Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Contemporary Bali pp 61–96Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Crisis and Reorganisation of Space

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 220 Accesses

Abstract

Many scholars of Bali Studies have observed that Bali is reaching its tipping point and is on the verge of ‘self-destruction’. The ways in which this socio-ecological crisis is conceived and responded are dominantly based on three approaches: the rational-choice approach, the conservative approach, and the institutional approach. One notorious strategy for addressing the crisis by utilising those three approaches is the reorganisation of spatial configuration by enacting a spatial planning regulation. In the regulation, areas that are considered vital to the interests of the provincial government situated within district territories are designated as ‘provincial strategic areas’. Three among those designated provincial strategic areas—Uluwatu Temple, Jatiluwih, and Benoa Bay—are the locations of the three case studies explored in this book. Each of these cases iconically represents important spatial governance issues affecting the environment, culture, and socio-economic viability of local communities in Bali.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Preceding the 2013 gubernatorial election, the Bali Post group switched its support from Governor Mangku Pastika who wanted to run the office for his second term to support Puspayoga, the vice-governor, running of the governor position.

  2. 2.

    East Kalimantan, one of the richest provinces in terms of oil and gas resources, in 2014, for instance, received revenue sharing fund (DBH) around US$553 million (Katadata, 22/01/2015).

  3. 3.

    Many farming households that were unable to cope with those threats decided to transmigrate to the outer islands of Indonesia, such as Sulawesi. However, in the new place, they also faced many challenges and conflicts over property rights, including over water irrigation (see Roth 2009).

  4. 4.

    Lucas and Warren (2013, 2) observe that agrarian policy and conflicts across Indonesia “embody powerful tensions between elites and popular forces, between regional interests and central government, and between Indonesian national and transnational capital”.

  5. 5.

    At this stage, construction has been done on 25.88 hectares out of an 83-hectare total concession and around 2 hectares of a 20.3-hectare concession granted by the Ministry of Forestry (Kompas, 15/12/2011; interview with Ketut Artina, Secretary of Catur Desa Dalem Tamblingan, on 16 February 2014). However, until recently, both projects have not operated effectively and could not expand their concessions due to protests from local adat communities and NGO activists (see Mongabay, 14/05/2012; Kompas, 11/05/2012; Strauss 2015).

  6. 6.

    Panundiana Khun, the Chairman of the Bali Chapter of the Indonesian Entrepreneurs Association (Apindo), for example, sees agriculture as no longer feasible in Bali, and suggests that Balinese farmers join transmigration programs to other islands where sufficient plots of agricultural land are available (Berita Bali , 15/02/2011).

  7. 7.

    For more details, see http://www.balidiscovery.com/messages/message.asp?Id=6762; http://www.balidiscovery.com/messages/message.asp?Id=6772. One response to his statement was published by the author of this paper in Berita Bali (02/2011).

  8. 8.

    Interview with Made Buana, the former Bendesa of Desa Pakraman Jatiluwih, on 7 November 2013.

  9. 9.

    In Tabanan District, an increase of 1000% in the land tax triggered a mass demonstration in 2007 (see Liputan 6 News, 05/10/2007). In Anturan Village, Buleleng, villagers also protested the increase in land tax by up to 500% (Berita Bali , 07/08/2007). Similar complaints also occurred in Legian, Kutuh, and Kuta (Badung District), and some parts of Gianyar and Klungkung Districts (Merdeka, 06/06/2014). The increase in land tax was a consequence of changing zonation of rural areas (kawasan perdesaan) to the classification of urban areas (kawasan perkotaan) in the spatial planning regime.

  10. 10.

    For further discussion on the connection between the spatial planning system and neoliberalism in Indonesia, see Hudallah and Woltjer (2007).

  11. 11.

    The Uluwatu Temple is one of the holiest temples for Balinese Hindus. Tourism development has been growing rapidly surrounding the temple as well as taking place within the temple’s sacred boundaries. This case is discussed further in Chap. 4.

  12. 12.

    Bukit Mimba is located in Karangasem District, in which in the 2005 Provincial Spatial Planning was designated as a protected area due to its geographical condition. However, the District Government of Karangasem issued permits for developing at least two hotel development projects ( Bali Post, 10/10/08).

  13. 13.

    The access to Kelating Beach was blocked by luxury villas and hotel complexes in the coastal lines. It was reported that the project was located within a 100-metre coastal setback zone that is supposed to be empty of buildings (Berita Bumi, 27/08/2008).

  14. 14.

    An eco-tourism site and its luxury facilities were planned to be built in the middle of Dasong Forest that surrounds the lakes Buyan and Tamblingan, Buleleng District. Dasong Forest is the buffer zone of the preserved areas of Batukaru.

  15. 15.

    See the Bali Post, 11/2/2009, for the public scepticism on the idea of having a revision of the regulation advocated by the governor.

  16. 16.

    Tourism accommodation was not built on a converted agricultural land, but also in the riverbanks and even cliffs for the sake of exotic views. This was the reason when the team proposed to tighten the sanctions for the development in riverbanks and cliff, the representative of tourism industry refused to consider such a proposal. In Bali, there is local wisdom that a building should not be taller than a coconut tree (equated to 15 metres).

  17. 17.

    Article 150 of Perda 16/2009 stipulates that “after this provincial government regulation putting into force, every use of space that does not correspond to the spatial planning shall be adjusted (disesuaikan) through an adjustment process”. The word ‘adjusted’ (‘disesuaikan’) is interpreted as the demolishing of buildings built without a valid building permission prior to the regulation.

  18. 18.

    Article 148 of Perda 16/2009 stipulates that “(1) Every government official who has an authority to issue permit that is not in correspond to the spatial planning … shall be punished by imprisonment according to the law; (2) Besides imprisonment … the wrongdoer may also be given an additional punishment of impeachment without honour from his/her position.”

  19. 19.

    The local concept of prohibiting buildings higher than a coconut tree (quantified by 15 metres) was adopted as an environmental consideration appropriate to a Balinese model of development.

  20. 20.

    One would argue that more high-rise buildings means less private swimming pools, for instance, with positive effects on water-resource pressures. However, the argument seems to be misleading to some extent. First, private swimming pools are common in villa-type accommodations or real-estate, which is arguably irrelevant in the context of regulating the height of buildings. With or without such regulation, villas and real-estate development will continue to expand, since they have a specific market, namely, expatriates and wealthy elites. Second, deregulation on the height of buildings, particularly for hotels, does not necessarily guarantee preventing the hotels from presenting swimming pools as one of their basic facilities for tourists. Besides swimming pools, the hotels, in generating more profits, would also build as many rooms as they want to, and there would be a bathtub in every single room. Therefore, it would exert more pressure on water as well as electricity.

References

Books and Article

  • Allmendinger, Philip, and Mark Tewdwr-Jones. 2006. Territory, Identity and Spatial Planning. In Territory, Identity and Spatial Planning: Spatial Governance in a Fragmented Nation, ed. M. Tewdwr-Jones and P. Allmendinger, 3–21. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apriando, Tommy. 2014. Jerinx SID: Pembangunan Yang Benar Tidak Melukai Struktur Sosial & Ekologi Bali. Mongabay, April 11. http://www.mongabay.co.id/2014/04/11/jerinx-sid-pembangunan-yang-benar-tidak-melukai-struktur-sosial-ekologi-bali/.

  • Arida, Sukma. 2008. Krisis Lingkungan Bali dan Peluang Ekowisata. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Sosial 1 (2): 118–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arya Utama, I Made, and I Ketut Sudiarta. 2011. Kajian Normatif terhadap Efektifitas Perda Bali No. 16 Tahun 2009 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Provinsi Bali Tahun 2009–2029 serta Strategi Implementasinya. Paper presented at the National Seminar on Developing Bali in the Frame of Spatial Planning for Bali, Udayana University, Denpasar, 6 May 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atmadja, Bawa. 2010a. Ajeg Bali: Gerakan, Identitas Kultural dan Globalisasi. Yogyakarta: LKis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atmadja, Bawa. 2010b. Genealogi Keruntuhan Majapahit: Islamisasi, Toleransi dan Pemertahanan Agama Hindu di Bali. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, Raoul. 2009. The ‘Cultural Turn’ in Tourism Studies: A Radical Critique. Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place, and Environment 11 (4): 485–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birkelbach, Aubrey. 1973. The Subak Association. Indonesia 16: 153–169. https://doi.org/10.2307/3350651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) Badung. 1996. Kecamatan Kuta Selatan Dalam Angka 1996. Badung: BPS Badung.

    Google Scholar 

  • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) Badung. 2002. Kecamatan Kuta Selatan Dalam Angka 2002. Badung: BPS Badung.

    Google Scholar 

  • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) Badung. 2010. Kecamatan Kuta Selatan Dalam Angka 2010. Badung: BPS Badung.

    Google Scholar 

  • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) Badung. 2013. Kecamatan Kuta Selatan Dalam Angka 2013. Badung: BPS Badung.

    Google Scholar 

  • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) Bali. 1997. Bali Dalam Angka 1997. Denpasar: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali.

    Google Scholar 

  • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) Bali. 2001. Bali Dalam Angka 2001. Denpasar: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali.

    Google Scholar 

  • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) Bali. 2003. Bali Dalam Angka 2003. Denpasar: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali.

    Google Scholar 

  • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) Bali. 2005. Bali Dalam Angka 2005. Denpasar: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali.

    Google Scholar 

  • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) Bali. 2011. Bali Dalam Angka 2011. Denpasar: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali.

    Google Scholar 

  • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) Bali. 2013. Bali Dalam Angka 2013. Denpasar: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali.

    Google Scholar 

  • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) Bali. 2014a. Bali Dalam Angka 2014. Denpasar: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali.

    Google Scholar 

  • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) Bali. 2014b. Luas Lahan Menurut Penggunaannya di Provinsi Bali 2013. Denpasar: BPS Provinsi Bali.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butt, Simon, and Nicholas Parsons. 2014. Judicial Review and the Supreme Court in Indonesia: A New Space for Law. Indonesia 97: 55–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassrels, Deborah. 2014. Bali Crime Wave Leaves Expats Bruised and Wary. The Australian, May 16. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/bali-crime-wave-leaves-expats-bruised-and-wary/story-e6frg6nf-1226919371507.

  • Cole, Stroma. 2012. A Political Ecology of Water Equity and Tourism: A Case Study from Bali. Annals of Tourism Research 39: 1221–1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.01.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, Stroma, and Mia Browne. 2015. Tourism and Water Inequity in Bali: A Social-Ecological Systems Analysis. Human Ecology 43: 439–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-015-9739-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dharma Putra, Ketut Gede. 2009. Pencemaran Lingkungan Hidup di Kawasan Teluk Benoa Bali: Perspektif Kajian Budaya. PhD diss., Udayana University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erawan, Nyoman. 1994. Pariwisata dan Pembangunan Ekonomi: Bali Sebagai Studi Kasus. Denpasar: Upada Sastra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagertun, Anette. 2017a. Labour in Paradise: Gender, Class and Social Mobility in the Informal Tourism Economy of Urban Bali, Indonesia. The Journal of Development Studies 53 (3): 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1184248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farid, Hilmar. 2005. Indonesia’s Original Sin: Mass Killings and Capitalist Expansion, 1965–1966. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 6 (1): 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1462394042000326879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, Robert. 2011. Sustaining Tourism, Sustaining Capitalism? The Tourism Industry’s Role in Global Capitalist Expansion. Tourism Geographies 13 (3): 443–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, Karyn M. 2012. Resilience in Action: Adaptive Governance for Subak, Rice Terrace, and Water Temples in Bali, Indonesia. University of Arizona Repository. http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/handle/10150/242455.

  • Gerard, Kelly. 2014. ASEAN’s Engagement of Civil Society: Regulating Dissent. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hadiz, Vedi R. 2014. The Organizational Vehicles of Islamic Political Dissent: Social Bases, Genealogies and Strategies. In Between Dissent and Power: The Transformation of Islamic Politics in the Middle East and Asia, ed. Khoo Boo Teik, Vedi Hadiz, and Yoshihiro Nakanishi, 42–65. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadiz, Vedi R., and Richard Robison. 2012. Political Economy and Islamic Politics: Insights from Indonesian Case. New Political Economy 17 (2): 137–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, David. 2003. The New Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heryanto, Ariel, and Vedi R. Hadiz. 2005. Post-Authoritarian Indonesia: A Comparative Southeast Asian Perspective. Critical Asian Studies 37 (2): 251–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, Leo. 2005. The Changing World of Bali: Religion, Society and Tourism. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudallah, Delik, and Johan Woltjer. 2007. Spatial Planning System in Transitional Indonesia. International Planning Studies 12 (8): 291–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563470701640176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Indonesia. Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs (CMEA). 2011. Master Plan Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development 2011–2025. Jakarta: Republic of Indonesia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Indonesia. Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MCT). 2011. Nomination for Inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List: Cultural Landscape of Bali Province. Dossier Submitted to the Secretariat of World Heritage Committee, UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessop, Bob. 2004. Spatial Fixes, Temporal Fixes, and Spatio-Temporal Fixes. Published by the Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YL, UK. http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/papers/jessop-spatio-temporal-fixes.pdf.

  • Kurnianingsih, Atiek. n.d. Ketika 5000 Ha Lahan Sawah Bersaing Air dengan 4000 Kamar Hotel Berbintang. http://wisnu.or.id/v2/ID/pdf/5000Ha%20Sawah_4000%20Kamar.pdf.

  • Lansing, Steve J. 2007 [1991]. Priests and Programmers: Technologies of Power in the Engineered Landscape of Bali. 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lees, Susan H. 2001. Kicking Off the Kaiko: Instability, Opportunism, and Crisis in Ecological Anthropology. In Ecology and the Sacred: Engaging the Anthropology of Roy A. Rappaport, ed. E. Messer and M. Lambek, 49–63. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, Henri. 1991. Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, Jeff, and Belinda Lewis. 2009. Bali’s Silent Crisis: Desire, Tragedy, and Transition. Lanham and Plymouth: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzen, Rachel, and Stephan Lorenzen. 2005. A Case Study of Balinese Irrigation Management: Institutional Dynamics and Challenges. Paper presented at the 2nd Southeast Asian Water Forum, Bali, Indonesia, 29 August–3 September 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, Anton, and Carol Warren, eds. 2013. Land for the People: The State and Agrarian Conflict in Indonesia. Athens: Ohio University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacRae, Graeme. 2003. The Value of Land in Bali: Land Tenure, Land Reform and Commodification. In Inequality, Crisis and Social Change in Indonesia: The Muted Worlds of Bali, ed. T. Reuter, 145–167. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacRae, Graeme. 2005. Negara Ubud: The Theatre-State in Twenty-First-Century Bali. History and Anthropology 16 (4): 393–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757200500344616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacRae, Graeme. 2010. If Indonesia Is Too Hard to Understand, Let’s Start with Bali. Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities 3: 11–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacRae, Graeme, and I.W. Alit Arthawiguna. 2011. Sustainable Agricultural Development in Bali: Is the Subak an Obstacle, an Agent or Subject? Human Ecology 39 (1): 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-011-9386-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, Andrew. 2011. Holidays in Hell: Bali’s Ongoing Woes. Time, April 9. http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2062604,00.html.

  • McCarthy, John. 1994. Are Sweet Dreams Made of This? Tourism in Bali and Eastern Indonesia. Northcote, Australia: Indonesia Resources and Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliphant, Roland. 2017. Bali Declares Rubbish Emergency as Rising Tide of Plastic Buries Beaches. The Telegraph, December 26. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/28/bali-declares-rubbish-emergency-rising-tide-plastic-buries-beaches/. Accessed 30 Dec 2017.

  • Pansus Otonomi Khusus (Otsus) Bali. 2007. Talenta Bali Menuju Otonomi Khusus. Denpasar: Bali Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Picard, Michael. 1996. Bali: Cultural Tourism and Touristic Culture. Trans. Diana Darling. Singapore: Archipelago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitana, I Gde, and I.G. Setiawan Adi Putra. 2013. Pariwisata Sebagai Wahana Pelestarian Subak dan Budaya Subak sebagai Modal Dasar Dalam Pariwisata. Paper presented at Bali Culture Congress Pengantar Budaya Subak sebagai Warisan Budaya Dunia, Denpasar, 24–25 September 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasiasa, Dewa. 2010. Pengembangan Pariwisata dan Keterlibatan Masyarakat di Desa Wisata Jatiluwih Kabupaten Tabanan. PhD diss., Udayana University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pusat Pengendalian Pembangunan Ekoregion (PPPE) Bali & Nusa Tenggara. 2015. Buku Saku Data Kehutanan Provinsi Bali. Denpasar: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramstedt, Martin. 2009. Regional Autonomy and Its Discontents: The Case of Post-New Order Bali. In Decentralization and Regional Autonomy in Indonesia: Implementation and Challenges, ed. C. Holtzappel and M. Ramstedt, 329–379. Leiden and Singapore: IIAS and ISEAS Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ramstedt, Martin. 2013. Religion and Disputes in Bali’s New Village Jurisdiction. In Religion in Disputes: Pervasiveness of Religious Normativity in Disputing Processes, ed. F. von Benda-Beckmann, K. von Benda-Beckmann, M. Ramstedt, and B. Turner, 111–128. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reuter, Thomas, ed. 2003. Inequality, Crisis and Social Change in Indonesia: The Muted Worlds of Bali. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, Geoffrey. 1995. The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robison, Richard. 2014. Political Economy and the Explanation of the Islamic Politics in the Contemporary World. In Between Dissent and Power: The Transformation of Islamic Politics in the Middle East and Asia, ed. Khoo Boo Teik, Vedi Hadiz, and Yoshihiro Nakanishi, 19–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodan, Garry, Kevin Hewison, and Richard Robison. 2006. Theorising Markets in Southeast Asia: Power and Contestation. In The Political Economy of Southeast Asia: Markets, Power and Contestation, ed. G. Rodan, K. Hewison, and R. Robison, 1–38. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, Dik. 2009. Property and Authority in a Migrant Society: Balinese Irrigators in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Development and Change 40 (1): 195–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01511.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sage, Caroline, and Michael Woolcock. 2005. Breaking Legal Inequality Traps: New Approaches to Building Justice System for the Poor in Developing Countries. Paper presented at the World Bank Conference, New Frontiers of Social Policy: Developing in a Globalizing World, Arusha, Tanzania, December 12–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulte Nordholt, Henk. 2000. Localizing Modernity in Colonial Bali During the 1930s. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 31 (1): 101–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte Nordholt, Henk. 2000. Localizing Modernity in Colonial Bali During the . 2007. Bali, An Open Fortress 1995–2005: Regional Autonomy, Electoral Democracy and Entrenched Identities. Singapore: NUS University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiertz, H.L. 2000. Water Rights and Legal Pluralism: Some Basic of a Legal Anthropological Approach. In Negotiating Water Rights, ed. B.R. Bruns and R.S. Meinzen-Dick, 162–199. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, Sophie. 2015. Alliances Across Ideologies: Networking with NGOs in a Tourism Dispute in Northern Bali. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 16 (2): 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2014.1001996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suartika, G.A.M. 2005. Vanishing Paradise: Planning and Conflict in Bali. PhD diss., University of New South Wales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudhiatmika, I Dewa Nyoman Ketha. 2010. Orang Bali Yang Lain: Proses Saling Me-‘Liyan’-kan Antara Orang Nusa Penida dan Bali Daratan. Master Thesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suharyo. 2011. Laporan Penelitian tentang Pembentukan Otonomi Khusus di Bali dan Pengaruhnya Bagi Keutuhan NKRI. Jakarta: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Kementerian Hukum dan HAM RI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunarta, I Nyoman, and Abd Rahman As-syakur. 2015. Study on the Development of Water Crisis in Bali Island in 2009 and 2013. E-Journal of Tourism Udayana University 2 (1): 45–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunarta, N., M.S. Mahendra, A.A.S. Wiranatha, and S.A. Paturusi. 2015. Study of Land-Use Change on Tourism Area Using High Spatial Resolution of Remote Sensing Imagery. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research 8 (1): 17–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutawan, Nyoman. 2001. Eksistensi Subak di Bali: Mampukah Bertahan Menghadapi Berbagai Tantangan. SOCA: Socio-Economic of Agriculture and Agribusiness 1 (2): 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trisnawati, H. n.d. Dampak Perkembangan Infrastruktur Pariwisata terhadap Konflik Air di Kabupaten Badung dan Tabanan. E-Journal UNUD. http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jip/article/view/3671/2699.

  • van Klinken, Gerry. 2007. Return of the Sultans: The Communitarian Turn in Local Politics. In The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism, ed. J. Davidson and D. Henley, 149–169. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickers, Adrian. 2012. Bali: A Paradise Created. 2nd ed. Tokyo, Vermont and Singapore: Tuttle Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardana, Agung. 2013. Melihat Kembali Merosotnya Wacana ‘Ajeg Bali’. Journal of Bali Studies 3 (2): 211–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardana, Agung. 2014b. Alliances and Contestations in the Legal Production of Space: The Case of Bali. Asian Journal of Comparative Law 9: 145–171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2194607800000958.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wardana, Agung. 2015. Debating Spatial Governance in the Pluralistic Institutional and Legal Setting of Bali. Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 16 (2): 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2014.997276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, Carol. 2007. Adat in Balinese Discourse and Practice: Locating Citizenship and the Commonweal. In The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism, ed. J. Davidson and D. Henley, 170–202. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, Carol. 2009. Off the Market? Elusive Links in Community-Based Sustainable Development Initiatives in Bali. In Community, Environment and Local Governance in Indonesia: Locating the Commonweal, ed. C. Warren and J. McCarthy, 197–226. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, Carol. 2012. Risk and the Sacred: Environment, Media and Public Opinion in Bali. Oceania 82: 294–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.2012.tb00135.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Windia, Wayan. 2015. Bali ‘Tong Sampah’ Kejahatan. Majalah Bali Post, Edisi 26 Juni–5 Juli.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita, Shinji. 2003. Bali and Beyond: Exploration in the Anthropology of Tourism. Trans. J.S. Eades. New York: Berhahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Agung Wardana

Authors
  1. Agung Wardana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Wardana, A. (2019). Crisis and Reorganisation of Space. In: Contemporary Bali. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2478-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2478-9_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2477-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2478-9

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation