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Plants Under Metal and Metalloid Stress pp 367–400Cite as

Role of Phytohormones in Enhancing Antioxidant Defense in Plants Exposed to Metal/Metalloid Toxicity

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Abstract

A number of factors adversely affect the plant health and, ultimately, the agricultural yield. Various abiotic stress factors including temperature variation, flooding, salinity, drought, nutrient depletion and environmental toxicities cause significant losses annually. Among these, metal and metalloid toxicity results in physiological, morphological and metabolic alteration in plant body. Mediated through various mechanisms, these ions result in early cell death. The oxidative stress, owing to the production of various reactive oxygen species is the most important contributing agent. Phytohormones produced by plants help to counteract the effects of these stress factors. Through a number of enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways, they regulate the antioxidant pathways in the plant body. The study of these phytohormones can help in developing an understanding of the metabolic processes and can help in providing important checkpoints for employing interventional strategies to enhance the antioxidant potential of metal-stressed plants. This chapter summarizes the role of various phytohormones in the antioxidant response to metal stress. Moreover, various mechanisms that are employed by the plants to enhance their antioxidant potential have been discussed. Towards the end, the regulation of phytohormone-mediated antioxidation has been provided.

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Abbreviations

2,4-D:

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

24-EpiBL:

24-epibrassinolide

28-HomoBL:

28-homobrassinolide

2-CEPA:

2-chlorethylphosphonic acid

ABA:

Abscisic acid

ABC:

ATP binding cassette

ACC:

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

ACO:

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase

ADC:

Arginine decarboxylase

AFB:

Auxin signaling F-box

Al:

Aluminum

APOX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

Ar:

Arsenic

ASA/ASC:

Ascorbic acid

AtHSD gene:

Arabidopsis thaliana hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene

AUX1:

Auxin resistant 1

B:

Boron

BR:

Brassinosteroids

CaCA:

Ca2+/cation antiporter

CAT:

Catalase

Cd:

Cadmium

CDF:

Cation diffusion facilitator

CDPK:

Calcium-dependent protein kinase

CK:

Cytokinin

Cr:

Chromium

CTR:

Copper transporters family

Cu:

Copper

DHA:

Dehydro ascorbic acid

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate reductase

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EIN2:

Ethylene insensitive 2

ERFs:

Ethylene response factors

ET:

Ethylene

FAD:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Fe:

Iron

GA:

Gibberellins

GH3:

Glycoside hydrolase

GOPX:

Guaiacol peroxidase

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Glutathione

GSSG:

Glutathione disulfide

GST:

Glutathione-S-transferase

Hg:

Mercury

His:

Histidine

HMA:

Heavy metal ATPase

HSPs:

Heat shock proteins

IAA:

Indole-3-acetic acid

IBA:

Indole butyric acid

Irt:

Iron regulated transporter

JA:

Jasmonic acid

LEA:

Late embryogenesis abundant

LPO:

Lipid peroxidation

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MDHA:

Monodehydro ascorbate

MDHAR:

Monodehydroascorbate reductase

MeJA:

Methyl jasmonate

Mn:

Manganese

MT:

Metallothioneins

NAA:

Naphthalene acetic acid

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Ni:

Nickel

NO:

Nitric oxide

NRAMP:

Natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins

ODC:

Ornithine decarboxylase

OsGSK1:

Oryza sativa glycogen synthase kinase3-like gene 1

PA:

Polyamines

Pb:

Lead

PC:

Phytochelatin

PEPC:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

PEX:

Peroxisome

PGPR:

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

PIN:

Pin-formed

PS-II:

Photo system 2

Put:

Putrescine

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RuBisCO:

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

SA:

Salicylic acid

SAMDC:

S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase

SAPs:

Stress associated proteins

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

Spd:

Spermidine

SPDS:

Spermidine synthase

Spm:

Spermine

Th:

Thallium

TIR1:

Transport inhibitor response 1

Tpx1:

Thioredoxin peroxidase

ZIP:

Zrt-and irt-like protein (ZIP)

Zn:

Zinc

Zrt:

Zinc-regulated transporter

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Duaa Ahmad Khan, Zeeshan Ali, Sahar Iftikhar & Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar

  2. National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Deeba Amraiz

  3. Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Najam-us-Sahar Sadaf Zaidi & Alvina Gul

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  1. Duaa Ahmad Khan
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  1. Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

  2. Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Kamrun Nahar

  3. Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan

    Masayuki Fujita

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Khan, D.A. et al. (2018). Role of Phytohormones in Enhancing Antioxidant Defense in Plants Exposed to Metal/Metalloid Toxicity. In: Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Fujita, M. (eds) Plants Under Metal and Metalloid Stress. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2242-6_14

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