine, and feces in the Chinese male. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012;145:127–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Lim J-A, Kwon H-J, Ha M, Kim H, Oh SY, Kim JS, et al. Korean research project on the integrated exposure assessment of hazardous substances for food safety. Environ Health Toxicol. 2015;30:e2015004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhang Z-W, Shimbo S, Ochi N, Eguchi M, Watanabe T, Moon C-S, et al. Determination of lead and cadmium in food and blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: a comparison with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Sci Total Environ. 1997;205:179–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Fukui Y, Ohashi F, Sakuragi S, Moriguchi J, Ikeda M. Comparative evaluation of GFAAS and ICP-MS for analyses of cadmium in blood. Ind Health. 2011;49:338–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sugita M, Tsuchiya K. Estimation of variation among individuals of biological half-times of cadmium calculated from accumulation data. Environ Res. 1995;68:31–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Korea Research Institute of Standard for Science. The 7th report on ‘Body Size in Korea’; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (eds.). The national survey on nutrition and chronic diseases China. Beijing: People’s Health Press; 2015. p. 1. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Environment Agency, the Government of Japan. Measures to treat environmental pollution with cadmium. Tokyo: The Environment Agency; 1972. p. 167–1168. (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kitramura S. Cadmium in rice. In: Role of rice in nutrition for people in Japan; dependency on rice. Tokyo: Japan Rice Association; 1972. p. 78–126. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Japan Public Health Association. Report on dietary intake of cadmium in cadmium-polluted areas in Japan. Tokyo: Japan Public Health Association; 1970. (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Saito H. Part 2. Survey on health of residents. In: Saito H, Takebayashi S, Harada K, Hara K, editors. Chronic cadmium poisoning. Nagasaki, Japan: Nagasaki University School of Medicine; 2003. p. 42. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Ikeda M, Zhang Z-W, Moon C-S, Shimbo S, Watanabe T, Nakatsuka H, et al. Possible effects of environmental cadmium exposure on kidney function in the Japanese general population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2000;73:15–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ikeda M, Nakatsuka H, Watanabe T, Shimbo S. Estimation of daily cadmium intake from cadmium in blood or cadmium in urine. Environ Health Prev Med. 2015;20:455–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Moon C-S, Paik J-M, Choi C-S, Kim D-H, Ikeda M. Lead and cadmium levels in daily foods, blood and urine in children and their mothers in Korea. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003;76:282–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Oh E, Lee E-I, Lim H, Jang J-Y. Human multi-route exposure assessment for Korean volunteers. J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39:53–8. (in Korean with an English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Moon C-S, Yang H-R, Nakatsuka H, Ikeda M. Time trend of cadmium intake in Korea. Environ Health Prev Med. 2016;21:118–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Huang M, Choi S-J, Kim D-W, Kim N-Y, Bae H-S, Yu S-D. Evaluation of factors associated with cadmium exposure and kidney function in general population. Environ Toxicol. 2013;28:563–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Gao JQ, Li XW, Zao JL. 2000 Chinese total diet study – the dietary lead and cadmium intakes. J Hyg Res. 2006;35:750–75. (in Chinese with an English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zhang Z-W, Moon C-S, Watanabe T, Shimbo S, He F-S, Wu Y-Q, et al. Back ground exposure of urban populations to lead and cadmium: comparison between China and Japan. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1997;69:273–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Watanabe T, Zhang Z-W, Qu J-B, Gao W-P, Jian Z-K, Shimbo S, Nakatsuka H, Matsuda-Inoguchi N, Higashikawa K, Ikeda M. Background lead and cadmium exposure of adult women in Xian city and two farming villages in Shaanxi Province. China Sci Total Environ. 2000;247:1–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Watanabe T, Zhang Z-W, Qu J-B, Xu G-F, Song L-H, Wang J-J, Shimbo S, Nakatsuka H, Higashikawa K, Ikeda M. Urban-rural comparison on cadmium exposure among general populations in Shandong Province, China. Sci Total Environ. 1998;217:1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Jin SG. Survey report on the nutrition and health of Chinese residents: dataset on the nutrition and health in 2002. Beijing, China: People’s Hygiene Press; 2008. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Tang J, Huang Z, Pan V-D. Exposure assessment of heavy metals (cd, hg, and Pb) by the intake of local foods from Zhejiang, China. Environ Geochem Health. 2014;36:765–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. He P, Lu Y, Liang Y, Chen B, Wu M, Li S, et al. Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium; findings from Shanghainese over 40 years, China. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:590. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Evaluation of the JECFA: cadmium; 2013. http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/chemical.aspx?chemID=1376.

  52. Kawamoto T, Nitta H, Murata K, Toda E, Tsukamoto N, Hasegawa M, et al. Rationale and study design of the Japan environment and children’s study (JECS). BMC Public Health. 2014;14:25–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the Government of Japan. Note on codes for foods, additives, etc. Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the Government of Japan; 2010. (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, the Government of Japan. Guidance for reduction of cadmium levels in rice. Tokyo: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, the Government of Japan; 2011. (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, the Government of Japan. Annual trends in rice consumption. Tokyo: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, the Government of Japan; 2017. (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Matsuda-Inoguchi N, Date N, Sakurai K, Watannabe T, Toji C, Furukawa Y, et al. Limited acceptance of globalization in food habits among middle-aged women in Osaka, Japan. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2006;57:419–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Korea Food and Drug Administration. Food code for cadmium in rice; 2012. www.foodnara.go.kr/pollution/standard/pollution01.jsp) (in Korean).

  58. Korean Agency of Statistics. (http://www.index.go.kr) Consumption of main agricultural products (kg/person/year); rice; 2014. (http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=2747) (in Korean).

  59. Lee S-H, Lee J-S, Choi Y-J, Kim J-G. In situ stabilization of cadmium, lead, and zinc-contaminated soil using various amendments. Chemosphere. 2009;77:1069–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ok YS, Kim S-C, Kim D-K, Skousen JG, Lee J-S, Cheong Y-W, Kim SJ, Yang JE. Ameliorants to immobilize Cd in rice paddy soils contaminated by abandoned metal mine in Korea. Environ Geochem Health. 2011;33:23–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Miss F. Ohashi for her skill in drawing modified exponential curves.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

    Masayuki Ikeda

  2. Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

    Masayuki Ikeda

  3. Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

    Masayuki Ikeda

  4. Tohoku Bunkyo University, Yamagata, Yamagata, Japan

    Takao Watanabe

  5. Kanazawa Gakuin College, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan

    Haruo Nakatsuka

  6. Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

    Shinichiro Shimbo

  7. Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, South Korea

    Chan-Seok Moon

  8. Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, South Korea

    Hyeran Yang

  9. Peking University, Beijing, China

    Peiyu Wang

  10. National Natural Science Foundation, Beijing, China

    Zuowen Zhang

Authors
  1. Masayuki Ikeda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Takao Watanabe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Haruo Nakatsuka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shinichiro Shimbo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chan-Seok Moon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hyeran Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Peiyu Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Zuowen Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masayuki Ikeda .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan

    Seiichiro Himeno

  2. Hagino Hospital, Toyama, Japan

    Keiko Aoshima

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ikeda, M. et al. (2019). Dietary Cadmium Intake Among General Populations in Japan and East Asia. In: Himeno, S., Aoshima, K. (eds) Cadmium Toxicity. Current Topics in Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3630-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3630-0_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3629-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3630-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation