Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Clinical Practice Considerations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Medical Treatment of Glaucoma

  • 632 Accesses

Abstract

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions which result in characteristic damage to the optic nerve. The pathogenesis and management of primary angle closure glaucoma are different from that of primary open-angle glaucoma. The main types of secondary glaucoma and their underlying causes, treatment principles, and medication options are discussed in this chapter. Treatment of secondary glaucoma should be directed at blocking the underlying disease process and lowering the IOP. Glaucoma therapy related ocular surface disease and drug tolerance are important issues that need more attention. Medical management of the children or pregnant with glaucoma is challenging with respect to balancing disease progression while minimizing systemic risks. Both ophthalmologists and health care providers should be aware of the necessity of careful monitoring and avoiding the potentially dangerous side effects of anti-glaucoma medications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Sun X, Dai Y, Chen Y, et al. Primary angle closure glaucoma: what we know and what we don’t know. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2017;57:26–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Pape LG, Forbes M. Retinal detachment and miotic therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;85:558e566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Stocker FW. Experimental studies on the blood-aqueous barrier; electrophotometric measurements of fluorescein content of aqueous after intravenous injection of fluorescein, the eye being under the influence of physostigmine, pilocarpine, neostigmine or atropine. Arch Ophthalmol. 1947;37:583e5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Aung T, Wong HT, Yip CC, Leong JY, Chan YH, Chew PT. Comparison of the intraocular pressure-lowering effect of Latanoprost and timolol in patients with chronic angle closure glaucoma: a preliminary study. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:1178–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Razeghinejad R, Katz L. Steroid-induced iatrogenic glaucoma. Ophthalmic Res. 2012;47:66–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Fini ME, Schwartz SG, Gao X, et al. Steroid-induced ocular hypertension/glaucoma: focus on pharmacogenomics and implications for precision medicine. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2017;56:58–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Scherer WJ, Hauber FA. Effect of latanoprost on intraocular pressure in steroid-induced glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2000;9(2):179–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Sng CC, Ang M, Barton K. Uveitis and glaucoma: new insights in the pathogenesis and treatment. Prog Brain Res. 2015;221:243–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Van Gelder RN. Idiopathic no more: clues to the pathogenesis of Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis and glaucomatocyclitic crisis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(5):769–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Su C, Hu F, Wang T, et al. Clinical outcomes in cytomegalovirus-positive Posner-Schlossman syndrome patients treated with topical ganciclovir therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;158:1024–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bojikian KD, Stein AL, Slabaugh MA, et al. Incidence and risk factors for traumatic intraocular pressure elevation and traumatic glaucoma after open-globe injury. Eye. 2015;29:1579–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ng DS, Ching RH, Chan CW. Angle-recession glaucoma: long-term clinical outcomes over a 10-year period in traumatic microhyphema. Int Ophthalmol. 2015;35:107–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Sihota R, Kumar S, Gupta V, et al. Early predictors of traumatic glaucoma after closed globe injury: trabecular pigmentation, widened angle recess, and higher baseline intraocular pressure. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:921–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Turalba AV, Shah AS, Andreoli MT, et al. Predictors and outcomes of ocular hypertension after open-globe injury. J Glaucoma. 2014;23:5–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Bleiman BS, Schwartz A. Paradoxical intraocular pressure response to pilocarpine: a proposed mechanism and treatment. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97:1305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Brown GC, Magargal LE, Schachat A, et al. Neovascular glaucoma: etiologic considerations. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ehlers JP, Spirn MJ, Lam A, et al. Combination intravitreal bevacizumab/panretinal photocoagulation versus panretinal photocoagulation alone in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Retina. 2008;28:696–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yazdani S, Hendi K, Pakravan M, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for neovascular glaucoma: a randomized controlled trial. J Glaucoma. 2009;18:632–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wolf A, von Jagow B, Ulbig M, Haritoglou C. Intracameral injection of bevacizumab for the treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Ophthalmologica. 2011;226:51–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ha JY, Lee TH, Sung MS, Park SW. Efficacy and safety of intracameral bevacizumab for treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2017;31(6):538–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Allingham R, et al. Pigmentary glaucomas and other glaucomas associated with disorders of the iris and ciliary body. In: Shield’s textbook of glaucoma. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 303–17.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Michelessi M, Lindsley K. Peripheral iridotomy for pigmentary glaucoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2:CD005655.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Anderson MG, Smith RS, Hawes NL, et al. Mutations in genes encoding melanosomal proteins cause pigmentary glaucoma in DBA/2J mice. Nat Genet. 2002;30:81–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Haynes WL, Johnson AT, Alward WL. Inhibition of exercise-induced pigment dispersion in a patient with the pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;109(5):601–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Tarkkanen A. Exfoliation syndrome: a historical perspective. J Glaucoma. 2018;27:S1–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Miglior S, Bertuzzi F. Exfoliative glaucoma: new evidence in the pathogenesis and treatment. Prog Brain Res. 2015;221:233–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Hammer CM, Krysta AW, et al. LOXL1 deficiency in the lamina cribrosa as candidate susceptibility factor for a pseudoexfoliation-specific risk of glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(9):1832–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Naumann GO. Ocular and systemic pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141:921–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Michalik A, Kaufman P. Medical management of glaucoma in exfoliation syndrome. J Glaucoma. 2018;27:S87–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Foreman-Larkin J, Netland PA, Salim S. Clinical management of malignant glaucoma. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:283707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Simmons J. Malignant glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972;56:263–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Ruben S, Tsai J, Hitchings R. Malignant glaucoma and its management. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81:163–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Boger WP. Short-term “escape” and long-term “drift”. The dissipation effects of the beta adrenergic blocking agents. Surv Ophthalmol. 1983;28(Suppl):235–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Gandolfi SA. Restoring sensitivity to timolol after long-term drift in primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990;31:354–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bron AM, Denis P, Nordmann JP, et al. Additive IOP-reducing effect of latanoprost in patients insufficiently controlled on timolol. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2001;79(3):289–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Germano RA, Susanna R, De Moraes CG, et al. Effect of switching from latanoprost to bimatoprost in primary open-angle glaucoma patients who experienced intraocular pressure elevation during treatment. J Glaucoma. 2016;25(4):e359–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Leung EW, Medeiros FA, Weinreb RN. Prevalence of ocular surface disease in glaucoma patients. J Glaucoma. 2008;17(5):350–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Stewart WC, Stewart JA, Nelson LA. Ocular surface disease in patients with ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Curr Eye Res. 2011;36(5):391–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Holló G, Katsanos A, Boboridis KG, Irkec M, Konstas AGP. Preservative-free prostaglandin analogs and prostaglandin/timolol fixed combinations in the treatment of glaucoma: efficacy, safety and potential advantages. Drugs. 2017;78(1):39–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-017-0843-9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ammar DA, Noecker RJ, Kahook MY. Effects of benzalkonium chloride-preserved, polyquad-preserved, and sofZia-preserved topical glaucoma medications on human ocular epithelial cells. Adv Ther. 2010;27:837–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rouland J-F, Traverso CE, Stalmans I, Fekih LE, Delval L, Renault D, et al. Efficacy and safety of preservative-free latanoprost eyed drops, compared with BAK-preserved latanoprost in patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97:196–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Shedden A, Adamsons IA, Getson AJ, Laurence JK, Lines CR, Hewitt DJ, Ho TW. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of preservative-free and preservative-containing formulations of the dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination (COSOPTTM) in patients with elevated intraocular pressure in a randomized clinical trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248:1757–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Batra R, Tailor R, Mohamed S. Ocular surface disease exacerbated glaucoma: optimizing the ocular surface improves intraocular pressure control. J Glaucoma. 2014;23(1):56–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Meda R, Wang Q, Paoloni D, et al. The impact of chronic use of prostaglandin analogues on the biomechanical properties of the cornea in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101:120–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Wu N, Chen Y, Yu X, Li M, Wen W, Sun X. Changes in corneal biomechanical properties after long-term topical prostaglandin therapy. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0155527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Whitson JT, Roarty JD, Vijayal L, et al. Efficacy of brinzolamide and levobetaxolol in pediatric glaucomas: a randomized clinical trial. J AAPOS. 2008;12:239–46 e3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Futagi Y, Otani K, Abe J. Growth suppression in children receiving acetazolamide with antiepileptic drugs. Pediatr Neurol. 1996;15:323–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Passo MS, Palmer EA, Van Buskirk EM. Plasma timolol in glaucoma patients. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:1361–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Enyedi LB, Freedman SF. Latanoprost for the treatment of pediatric glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002;47(Suppl1):S129–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Enyedi L, Freedman S. Safety and efficacy of brimonidine in children with glaucoma. J AAPOS. 2001;5:281.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Salim S. Glaucoma in pregnancy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2014;25:93–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Razeghinejad MR, Tania Tai TY, Fudemberg SJ, Katz LJ. Pregnancy and glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 2011;56:324–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. European Glaucoma Society. Terminology and guidelines for glaucoma. 4th ed. Mainz: European Glaucoma Society; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  54. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern. 3rd ed. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  55. McMahon CD, Shaffer RN, Hoskins HD, Hetherington J. Adverse effects experienced by patients taking timolol. Am J Ophthalmol. 1979;88:736–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Schweitzer I, Maguire K, Tuckwell V. Antiglaucoma medication and clinical depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2001;35:569–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Bright R, Everitt D. Beta-blockers and depression. Evidence against an association. JAMA. 1992;267(13):1783–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lachkar Y, Bouassida W. Drug-induced acute angle closure glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007;18:129–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Kadoi C, Hayasaka S, Tsukamoto E, et al. Bilateral angle closure glaucoma and visual loss precipitated by antidepressant and antianxiety agents in a patient with depression. Ophthalmologica. 2000;214(5):360–1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Yochim BP, Mueller AE, Kane KD, et al. Prevalence of cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety symptoms among older adults with glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2012;21:250–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Xueli Chen & Yi Dai

  2. NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China

    Xueli Chen & Yi Dai

  3. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China

    Xueli Chen & Yi Dai

Authors
  1. Xueli Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yi Dai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yi Dai .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Xinghuai Sun

  2. Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Yi Dai

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Chen, X., Dai, Y. (2019). Clinical Practice Considerations. In: Sun, X., Dai, Y. (eds) Medical Treatment of Glaucoma. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2733-9_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2733-9_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2732-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2733-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation