Skip to main content

Anatomy and Physiology of optic nerve head

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Intraocular and Intracranial Pressure Gradient in Glaucoma

Part of the book series: Advances in Visual Science and Eye Diseases ((AVSED,volume 1))

  • 559 Accesses

Abstract

The optic nerve is a unique structure as it is only surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid in the nervous system (Fig. 8.1). The functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) include nutrition supply, strength to intraocular pressure, taking away metabolic waste, etc. However, the functions and mechanism are not clear yet.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Gupta MP, Herzlich AA, Sauer T, et al. Retinal anatomy and pathology. Dev Ophthalmol. 2016;55:7–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Wang L, Dong J, Cull G, et al. Varicosities of intraretinal ganglion cell axons in human and nonhuman primates. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(1):2–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Davis CH, Kim KY, Bushong EA, et al. Transcellular degradation of axonal mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(26):9633–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hayakawa K, Esposito E, Wang X, et al. Transfer of mitochondria from astrocytes to neurons after stroke. Nature. 2016;535(7613):551–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Altshuler D, Lo Turco JJ, Rush J, et al. Taurine promotes the differentiation of a vertebrate retinal cell type in vitro. Development. 1993;119(4):1317–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Vecino E, Rodriguez FD, Ruzafa N, et al. Glia-neuron interactions in the mammalian retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2016;51:1–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Schneider M, Fuchshofer R. The role of astrocytes in optic nerve head fibrosis in glaucoma. Exp Eye Res. 2016;142:49–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Dai C, Khaw PT, Yin ZQ, et al. Structural basis of glaucoma: the fortified astrocytes of the optic nerve head are the target of raised intraocular pressure. Glia. 2012;60(1):13–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Dai Y, Sun X, Yu X, et al. Astrocytic responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus of monkeys with experimental glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol. 2012;15(1):23–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Howell GR, Libby RT, Jakobs TC, et al. Axons of retinal ganglion cells are insulted in the optic nerve early in DBA/2J glaucoma. J Cell Biol. 2007;179(7):1523–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Li Y, Li D, Ying X, et al. An energy theory of glaucoma. Glia. 2015;63(9):1537–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ren R, Wang N, Li B, et al. Lamina cribrosa and peripapillary sclera histomorphometry in normal and advanced glaucomatous Chinese eyes with various axial length. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(5):2175–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhang S, Wang H, Lu Q, et al. Detection of early neuron degeneration and accompanying glial responses in the visual pathway in a rat model of acute intraocular hypertension. Brain Res. 2009;1303:131–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ren R, Jonas JB, Tian G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma: a prospective study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(2):259–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ren R, Li B, Gao F, et al. Central corneal thickness, lamina cribrosa and peripapillary scleral histomorphometry in non-glaucomatous Chinese eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248(11):1579–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Liang YB, Friedman DS, Zhou Q, et al. Prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma in a rural adult Chinese population: the Handan eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(11):8250–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ren R, Wang N, Zhang X, et al. Trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference correlated with neuroretinal rim area in glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011;249(7):1057–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ren R, Zhang X, Wang N, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in ocular hypertension. Acta Ophthalmol. 2011;89(2):e142–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang Z, Wu S, Jonas JB, et al. Dynein, kinesin and morphological changes in optic nerve axons in a rat model with cerebrospinal fluid pressure reduction: the Beijing intracranial and intraocular pressure (iCOP) study. Acta Ophthalmol, 2016;94(3):266-275.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang Z, Liu D, Jonas JB, et al. Glaucoma and the role of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(11):6632.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang Z, Liu D, Jonas JB, et al. Axonal transport in the rat optic nerve following short-term reduction in cerebrospinal fluid pressure or elevation in intraocular pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(8):4257–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hou R, Zhang Z, Yang D, et al. Pressure balance and imbalance in the optic nerve chamber: the Beijing intracranial and intraocular pressure (iCOP) study. Sci China Life Sci. 2016;59(5):495–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ningli Wang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Li, X., Wang, N. (2019). Anatomy and Physiology of optic nerve head. In: Wang, N. (eds) Intraocular and Intracranial Pressure Gradient in Glaucoma. Advances in Visual Science and Eye Diseases, vol 1. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2137-5_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2137-5_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2136-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2137-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics