Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Contemporary Context of Surgical Education

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advancing Surgical Education

Part of the book series: Innovation and Change in Professional Education ((ICPE,volume 17))

Overview

The development of a competent surgeon has evolved over centuries from a predominantly apprenticeship model to one that incorporates modern theories of learning accompanied by increasing awareness of the significant contribution from the hidden curriculum. Increasing public awareness and demands from educators and trainees have emphasised the importance of nontechnical competencies. The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons has determined nine core competencies as a basic requirement for surgical training. It has responded to emerging demands by the introduction of formal educational processes supporting the development of an educationally aware surgical teaching community. A challenge for surgical training is to balance the increasing demands on the surgical education workforce while delivering an expanded surgical curriculum that best serves the modern community. This chapter explores the changing field of surgical education and provides an overview of the future challenges.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Flexner, A. (1910). Medical education in the United States and Canada – A report to the Carnegie Foundation for the advancement of teaching.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Scott, S. V. (2014). Practising what we preach: Towards a student-centred definition of feedback. Teaching in Higher Education, 19(January 2015), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2013.827639.

  3. Kneebone, R., & Fry, H. (2011). The environment of surgical training and education. In H. Fry & R. Kneebone (Eds.), Surgical education – theorising and emerging domain (Vol. 2, 1st ed., pp. 3–17). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1682-7.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Hull, L., Arora, S., Aggarwal, R., Darzi, A., Vincent, C., & Sevdalis, N. (2012). The impact of non-technical skills on technical performance in surgery: A systematic review data sources. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 214(2), 214–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.10.016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Flin, R., O’Connor, P., & Crichton, M. (2008). Safety at the sharp end: A guide to non-technical skills (1st ed.). Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  6. RACS. (2012). Becoming a competent and proficient surgeon: Training standards for the nine RACS competencies.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wong, B., Ackroyd-Stolarz, S., Bukowskyj, M., Calder, L., Ginzburg, A., Microys, S., … Wallace, G. (2014). The CanMEDS 2015 patient safety and quality improvement expert working group report.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Arora, S., Sevdalis, N., Nestel, D., Woloshynowych, M., Darzi, A., & Kneebone, R. (2010). The impact of stress on surgical performance: A systematic review of the literature. Surgery, 147(3), 318–330.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2009.10.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cooper, W. O., Guillamondegui, O., Hines, O. J., Hultman, C. S., Kelz, R. R., Shen, P., … Hickson, G. B. (2017). Use of unsolicited patient observations to identify surgeons with increased risk for postoperative complications. JAMA Surgery, 37212, E1–E8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2016.5703.

  10. Kennedy, I. (2002). Learning from Bristol.

    Google Scholar 

  11. RACS. (2015). Expert advisory group expert advisory group report to RACS on discrimination, bullying and sexual harassment expert advisory group expert advisory group report to RACS. Retrieved from http://www.surgeons.org/about/building-respect,-improving-patient-safety/expert-advisory-group/

  12. Fnais, N., Soobiah, C., Chen, M. H., Lillie, E., Perrier, L., Tashkhandi, M., … Tricco, A. C. (2014). Harassment and discrimination in medical training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Academic Medicine, 89(5), 817–827. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000200.

  13. Arora, S., Sevdalis, N., Suliman, I., Athanasiou, T., Kneebone, R., & Darzi, A. (2009). What makes a competent surgeon?: Experts’ and trainees’ perceptions of the roles of a surgeon. American Journal of Surgery, 198(5), 726–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.01.015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Cruess, S. R., & Cruess, R. L. (2009). The cognitive base of professionalism. In Teaching medical professionalism (pp. 1–27).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Paice, E. (2009). Identification and management of the underperforming surgical trainee. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 79(3), 180–184.; ; discussion 185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2008.04837.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hodges, B. D., Ginsburg, S., Cruess, R., Cruess, S., Delport, R., Hafferty, F., … Holtman, M. (2011). Assessment of professionalism: Recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 Conference. Medical Teacher, 33(5), 354–363. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2011.577300.

  17. Bearman, M., O’Brien, R., Anthony, A., Civil, I., Flanagan, B., Jolly, B., … Nestel, D. (2012). Learning surgical communication, leadership and teamwork through simulation. Journal of Surgical Education, 69(2), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2011.07.014.

  18. Rao, R., Dumon, K. R., Neylan, C. J., Morris, J. B., Riddle, E. W., Sensenig, R., … Brooks, A. D. (2016). Can simulated team tasks be used to improve nontechnical skills in the operating room? Journal of Surgical Education, 73(6), e42–e47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2016.06.004.

  19. Irby, D. M., & Hamstra, S. J. (2016). Parting the clouds: Three professionalism frameworks in medical education. Academic Medicine, 91(12), 1606–1611. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Cruess, R., Mcilroy, J. H., Cruess, S., Ginsburg, S., & Steinert, Y. (2006). The professionalism mini-evaluation exercise: A preliminary investigation. Academic Medicine, 81(10), 574–578.

    Google Scholar 

  21. RACS. (2011b). Surgical workforce projection to 2025: Volume 1 the Australian workforce (Vol. 1).

    Google Scholar 

  22. HWA. (2012). Health workforce 2025 doctors , nurses and midwives – volume 1 (Vol. 1).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Young, C. (2011). International medical graduate – can we do better? General Surgeons Australia Newsletter, 12(3), 2.

    Google Scholar 

  24. RACS. (2011a). Surgical workforce 2011 census report.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Commonwealth of Australia. (2012). Medical training review panel fifteenth report.

    Google Scholar 

  26. McIhenny, C., & Pitts, D. (2014). Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Faculty of Surgical Trainers: Standards for Surgical Trainers.

    Google Scholar 

  27. GMC. (2015). Promoting excellence: Standards for medical education and training.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Silbert, B. I., Lam, S. J. P., Henderson, R. D., & Lake, F. R. (2013). Students as teachers. Medical Journal of Australia, 199(3), 4–5. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja12.10970.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sobral, D. T. (2006). Influences on choice of surgery as a career: A study of consecutive cohorts in a medical school. Medical Education, 40(6), 522–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02482.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council. (2015). Review of medical intern training.

    Google Scholar 

  31. RACS. (2016). Diversity & inclusion plan.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Khoury, A., Mendoza, A., & Charles, A. (2012). Cultural competence: Why surgeons should care. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons, 97, 13–18.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Australian Medical Council. (2015). Standards for assessment and accreditation of specialist medical education programs and professional development programs. Retrieved from https://amc-cms-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/files/fc6e591a9a87c6c2b45e1d744eafa41e5499717d_original.pdf

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Upper Gastro-Intestinal Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Department of Surgery, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

    Adrian Anthony

  2. Board of Surgical Education & Training, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Melbourne, Australia

    Adrian Anthony

  3. HPB & Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

    Vijayaragavan Muralidharan

  4. Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

    Vijayaragavan Muralidharan

  5. Board in General Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Melbourne, Australia

    Vijayaragavan Muralidharan

Authors
  1. Adrian Anthony
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vijayaragavan Muralidharan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adrian Anthony .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash Institute for Health and Clinical Education, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry & Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia

    Debra Nestel

  2. Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Kirsten Dalrymple

  3. Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA

    John T. Paige

  4. Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Jefferson Strategic Ventures, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Rajesh Aggarwal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Anthony, A., Muralidharan, V. (2019). The Contemporary Context of Surgical Education. In: Nestel, D., Dalrymple, K., Paige, J., Aggarwal, R. (eds) Advancing Surgical Education. Innovation and Change in Professional Education, vol 17. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3128-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3128-2_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3127-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3128-2

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation