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Physiological, Biochemical Changes, and Phytotoxicity Remediation in Agricultural Plant Species Cultivated in Soils Contaminated with Copper and Zinc

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Plants Under Metal and Metalloid Stress

Abstract

Most heavy metals are found naturally in the earth’s crust at concentrations that do not cause toxicity to living beings. However, since the industrial revolution, heavy metal pollution has increased substantially due to increasing mining activities, industrial effluent disposal, use of pesticides and fertilizers, use of fossil fuels, among others. Heavy metals undergo various precipitation/dissolution, adsorption/desorption and oxidation reactions that govern the partitioning of elements in the solid phase or soil solution, influencing bioavailability for living beings. The availability of metals in the soil solution depends on factors such as pH, organic matter, metals and anions concentration, soil texture, presence of correctives and fertilizers, moisture, redox potential and the presence of mycorrhizae. In the soil solution, heavy metals absorption is mediated by specialized transporters coupled to carrier proteins present in the plasma membrane of the root cells, being translocated and accumulated in their organs, causing physiological changes that culminate with phytotoxicity. Despite this, plants present several mechanisms to avoid the absorption of toxic elements and enter metabolic mechanisms of tolerance. The response of plants to heavy metal toxicity involves structural, physiological and biochemical changes depending on the type and concentration of the element and the time of exposure. When considering physiological actions, there are a number of factors to consider. Among them mechanisms of absorption, transport and accumulation of elements in plant tissues, the primary mechanisms of toxicity at the molecular, cellular and sub-cellular level, secondary mechanisms of interference with functional processes of plants, and the mechanisms of homeostatic response that, in some cases, lead to mechanisms of tolerance against heavy metals. In addition, microbial root symbioses such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia can attenuate the phytotoxicity of excess metals in the soil. Thus, in this chapter, with no intention of exhausting the topics discussed, general aspects of the behavior of heavy metals in the soil, the factors that affect the absorption and transport of those elements in the plants, and the mechanisms of tolerance involved that can contribute to the remediation of contaminated soils will be discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira, Tadeu Luis Tiecher, Felipe Klein Ricachenevsky & Gustavo Brunetto

  2. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil

    Cledimar Rogerio Lourenzi, Admir José Giachini & Cláudio Roberto Fonsêca Sousa Soares

  3. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Tales Tiecher

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  1. Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira
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  1. Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

  2. Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Kamrun Nahar

  3. Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan

    Masayuki Fujita

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Ferreira, P.A.A. et al. (2018). Physiological, Biochemical Changes, and Phytotoxicity Remediation in Agricultural Plant Species Cultivated in Soils Contaminated with Copper and Zinc. In: Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Fujita, M. (eds) Plants Under Metal and Metalloid Stress. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2242-6_2

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