Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gastroesophageal Reflux Diseases and Lifestyle Factors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Alcoholic/Non-Alcoholic Digestive Diseases

  • 352 Accesses

Abstract

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common upper gastrointestinal disorder and has been increasing in the past two decades in Japan. Several studies showed significant associations between GERD and lifestyle factors. In this chapter, we focused on obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and late meals. We also discussed how these factors affect pathogenesis of GERD. We recommend modification of lifestyle factors associated with GERD as a basic therapeutic strategy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Fujiwara Y. Recent epidemiology of GERD in the Japanese population. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2017;114:1781–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Fujiwara Y, Arakawa T. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of GERD in the Japanese population. J Gastroenterol. 2009;44:518–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Iwakiri K, Kinoshita Y, Habu Y, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for gastroesophageal reflux disease 2015. J Gastroenterol. 2016;51:751–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kaltenbach T, Crockett S, Gerson LB. Are lifestyle measures effective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? An evidence-based approach. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:965–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kinoshita Y, Ashida K, Miwa H, et al. The impact of lifestyle modification on the health-related quality of life of patients with reflux esophagitis receiving treatment with a proton pump inhibitor. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1106–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. El-Serag H. Role of obesity in GORD-related disorders. Gut. 2008;57:281–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. El-Serag HB, Ergun GA, Pandolfino J, et al. Obesity increases oesophageal acid exposure. Gut. 2007;56:749–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Iwakiri K, Sugiura T, Hayashi Y, et al. Esophageal motility in Japanese patients with Barrett’s esophagus. J Gastroenterol. 2003;38:1036–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. El-Serag H. The association between obesity and GERD: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53:2307–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Corley DA, Kubo A. Body mass index and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2619–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hampel H, Abraham NS, El-Serag HB. Meta-analysis: obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:199–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kang MS, Park DI, Oh SY, et al. Abdominal obesity is an independent risk factor for erosive esophagitis in a Korean population. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:1656–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kato M, Watabe K, Hamasaki T, et al. Association of low serum adiponectin levels with erosive esophagitis in men: an analysis of 2405 subjects undergoing physical check-ups. J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:1361–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Corley DA, Kubo A, Zhao W. Abdominal obesity, ethnicity and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms. Gut. 2007;56:756–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Tilg H, Moschen AR. Visceral adipose tissue attacks beyond the liver: esophagogastric junction as a new target. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:1823–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Baron JH. Lean body mass, gastric acid, and peptic ulcer. Gut. 1969;10:637–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ness-Jensen E, Hveem K, El-Serag H, et al. Lifestyle intervention in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:175–82.e1–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Mathus-Vliegen LM, Tytgat GN. Twenty-four-hour pH measurements in morbid obesity: effects of massive overweight, weight loss and gastric distension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996;8:635–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mathus-Vliegen EM, Tygat GN. Gastro-oesophageal reflux in obese subjects: influence of overweight, weight loss and chronic gastric balloon distension. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2002;37:1246–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Mathus-Vliegen EM, van Weeren M, van Eerten PV. Los function and obesity: the impact of untreated obesity, weight loss, and chronic gastric balloon distension. Digestion. 2003;68:161–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jacobson BC, Somers SC, Fuchs CS, et al. Body-mass index and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in women. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2340–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ness-Jensen E, Lindam A, Lagergren J, et al. Weight loss and reduction in gastroesophageal reflux. A prospective population-based cohort study: the HUNT study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:376–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Watanabe S, Hojo M, Nagahara A. Metabolic syndrome and gastrointestinal diseases. J Gastroenterol. 2007;42:267–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Sogabe M, Okahisa T, Kimura T, et al. Influence of metabolic syndrome on upper gastrointestinal disease. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2016;9:191–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Moki F, Kusano M, Mizuide M, et al. Association between reflux oesophagitis and features of the metabolic syndrome in Japan. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:1069–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Niigaki M, Adachi K, Hirakawa K, et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in a health screening facility in Japan. J Gastroenterol. 2013;48:463–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Nishida T, Tsuji S, Tsujii M, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease related to diabetes: analysis of 241 cases with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19:258–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Kase H, Hattori Y, Sato N, et al. Symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in diabetes patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;79:e6–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kinekawa F, Kubo F, Matsuda K, et al. Relationship between esophageal dysfunction and neuropathy in diabetic patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:2026–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kinekawa F, Kubo F, Matsuda K, et al. Esophageal function worsens with long duration of diabetes. J Gastroenterol. 2008;43:338–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kinekawa F, Kubo F, Matsuda K, et al. Is the questionnaire for the assessment of gastroesophageal reflux useful for diabetic patients? Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40:1017–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Chow SL, Luzier AB, DiTusa L, et al. Acid-suppressive therapy use associated with antihypertensive agents. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;41:750–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Park JH, Park DI, Kim HJ, et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with erosive esophagitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:5442–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Matsuzaki J, Suzuki H, Kobayakawa M, et al. Association of visceral fat area, smoking, and alcohol consumption with reflux esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus in Japan. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0133865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Watanabe Y, Fujiwara Y, Shiba M, et al. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in Japanese men. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003;38:807–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Nilsson M, Johnsen R, Ye W, et al. Lifestyle related risk factors in the aetiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Gut. 2004;53:1730–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ness-Jensen E, Lindam A, Lagergren J, et al. Tobacco smoking cessation and improved gastroesophageal reflux: a prospective population-based cohort study: the HUNT study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:171–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Hallan A, Bomme M, Hveem K, et al. Risk factors on the development of new-onset gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. A population-based prospective cohort study: the HUNT study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:393–400; quiz 401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Kohata Y, Fujiwara Y, Watanabe T, et al. Long-term benefits of smoking cessation on gastroesophageal reflux disease and health-related quality of life. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0147860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Kahrilas PJ, Gupta RR. Mechanisms of acid reflux associated with cigarette smoking. Gut. 1990;31:4–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Schindlbeck NE, Heinrich C, Dendorfer A, et al. Influence of smoking and esophageal intubation on esophageal pH-metry. Gastroenterology. 1987;92:1994–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Waring JP, Eastwood TF, Austin JM, et al. The immediate effects of cessation of cigarette smoking on gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989;84:1076–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kadakia SC, Kikendall JW, Maydonovitch C, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on gastroesophageal reflux measured by 24-h ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90:1785–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gunji T, Sato H, Iijima K, et al. Risk factors for erosive esophagitis: a cross-sectional study of a large number of Japanese males. J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:448–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Akiyama T, Inamori M, Iida H, et al. Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of erosive esophagitis and Barrett’s epithelium in Japanese men. BMC Gastroenterol. 2008;8:58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Meining A, Classen M. The role of diet and lifestyle measures in the pathogenesis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:2692–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Fujiwara Y, Machida A, Watanabe Y, et al. Association between dinner-to-bed time and gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:2633–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Piesman M, Hwang I, Maydonovitch C, et al. Nocturnal reflux episodes following the administration of a standardized meal. Does timing matter? Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2128–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

    Yasuhiro Fujiwara & Risa Uemura

Authors
  1. Yasuhiro Fujiwara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Risa Uemura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yasuhiro Fujiwara .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan

    Hitoshi Yoshiji

  2. Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan

    Kosuke Kaji

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fujiwara, Y., Uemura, R. (2019). Gastroesophageal Reflux Diseases and Lifestyle Factors. In: Yoshiji, H., Kaji, K. (eds) Alcoholic/Non-Alcoholic Digestive Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1465-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1465-0_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-1464-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-1465-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation