Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Phytoremediation for the Elimination of Metals, Pesticides, PAHs, and Other Pollutants from Wastewater and Soil

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Phytobiont and Ecosystem Restitution

Abstract

Phytoremediation is an important process that uses plants, green vegetation, trees, aquatic plants, and grasses to remove, stabilize, transfer, and/or destroy toxic pollutants from surface water, groundwater, wastewater, sediments, soils, and/or external atmosphere. The phytoremediation mechanisms include phytoextraction (i.e., phytoaccumulation), enhanced rhizosphere biodegradation, phytostabilization, and phytodegradation. Certain plant species have the tendency and the ability to accumulate and store pollutants such as metals and organic contaminants in their roots. The remediation of pollutants includes translocation, accumulation, transpiration, and possibly metabolization of the organic contaminants to plant tissue or CO2. They also prevent the flow of groundwater from transferring pollutants away from the site to the deeper.

Many countries have been successfully remediated several million acres of contaminated soil and land by employing soil phytoremediation technology. The biodegradability of given pollutants is affected by several factors, including the physical-chemical properties of the contaminants and how the soil can influence and affect its chemical state. Nevertheless, the high costs of the conventional physical and chemical strategies hindered these efforts. Thus, the use of higher plants, bacteria, microalgae, and fungi is feasible for degrading persistent contaminants. Phytostimulation process is known as “rhizosphere degradation,” in which degradation of the pollutants is achieved by organisms that are associated with the plant roots.

Phytoextraction or phytoaccumulation is the uptake, accumulation, and concentration of pollutants from the contaminated environment by the roots of plant. The pollutants are then translocated/accumulated into the plant biomass. Phytoabsorption, phytosequestration, or phytoaccumulation involves the absorption of pollutants by the plant roots followed by translocation and accumulation in the aerial parts. This took place mainly in the uptake of heavy metals as well as organic compounds. In addition, the hyper-accumulator plants have the tendency to store reasonable concentrations of certain metals in their tissues. On the other hand, the phenomenon of producing chemical compounds by plant to immobilize pollutants at the interface of soil and roots is described as “phytostabilization.” However, the phytovolatilization technique relies and depends on the ability of certain plants to volatilize and absorb some metals/metalloids. Rhizofiltration is the process through which plants concentrate, absorb, and/or precipitate pollutants, such as heavy metals and/or radioactive elements, from an aqueous medium.

The importance of the phytoremediation process is that it is efficient for the removal of toxic organic aromatic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), explosives (RDX, TNT, HMX), pesticide, landfill leachates, as well as herbicide contamination. Phytoremediation process is also efficient for wastewater and improving quality of water. Thus, employing phytoremediation in constructed wetland (CW) technology offers a low-cost treatment system for wastewater. Thus, CWs are perfect for the decentralized treatment of wastewater for offering great potential for the phytoremediation of contaminants and removal of pathogens and toxic substances. In conclusion, phytoremediation is an emerging “green bioengineering technology” that uses plants to remediate environmental problems. Green plants (both aquatic and terrestrial) have the wonderful properties of environmental restoration, such as decontamination of polluted soil and water. In general, the phytoremediation technology has several advantages and disadvantages that should be considered when applying such process. The low cost is one of the most important advantages. However, the time needed to observe the necessary achievement can be long. The concentration of contaminants should also be considered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdel-Haleem AS, Abdel-Sabour MF, Zaghloul RA (1992) The use of water hyacinth as biological indicator of environmental contamination by heavy metals. In: Proceedings conference in environmental contamination. CEP, Consultant Ltd, UK, pp 263–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Sabour MF, Abdel-Shafy HI, Mosalem TM (2001) Heavy metals and plant growth yield as effected by sewage sludge and water hyacinth compost applied to sandy soil. J Environ Prot Eng 27(2):43–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI (2015) Chemical treatment for removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Egypt J Chem 58(1):1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, Dewedar A (2012) Constructed wetlands for urban wastewater treatment in Egypt. J Sustain Sanitation Pract 12:27–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, El-Khateeb MA (2013) Integration of septic tank and constructed wetland for the treatment of wastewater in Egypt. J Desalination Water Treat 51(16–18):3539–3546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, El-Saharty AA (2015) Short-term toxicity of mercury and cadmium to Sparus Aurata fry, South Mediterranean Sea, Egypt. Egypt J Chem 58(5):537–553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, Farghaly MS (1995) Level of metals in the benthic algae of the Suez Canal. J Environ Prot Eng 21(1–4):5–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MSM (2016) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egypt J Pet 25:107–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, Cooper WJ, Handley-Raven LL, Casey LS (1986) Short-term fate of heavy metals in the gravel bed hydroponics wastewater treatment system. J Environ Prot Eng 12(1):61–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, Hegemann W, Teiner A (1994a) Accumulation of metals by vascular plants. J Environ Manag Health 5(2):21–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, Abdel-Sabour MF, Farid MR (1994b) Distribution pattern of metals in the environment of the Little Lake. J Environ Prot Eng 20(1–4):5–16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, Anwer S, Hassan SSA, Yahia OTM (2003) Risk assessment of sewage reuse on the sandy soil of Abu-Rawash Desert, Egypt. J Environ Prot Eng 29(1):5–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, Aly RO, Sahab AF, El-Wattar NM (2005) Fate of metalloid fungicide in subjected water, soil and plant in Egypt. J Environ Prot Eng 31(1):69–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, El-Khateeb MA, Regelsberger M, El-Sheikh R, Shehata M (2009) Integrated system for the treatment of black-water and greywater via UASB and constructed wetland in Egypt. Desalin Water Treat 8:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, Farid MR, Shams El-Din AM (2016) Water-hyacinth from Nile River: chemical contents, nutrient elements and heavy metals. Egypt J Chem 59(2):131–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, El-Khateeb MA, Shehata M (2017) Blackwater treatment via combination of sedimentation tank and hybrid wetlands for unrestricted reuse in Egypt. J Desalination Water Treat 71:145–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abe K, Takizawa H, Kimura S, Hirano M (2004) Characteristics of chlorophyll formation of the aerial microalga Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata and its application for environmental biomonitoring. J Biosci Bioeng 98(1):34–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abo-El-Souad MA, Abdel-Sabour MF, Abdel-Shafy HI (1994) Studies on plants grown in soil polluted with cobalt and nickel-56. J Environ Manag Health 5(4):16–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aisien SO, Ogoannah SO, Imasuen AA (2009) Helminth parasites of amphibians from the rainforest reserve in south-western Nigeria. Afr Zool 44(1):1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aisien FA, Faleye O, Aisien ET (2010) Phytoremediation of heavy metals in aqueous solutions. Leonardo J Sci 17:37–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Aken BV (2009) Transgenic plants for enhanced bioremediation of toxic explosives. Curr Opin Biotechnol 20:231–236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Homaidan AA, Al-Ghanayem AA, Areej AH (2011) Green algae as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in Wadi Hanifah Stream, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int J Water Resour Arid Environ 1(1):10–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali H, Khan E, Sajad MA (2013) Phytoremediation of heavy metals–concepts and applications. Chemosphere 91:869–881

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baghour M, Moreno DA, Hernandez J, Castilla N, Romero L (2002) Influence of thermal regime of soil on the sulfur (S) and selenium (Se) concentration in potato plants. J Environ Sci Health. Part A. Toxic Hazard Subst Environ Eng 37:1075–1085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belden JB, Phillips TA, Coats JR (2004) Effect of prairie grass on the dissipation, movement, and bioavailability of selected herbicides in prepared soil columns. Environ Toxicol Chem 23(1):125–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben Chekroun K, Baghour M (2013) The role of algae in phytoremediation of heavy metals: a review. J Mater Environ Sci 4(6):873–880

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett LE, Burkhead JL, Hale KL, Terry N, Pilon M, Pilon-Smits EAH (2003) Analysis of transgenic Indian mustard plants for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated mine tailings. J Environ Qual 32:432–440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berti WR, Cunningham SD (2000) Phytostabilization of metals. In: Raskin I, Ensley BD (eds) Phytoremediation of toxic metals using plants to clean up the environment. Wiley, New York, p 7188

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisht S, Pandey P, Sood A et al (2010) Biodegradation of anthracene and napthlene by chemotactically active rhizobacteria of Populus deltoids. Braz J Microbiol 41:922–930

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bisht S, Pandey P, Aggarwal H et al (2014) Utilization of endophytic strain Bacillus sp. SBER3 for biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soil model system. Eur J Soil Biol 60:67–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bisht S, Pandey P, Bhargava B, Sharma S, Kumar V, Sharma KD (2015) Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using rhizosphere technology. Braz J Microbiol 46(1):7–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bundschuh J, Litter MI, Parvez F, Román-Ross G, Nicolli HB, Jean J, Liu C, López D, Armienta MA, Guilherme LRG, Cuevas AG, Cornejo L, Cumbal L, Toujaguez R (2012) One century of arsenic exposure in Latin America: a review of history and occurrence from 14 countries. Sci Total Environ 429:2–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burken J, Vroblesky D, Balouet JC (2011) Phytoforensics, dendrochemistry, and phytoscreening: new green tools for delineating contaminants from past and present. Environ Sci Technol 45 (15): 6218–6226

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhry Q, Blom-Zandstra M, Gupta S et al (2005) Utilizing the synergy between plants and rhizosphere microorganisms to enhance breakdown of organic pollutants in the environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 12:34–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen D, Liu ZL, Banwart W (2011) Concentration-dependent RDX uptake and remediation by crop plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18:908–917

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark B, Boopathy R (2007) Evaluation of bioremediation methods for the treatment of soil contaminated with explosives in Louisiana Army Ammunition plant, Minden, Louisiana. J Hazard Mater 143:643–648

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danik JS, Rifai N, Buring JE et al (2006) Lipoprotein(a), measured with an assay independent of Apolipoprotein(a) isoform size, and risk of future cardiovascular events among initially healthy women. J Am Med Assoc 296(11):1363–1370

    Google Scholar 

  • Das P, Datta R, Makris KC, Sarkar D (2010) Vetiver grass is capable of removing TNT from soil in the presence of Urea. Environ Pollut 158(5):1980–1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis TA, Volesky B, Mucci A (2003) A review of the biochemistry of heavy metal biosorption by brown algae. Water Res 37:4311–4330

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Cárcer D, Martín M, Karlson U et al (2007) Changes in bacterial populations and in biphenyl dioxygenase gene diversity in a polychlorinated biphenyl-polluted soil after introduction of willow trees for rhizoremediation. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:6224–6232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • DECA (Department of Environment and Conservation, Australia) (2010) Assessment levels for soil, sediment and water. https://www.der.wa.gov.au/images/documents/your-environment/contaminated-sites/guidelines/2009641

  • Dhote S, Dixit S (2009) Water quality improvement through macrophytes – a review. Environ Monit Assess 152:149–153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz R, Outridge PM, Hobson KA (2009) Anthropogenic contributions to mercury levels in present-day Arctic animals – a review. Sci Total Environ 407(24):6120–6131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowling DK, Maklakov AA, Friberg U, Hailer F (2009) Applying the genetic theories of ageing to the cytoplasm: cytoplasmic genetic covariation for fitness and lifespan. J Evol Biol 2(2):818–827

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eapen S, Singh S, D’Souza SF (2007) Advances in development of transgenic plants for remediation of xenobiotic pollutants. Biotechnol Adv 25:442–451

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • EEA (European Environment Agency) (2014) Progress in management of contaminated sites. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/progress-in-management-of-contaminated-sites-3/assessment

  • El-Bahy GS, Ahmed MA, Abdel-Shafy HI, Ibrahim MA (2005) Role of industrial wastewater on the contamination of River Nile in Greater Cairo. Egypt J Chem 48(3):355–363

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erdei LG, Osi M, Mécs I, Vass I, Fôglein F, Bulik L (2005) Phytoremediation as a program for decontamination of heavy-metal polluted environment. Acta Biol Szeged 49:75–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Favas PJC, Pratas J, Prasad MNV (2012) Accumulation of arsenic by aquatic plants in large scale field conditions: opportunities for phytoremediation and bio indication. Sci Total Environ 433:390–397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fayed SE, Abdel-Shafy HI (1985) Accumulation of Cu, Zn Cd and Pb by aquatic macrophytes. J Environ Int 11:77–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fayed SE, Abdel-Shafy HI (1986) Accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn by algae. Egypt J Microbiol 21(2):263–274

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fayed SE, Abdel-Shafy HI, Khalifa NM (1983) Accumulation of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb by Scenedesmus obliquus under non-growth conditions. J Environ Int 9(5):409–414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu P, Secundo F (2016) Algae and their bacterial consortia for soil bioremediation. Chem Eng Trans 49:427–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Garbeva P, Van Veen JA, Van Elsas JD (2004) Microbial diversity in soil: selection of microbial populations by plant and soil type and implications for disease suppressiveness. Annu Rev Phytopathol 42:243–270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • González I, Águila E, Galán E (2007) Partitioning, bioavailability and origin of heavy metals from the Nador lagoon sediments (Morocco) as a basis for their management. Environ Geol 52:1581–1593

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosavi K, Sammut J, Gifford S, Jankowski J (2004) Macro-algal-bio-monitors of trace metal contamination in acid sulfate soil aquaculture ponds. Sci Total Environ 324:25–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey PJ, Campanella BF, Castro PM et al (2002) Phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, anilines and phenols. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 9:29–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang XD, El-Alawi YS, Penrose D et al (2004) A multi-process phytoremediation system for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soils. Environ Pollut 130:465–476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang XD, El-Alaw YS, Gurska IJ et al (2005) A multi-process phytoremediation system for decontamination of persistent total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) from soils. Microchem J 8:139–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ITRC (The Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council) (2009) Phytotechnology technical and regulatory guidance and decision trees. Revised. Phytotechnologies Team, Washington, DC 20001, U.S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain CK (2004) Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of river Yamuna. India Water Res 38:569–578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamal S, Prasad R, Varma A (2010) Soil microbial diversity in relation to heavy metals. In: Sherameti I, Varma A (eds) Soil heavy metals, vol 19. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 31–64

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kanaly RA, Harayama S (2000) Biodegradation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria. J Bacteriol 182:2059–2067

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Karavangeli M, Labrou NE, Clonis YD, Tsaftaris A (2005) Development of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing maize glutathione S-transferase I for chloroacetanilide herbicides phytoremediation. Biomol Eng 22:121–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan S, Hesham AEL, Qiao M, Rehman S, He JZ (2010) Effects of Cd and Pb on soil microbial community structure and activities. Environ Sci Pollut Res 17:288–296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kord B, Mataji A, Babaie S (2010) Pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) needles as indicator for heavy metals pollution. Int. J. Environ Sci Technol 7(1):79–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer U, Chardonnens AN (2001) The use of transgenic plants in the bioremediation of soils contaminated with trace elements. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 55:661–672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kvesitadze G et al (2006) Biochemical mechanisms of detoxification in higher plants. Springer, Berlin. isbn:9783540289968

    Google Scholar 

  • Lachance B, Renoux AY, Sarrazin M, Hawari J, Sunahara GI (2004) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of reduced TNT metabolites in the earthworm Eisenia Andrei exposed to amended forest soil. Chemosphere 55:1339–1348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LeDuc DL, Terry N (2005) Phytoremediation of toxic trace elements in soil and water. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 32:514–520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh MB, Prouzova P, Macek MT et al (2006) Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-degrading bacteria associated with trees in a PCB contaminated site. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:2331–2342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Letachowicz B, Krawczyk J, Klink A (2006) Accumulation of heavy metals in organs of Typha latifolia. Pol J Environ Stud 15(2a):407–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung CM, Jiao JJ (2006) Heavy metal and trace element distributions in groundwater in natural slopes and highly urbanized spaces in mid-levels area. Hong Kong Water Res 40:753–767

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marschner H (2001) Mineral nutrition of higher plants, vol 889. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Masi F, Martinuzz N (2007) Constructed wetlands for the Mediterranean countries: hybrid systems for water reuse and sustainable sanitation. Desalination 215:44–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masi F, El-Hamouri B, Abdel-Shafy HI, Baban A, Ghrabi A, Regelsberger M (2010) Treatment of segregated black/grey domestic wastewater using constructed wetlands in the Mediterranean basin – the Zer0-m experience. Water Sci Technol 61(1):97–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meagher RB, Heaton ACP (2005) Strategies for the engineered phytoremediation of toxic element pollution: mercury and arsenic. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 32:502–513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mejare M, Bulow L (2001) Metal-binding proteins and peptides in bioremediation and phytoremediation of heavy metals. Trends Biotechnol 19:67–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Memon AR, Schr€oder P (2009) Implications of metal accumulation mechanisms to phytoremediation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 16:162–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohiuddin KM, Zakir HM, Otomo K, Sharmin S, Shikazono N (2010) Geochemical distribution of trace metal pollutants in water and sediments of downstream of an urban river. Int J Environ Sci Technol 7:17–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mudgal V, Madaan N, Mudgal A (2010) Heavy metals in plants: phytoremediation: plants used to remediate heavy metal pollution. Agric Biol J N Am 1(1):40–46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mwiganga M, Kansiime F (2005) The impact of Mpererwe landfill in Kampala–Uganda, on the surrounding environment. Phys Chem Earth 30(11):744–750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen HD, Burridge TR, Brownlee C, Brown MT (2005) Prior exposure to Cu contamination influences the outcome of toxicological testing of Fucus serratus embryos. Mar Pollut Bull 50(12):1675–1680

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okafor EC, Opuene K (2007) Preliminary assessment of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments. Int J of Environ Sci Technol 4(2):233–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osibanjo O, Adie GU (2007) Impact of effluent from Bodija abattoir on the physicochemical parameters of Oshunkaye stream in Ibadan City, Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol 6(15):1806–1811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panz K, Miksch K (2012) Phytoremediation of explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX) by wild-type and transgenic plants. J Environ Manag 113:85–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paz Alberto AM, Sigua GC (2013) Phytoremediation: a green technology to remove environmental pollutants. Am J Clim Chang 2:7186

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilon-Smits E (2005) Phytoremediation. Ann Rev Plant Biol l56:15–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilon-Smits EAH, Le Duc DL (2009) Phytoremediation of selenium using transgenic plants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 20:207–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad MNV (2004) Phytoremediation of metals and radionuclides in the environment: the case for natural hyper accumulators, metal transporters, soil amending chelators and transgenic plants. In: Prasad MNV (ed) Heavy metal stress in plants: from biomolecules to ecosystems. Springer, Berlin, pp 345–391

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reed MLE, Glick BR (2005) Growth of canola (Brassica napus) in the presence of plant growth-promoting bacteria and either copper or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Can J Microbiol 51:1061–1069

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robidoux PY, Hawari J, Bardai G, Paquet L, Ampleman G, Thiboutot S, Sunahara GI (2002) TNT, RDX, and HMX decrease earthworm (Eisenia andrei) life-cycle responses in a spiked natural forest soil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 43:379–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rocheleau S, Lachance B, Kuperman RG, Hawari J, Thiboutot S, Ampleman G, Sunahara GI (2007) Toxicity and uptake of cyclic nitramine explosives in ryegrass Lolium Perenne. Environ Pollut 156:199–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruma R, Raja R, Ranjana C et al (2007) Degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by mixed culture isolated from oil contaminated soil-A bioprocess engineering study. Indian J Biotechnol 6:107–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Rupassara SI, Larson RA, Sims GK, Marley KA (2002) Degradation of atrazine by hornwort in aquatic systems. Biorem J 6(3):217–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rylott EL, Bruce NC (2008) Plants disarm soil: engineering plants for the phytoremediation of explosives. Trends Biotechnol 27(2):7381

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarwar N, Saifullah, Malhi SS, Zia MH, Naeem A, Bibi S, Farid G (2010) Role of plant nutrients in minimizing cadmium accumulation by plant. J Sci Food Agric 90:925–937

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnoor JL (1997) Phytoremediation. Technology overview report. Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center, Series E, Vol. 1, October

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh OV, Jain RK (2003) Phytoremediation of toxic aromatic pollutants from soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63:128–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taiz L, Zeiger E (2010) Plant physiology, 5th edn. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland

    Google Scholar 

  • Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat (2014) Contaminants and media. http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/fcsi-rscf/cmeng.aspx?qid=1200518

  • Tripathy S, Paul B, Khalua RK (2014) Phytoremediation: proficient to prevent pesticide pollution. Int J Innov Sci Eng Technol 1(10):282–287

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2000) Constructed wetlands treatment of municipal wastewaters. EPA 625/R99/010, Cincinnati, OH

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2014) Technical Fact Sheet –2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT). EPA 505-F-14-009

    Google Scholar 

  • Vander Ent A, Baker AJM, Reeves RD, Pollard AJ, Schat H (2013) Hyper-accumulators of metal and metalloid trace elements: facts and fiction. Plant Soil 362:319–334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vatamaniuk O et al (2001) A new pathway for heavy metal detoxification in animals: phytochelatin synthase is required for cadmium tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 276(24):20817

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vila M, Lorber-Pascal S, Laurent F (2007a) Fate of RDX and TNT in agronomic plants. Environ Pollut 148:148–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vila M, Mehier S, Lorber-Pascal S, Laurent F (2007b) Phytotoxicity to and uptake of RDX by rice. Environ Pollut 145:813–817

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vila M, Lorber-Pascal S, Laurent F (2008) Phytotoxicity to and uptake of TNT by rice. Environ Geochem Health 30:199–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Lyon DY, Hughes JB, Bennett GN (2003) Role of hydroxylamine intermediates in the phytotransformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by Myriophyllum aquaticum. Environ Sci Technol 37:3595–3600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Kim D, Dionysiou DD, Soriala GA, Timberlake D (2004) Sources and remediation for mercury contamination in aquatic systems – a literature review. Environ Pollut 131:323–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wei CY, Chen TB (2001) Hyper accumulators and phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil: a review of studies in China and abroad. Acta Ecol Sin 21:1196–1203

    Google Scholar 

  • Xia H, Ma X (2006) Phytoremediation of ethion by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from water. Bioresour Technol 97(8):1050–1054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon JM, Oh BT, Just CL, Schnoor JL (2002) Uptake and leaching of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine by hybrid poplar trees. Environ Sci Technol 36:4649–4655

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhuang X, Chen J, Shim H et al (2007) New advances in plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for bioremediation. Environ Int 33:406–413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Water Research and Polluted Control Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

    Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy

  2. Analysis & Evaluation Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, 1 Ahmed El-Zomor Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

    Mona S. M. Mansour

Authors
  1. Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mona S. M. Mansour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

    Vivek Kumar

  2. Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

    Manoj Kumar

  3. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Prasad

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Abdel-Shafy, H.I., Mansour, M.S.M. (2018). Phytoremediation for the Elimination of Metals, Pesticides, PAHs, and Other Pollutants from Wastewater and Soil. In: Kumar, V., Kumar, M., Prasad, R. (eds) Phytobiont and Ecosystem Restitution. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1187-1_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation