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Categories, Creation and Cognition in Vaiśeṣika Philosophy pp 1–14Cite as

Veda and Vaiśeṣika

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Abstract

This chapter intends to highlight the intrinsic relationship between Veda and Vaiśeṣika. Veda is held to be the source and sustaining force in Indian philosophical tradition. Accordingly almost all the schools of Indian philosophy hold Veda as supreme authority in case of doubt and disputation. Therefore, the influence of Veda on Vaiśeṣika philosophy in general and in theorization of its concepts in particular is being discussed in the present chapter.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Na hīdṛśasya śāstrasya ṛgvedādilakṣaṇasya sarvajñaguṇānvitasya sarvajñādanyaḥ sambhavo’sti.- Śāṅkarabhāṣya (on Brahmasūtra, 1.1.3), (Shatshastri, Swami Hanumandas (ed.) 1993).

  2. 2.

    (Pande, G.C. 1984) Foundations of Indian Culture, Vol. I, p. 21.

  3. 3.

    (i) Nāstiko Vedanindakaḥ. -Manusmṛti, 1.130, (Dwivedi, Pandit Girija Prasad (ed.) 1917).

    (ii) Āstika is also termed as śiṣṭa: Svīkṛtaveda-pramāṇabhāvaḥ śisṭaḥ. (Tattvacintāmaṇi of Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya (Shastri, Gaurinath (ed.), 1979), Maṅgalavāda, p. 59).

  4. 4.

    (i) Aṅgāni Vedāścatvāro mīmāṁsānyāyavistaraḥ Dharmaśāstraṁ purāṇañca vidyā hyetāścaturdaśa. (Viṣṇupurāṇa, Quoted in Vācaspatyam, Vol. VI, (Bhaṭṭācāraya, Tārānāthtarkavācaspati 2006), p. 4902).

    (ii) Purāṇanyāyamīmāṁsādharmaśaśtraṅgamiśritāḥ.

    Vedāḥ sthānāni vidyānāṁ dharmasya ca caturdaśa (Yājñavalkyasmṛti, 1.3), (Panśikar, Vāsudev Laxman Śāstrī (ed.) 1936).

  5. 5.

    ṚksāmayajuraṅgānāmatharvāṅgirasāmapiAṇorapyasa vijñānādyo’nucānassa no mahān. - Śātātapasmṛti Quoted by Jayanta Bhaṭṭa in his Nyāyamañjarī (NM),Vol. I, (Śukla, Surya Nārāyana (ed.) 1998), p. 234.

  6. 6.

    Pratyakṣeṇānumityā vā yastūpāyo na vidyate Etaṁ vidanti vedena tasmād vedasya vedatā.- Sāyaṇa in his Introduction to Aitareya Brāhmaṇa Bhāṣya (Ānandāśrama Sanskrit Granthāvaliḥ, 1896), p. 1.

  7. 7.

    Catuḥskandhopetaḥ prathitapṛthagarthairavayavaiḥ Kṛtānyonyaśleṣairupacitavapurvedaviṭapaḥ Pratiskandhaṁ śākhāphalakusumasandarbhasubhagāḥ Prakāśante tasya dvijamukhanipītottamarasāḥ.-NM, Vol. I, (Śukla, Surya Nārāyana (ed.) 1998), p. 239.

  8. 8.

    The Vaiśeṣika Sūtras of Kaṇāda (VS), 2.1.17, 5.2.10, (Sinha, Nandalal (Eng. trans.) 1986); Nyāyabhāṣya (NBh.), (Miśra, Śrī Nārāyaṇa (ed.) and Śāstrī, Ḍhuṇḍhirāj (Hindi trans.) 1970) (on Nyāyasūtras (NS), 4.1.21).

  9. 9.

    VS, 1.1.3,10.2.9, (Sinha, Nandalal (Eng. trans.) 1986).

  10. 10.

    Nyāyakoṣa (Jhalakīkar, Bhimācārya 1978), p. 802.

  11. 11.

    Śrutistu Vedo vijñeyo dharmaśāstraṁ tu vai smṛtiḥ.-Manusmṛti, (Dwivedi, Pandit Girija Prasad (ed.) 1917), 2.10.

  12. 12.

    NM, (Śukla, Surya Nārāyana (ed.) 1998), Vol. I, p. 235.

  13. 13.

    Nyāyasūtras of Gotama, (NS), 2.1.69, (Basu, Major B.D. (ed.), Vidyabhūṣaṇa, M.M. Satishchandra (Eng. trans.) 1913).

  14. 14.

    Buddhipūrvā vākyakṛtirvede.-VS, 6.1.1, (Sinha, Nandalal (Eng. trans.) 1986).

  15. 15.

    (i) Āptopadeśaḥ śabdaḥ.-NS, 1.1.7, (Basu, Major B.D. (ed.), Vidyabhūṣaṇa, M.M. Satishchandra (Eng. trans.) 1913).

    (ii) Āptavākyaṁ śabdaḥ.-Tarkasaṁgarha, (Athalye Y. V., (ed.), Bodas, M. R. (Eng. trans.) 1974), p. 50.

  16. 16.

    Āptaḥ khalu sākṣātkṛtadharmā yathādṛṣṭasyārthasya cikhyāpayiṣayā prayukta upadeṣṭā. -NBh., (Miśra, Śrī Nārāyaṇa (ed.) and Śāstrī, Ḍhuṇḍhirāj (Hindi trans.) 1970) (on NS, 1.1.7).

  17. 17.

    Ataśca tatpramāṇamanapekṣatvāt. Na caivaṁ sati purṣāntaraṁ pratyayāntaraṁ cāpekṣyate (Śabara (on Mīmāṁsāsūtras, 1.1.5), (‘Rishi’, Uma Shankar Sharma (ed.) 1980), p. 47).

  18. 18.

    (i) Śabara (on Mīmāṁsāsūtras, (‘Rishi’, Uma Shankar Sharma (ed.) 1980), 1.1.6–23), pp. 61–77.

    (ii) Vedāntaparibhāṣā of Dharmarājādhvarīndra, (Mādhavānanda, Swāmī, Belur Matha), Āgamapariccheda (Verbal Testimony), pp. 89–120.

  19. 19.

    Śabara (on Mīmāṁsāsūtras, 1.1.6-23; 27-32), (‘Rishi’, Uma Shankar Sharma (ed.) 1980), pp. 85–89.

  20. 20.

    For details see Kumar, Shashiprabha. 2006. The Concept of Veda- Apauruṣeyatva. In Pūrvamīmāṁsā From An Interdisciplinary Point of View, K.T. Pandurangi (ed.), Volume II, Part 6, CSC, pp. 235–251.

  21. 21.

    Tadvacanādāmnāyasya prāmāṇyam.-VS, (Sinha, Nandalal (Eng. trans.) 1986), 1.1.3.

  22. 22.

    Tadityanupakrāntamapi prasiddhisiddhatayeśvaraṁ parāmṛśati.…Yadvā taditi sannihitaṁ dharmameva parāmṛśati.-(Vaiśeṣikasūtropaskāra, (Miśra, Śrī Nārāyaṇa (ed.) and Śāstrī, Ḍhuṇḍhirāj (Hindi trans.) 2002) (on VS, 1.1.3), pp. 14–15).

  23. 23.

    Tadaprāmāṇyamanṛtavyāghātapunaruktadoṣebhyaḥ.-NS, 2.1.58, (Basu, Major B.D. (ed.), Vidyabhūṣaṇa, M.M. Satishchandra (Eng. trans.) 1913).

  24. 24.

    NS, 2.1.59-61, (Basu, Major B.D. (ed.), Vidyabhūṣaṇa, M.M. Satishchandra (Eng. trans.) 1913).

  25. 25.

    Mantrāyurvedaprāmāṇyācca tatprāmāṇyamāptaprāmāṇyat.-NS, 2.1.69, (Basu, Major B.D. (ed.), Vidyabhūṣaṇa, M.M. Satishchandra (Eng. trans.) 1913).

  26. 26.

    Āptastu yathārthavaktā.-Tarkasaṁgraha, (Athalye Y. V., (ed.), Bodas, M. R. (Eng. trans.) 1974), p. 50.

  27. 27.

    Ṛṣyāryamlechhānāṁ samānaṁ lakṣaṇam.-NBh., (Miśra, Śrī Nārāyaṇa (ed.) and Śāstrī, Ḍhuṇḍhirāj (Hindi trans.) 1970) (on NS, 1.1.7).

  28. 28.

    (Halbfass, Wilhelm 1993) On Being and What There Is, Classical Vaiśeṣika And the History of Indian Ontology, p. 38.

  29. 29.

    Pramāṇairarthaparīkṣaṇam Nyāyaḥ.- NBh., (Miśra, Śrī Nārāyaṇa (ed.) and Śāstrī, Ḍhuṇḍhirāj (Hindi trans.) 1970) (on NS, 1.1.1).

  30. 30.

    Pākaḥ pṛcchāmi manasāvijānandevānāmenā nihitā padāni.Vatse baṣkaye’dhi sapta tantūnvi tantire kavaya otavā u.- Ṛgveda (RV), (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996), 1.164.5, (Bose, A.C. (Eng. trans.) 1951).

  31. 31.

    Katyagnayaḥ kati suryāsaḥ katyuṣasaḥ katyu svidāpaḥ.Nopaspijam vaḥ pitaro vadāmi pṛcchāmi vaḥ kavayo vidmane kam.-RV, 10.88.18, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996), (Bose, A.C. (Eng. trans.) 1951).

  32. 32.

    For details see, Kumar, Shashiprabha. 1999. Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika Avadhāraṇāon ke Vaidik Ādhāra.In Vaiśeṣika Darśana Pariśīlana, p. 12.

  33. 33.

    Kiṁ svidāsīdadhiṣthānaṁārambhaṇaṁ katamatsvitkathāśīt.-RV, 10.81.2, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  34. 34.

    (Shastri, Acharya Vaidyanatha 1973) Darśana-Tattva-Viveka, (Hindi), Vol. I, p. 78.

  35. 35.

    Vide (Kumar, Shashiprabha 1992) Vaiśeṣika Darśana Mein Padārtha Nirūpaṇa (Hindi), p. 369.

  36. 36.

    Sāyaṇa in his Commentary on RV, 1.161.9, (Sāyaṇācārya. Vol.I, Mandala-I, Vaidika Samshodhan Mandala).

  37. 37.

    Śāṅkarabhāṣya (on Brahmasūtra, 2.2.17), (Shatshastri, Swami Hanumandas (ed.) 1993).

  38. 38.

    Nyāyakusumāñjali, 5.3, (Goswami, Mahaprabhulal (ed.) 1972), p. 579.

  39. 39.

    Yaddevā adaḥ salile susaṁrabdhā vañcateAtrā vo nṛtyatāmiva tīvro reṇurapāyata.-RV, 10.72.6, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  40. 40.

    Tvamindra kapotayachhinnapakṣāya vañcate Śyāmākaṁ pakvaṁ pῑlu ca varasma akṛṇorbahuḥ.-Atharvaveda (AV), 20.135.12, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Viraj, Udaya Vir (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  41. 41.

    Asatśabdaḥ kāraṇavacanaḥ. Satśabdaḥ kāryavacanaḥ.-Veṅkaṭamādhava in his commentary on RV, 10.129.1, (Vishvabandhu (eds.) et. al. 1965).

  42. 42.

    Buddhisiddhantu tadasat. -NS, 4.1.50, (Basu, Major B.D. (ed.), Vidyabhūṣaṇa, M.M. Satishchandra (Eng. trans.) 1913).

  43. 43.

    Yaste gandhaḥ prthivī saṁbabhūvā. -AV, 12.1.23, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Viraj, Udaya Vir (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  44. 44.

    Yo vaḥ śivatamo rasaḥ. -RV, 10.9.2, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  45. 45.

    Kṛṣṇā rūpāṇyaṇyarjunā vi vo made. -RV, 10.21.3, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  46. 46.

    Vide RV, 1.2.2, 5.51.5, 8.26.23, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  47. 47.

    RV, 10.190.1, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  48. 48.

    Nighaṇṭu, 1.3, (Sarup, Lakshman (ed.) 2002).

  49. 49.

    Bṛahmāyaṁ vācaḥ paramaṁ vyoma.-Yajurveda (YV), 23.62, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Viraj, Udaya Vir (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  50. 50.

    AV, 19.53-54, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Viraj, Udaya Vir (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  51. 51.

    RV, 4.50.1, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  52. 52.

    AV, 3.27.1–6, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Viraj, Udaya Vir (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  53. 53.

    Lakṣaṇāvalī, (Jha, Shashinatha (ed.) 1963), p. 14.

  54. 54.

    RV, 10.97.4, 1.51.1, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996); YV, 32.11,13.46, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Viraj, Udaya Vir (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  55. 55.

    RV, 6.9.5, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996);YV, 34.55, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Viraj, Udaya Vir (Eng. trans.) 1996); AV, 19.9.5, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Viraj, Udaya Vir (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  56. 56.

    YV, 34.3, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Viraj, Udaya Vir (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  57. 57.

    Agnerapatyaṁ prathamaṁ suvarṇam.-Quoted in Vyomavatī, (Kaviraj Gopinath and Śāstrī, Ḍhuṇḍhirāj (eds). 1930), p. 258.

  58. 58.

    Agnim īḍe purohitaṁ yajñasya devaṁ ṛtvijam hotāraṁ ratnadhātamam. -RV, 1.1.1, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  59. 59.

    Eṣa vo agne priyā tanūryād ghṛtam teja eva.-Yajurvedīya Maitrāyaṇī Saṁhitā, 3.2.6, (Satavalekar (ed.) Vikam Saṁvat 1998).

  60. 60.

    Kāryāyojandhṛtyādeḥ padāt pratyayataḥ śruteḥVākyāt saṁkhāviśeṣācca sādhyo viśvavidavayayaḥ.-Nyāyakusumāñjali, 5.1, (Goswami, Mahaprabhulal (ed.) 1972).

  61. 61.

    (a) RV, 10.10.9; 10.25.7; 10.190.3, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996); AV, 16.1.6, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Viraj, Udaya Vir (Eng. trans.) 1996); YV, 17.18–19, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Viraj, Udaya Vir (Eng. trans.) 1996).

    (b) RV, 10.121.1, 5, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

    (c) RV, 7.32.26; 10.71.3, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996); YV, 26.2, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Viraj, Udaya Vir 1996).

    (d) RV, 5.9.4; 10.71.1, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  62. 62.

    Yathā pitāpatyānāṁ tathā pitṛbhūta iśvaro bhūtānaṁāgamācca draṣṭā, boddhā, sarvajñātā iśvara iti.-NBh., (Miśra, Śrī Nārāyaṇa (ed.) and Śāstrī, Ḍhuṇḍhirāj (Hindi trans.) 1970) (on NS 4.1.21), p. 481.

  63. 63.

    Ayamasmi jaritaḥ paśya meha viśvā jātānyabhyasmi mahnā.-RV, 8.100.4, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  64. 64.

    Katarā purvā katarāparāyoḥ. ….vivartete ahanī cakriyeva.-RV, 1.185.1, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996), (Bose, A.C. (Eng. trans.) 1951).

  65. 65.

    Dhātā yathāpūrvamakalpayat.-RV, 10.190.3, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996), (Bose, A.C. (Eng. trans.) 1951).

  66. 66.

    Ko addhā veda ka iha pravocat kuta ājātā kuta iyaṁ visṛṣṭiḥ.-RV, 10.129.6, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996), (Bose, A.C. (Eng. trans.) 1951).

  67. 67.

    Kim svidvanaṁ ka u sa vṛkṣa āsa yato dyāvāpṛthivī niṣṭatakṣuḥ.-RV, 10.81.4, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996), (Bose, A.C. (Eng. trans.) 1951).

  68. 68.

    Kāmastadagre samavartatādhi manaso retaḥ prathamaṁ yadāśit.-RV, 10.129.4, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  69. 69.

    Sāyaṇa in his commentary on the above (Vishvabandhu (eds.) et. al. 1965).

  70. 70.

    Praśastapādabhāṣyaṁ (PPBh.), (Sharma, Sri Durgadhara Jha (ed. and Hindi trans.) 1977), p. 128.

  71. 71.

    PPBh., (Sharma, Sri Durgadhara Jha (ed. and Hindi trans.) 1977), p. 128.

  72. 72.

    RV, 10.190.1, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  73. 73.

    RV, 9.73.8, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  74. 74.

    Nyāyakusumāñjali, 1.4, (Goswami, Mahaprabhulal (ed.) 1972).

  75. 75.

    RV, 10.121.1, (Saraswati, Satya Prakash and Vidyalankar, Satyakam (Eng. trans.) 1996).

  76. 76.

    PPBh., (Sharma, Sri Durgadhara Jha (ed. and Hindi trans.) 1977), pp. 129–130.

  77. 77.

    Choudhary, T.P. 1952. The Vedas. In History of Philosophy: Eastern & Western, pp. 47–48.

  78. 78.

    Mahadevan, T.M.P. 1974. Invitation to Indian Philosophy, pp. 13–14.

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  1. Shri Shankaracharya Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, New Delhi, India

    ShashiPrabha Kumar

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Kumar, S. (2019). Veda and Vaiśeṣika. In: Categories, Creation and Cognition in Vaiśeṣika Philosophy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2965-4_1

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