Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nonsurgical Treatment of Strabismus

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Strabismus

Abstract

Previous chapters have highlighted various altered sensory and motor ocular mechanisms associated with strabismus either as cause or effect. The goal of strabismus management is not only to restore motor alignment of the eyes but also to correct any underlying sensory abnormality. While most of the sensory abnormalities are managed conservatively, surgery is often indicated for correcting the static component of the motor misalignment. This chapter will discuss the nonsurgical approach in strabismus management which includes appropriate correction of the refractive error, treatment of associated sensory abnormalities including amblyopia, and treatment of the dynamic component of the deviation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. von Noorden GK, Campos EC. Chapter 16: Esodeviations. In: Binocular vision and ocular motility. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2002. p. 311–49.

    Google Scholar 

  2. von Noorden GK, Campos EC. Chapter 17: Exodeviations. In: Binocular vision and ocular motility. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2002. p. 356–76.

    Google Scholar 

  3. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Chapter 9: Exodeviations. In: Basic and clinical science course. Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 2015-16. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2015. p. 99–107.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Von Noorden GK, Campos EC. Chapter 24: Principles of nonsurgical treatment. In: Binocular vision and ocular motility. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2002. p. 537–53.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Herman JS, Johnson R. The accommodation requirement in myopia. A comparison of contact lens and spectacles. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966;76:47–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Agrawal S, Singh V, Yadav A, Katiyar V. Orthoptic relevance of refractive correction in the phakic plane in unilateral high refractive errors in adults. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2016;9:196–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Agrawal S, Singh V. Correction of exotropia by implantable collamer lens (ICL). Indian J Ophthalmol. 2013;61:685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. von Noorden GK, Campos EC. Chapter 14: Amblyopia. In: Binocular vision and ocular motility. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2002. p. 246–86.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Singh V, Agrawal S. Visual functions in amblyopia as determinants of response to treatment. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2013;50(6):348–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Yen MY, Cheng CY, Wang AG. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in unilateral amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45(7):2224–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Agrawal S, Singh V, Singhal V. Cross sectional study of macular thickness variations in unilateral amblyopia. J Clin Ophthalmol Res. 2014;2(1):15–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Cotter SA, Edwards AR, Wallace DK, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in children with refractive correction. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(6):895–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Repka MX, Beck RW, Holmes JM, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of patching regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(5):603–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Holmes JM, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of prescribed patching regimens for treatment of severe amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(11):2075–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Scheiman MM, Hertle RW, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Randomized trial of treatment of amblyopia in children aged 7 to 17 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(4):437–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow-up at age 10 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(8):1039–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Holmes JM, Lazar EL, Melia BM, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Effect of age on response to amblyopia treatment in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(11):1451–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine vs. patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(3):268–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Repka MX, Wallace DK, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Two-year follow-up of a 6-month randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(2):149–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Repka MX, Cotter SA, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(11):2076–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Treatment of severe amblyopia with weekend atropine: results from 2 randomized clinical trials. J AAPOS. 2009;13(3):258–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lam GC, Guyton DL. Timing of amblyopia therapy relative to strabismus surgery. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(12):1751–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hess RF, Mansouri B, Thompson B. A new binocular approach to the treatment of amblyopia in adults well beyond the critical period of visual development. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28:793–802.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Repka MX, Kraker RT, Dean TW, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of levodopa as treatment for residual amblyopia in older children. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(5):874–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hoyt C. What is next in amblyopia treatment? Ophthalmology. 2015 May;122(5):871–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Pawar PV, Mumbare SS, Patil MS, et al. Effectiveness of the addition of citicoline to patching in the treatment of amblyopia around visual maturity: a randomised controlled trial. Indian J Ohthalmol. 2014;62:124–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Holmes JM, Beck RW, Kraker RT, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Risk of amblyopia recurrence after cessation of treatment. J AAPOS. 2004;8(5):420–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. von Noorden GK, Campos EC. Chapter 15: Examination of patient V. Depth perception. In: Binocular vision and ocular motility. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2002. p. 298–304.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India

    Siddharth Agrawal, Neha Singh & Vinita Singh

Authors
  1. Siddharth Agrawal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Neha Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vinita Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ophthalmology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Siddharth Agrawal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Agrawal, S., Singh, N., Singh, V. (2019). Nonsurgical Treatment of Strabismus. In: Agrawal, S. (eds) Strabismus. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1126-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1126-0_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-1125-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-1126-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation