Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Protection of Pacific Island Heritage Through the World Heritage Convention Regime

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
World Heritage Conservation in the Pacific

Part of the book series: Palgrave Series in Asia and Pacific Studies ((PSAPS))

  • 187 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter analyses the protection regime established by the World Heritage Convention in the Pacific context. It explains how the obligations imposed by the Convention and the structural elements it creates reflect the era in which the treaty was drafted. It discusses key features of the regime that influence the potential for the Convention to be effectively implemented in the Pacific. The chapter then explains how the World Heritage Committee’s approach to conservation has evolved, focusing on (1) the relationship between heritage protection and sustainable development, (2) the rights and roles of local communities, and (3) customary protection of heritage sites. This change in approach has made the Convention regime a better fit for the Pacific; however, significant challenges remain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, opened for signature 16 November 1972, 1037 UNTS 151 (entered into force 17 December 1975) (‘World Heritage Convention’).

  2. 2.

    UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC.16/01 (26 October 2016) (‘Operational Guidelines 2016’).

  3. 3.

    Craig Forrest, International Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage (Routledge, 2011) 390; Francesco Francioni and Federico Lenzerini, ‘The Future of the World Heritage Convention: Problems and Prospects’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 401, 404.

  4. 4.

    Guido Carducci, ‘Articles 4–7 National and International Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 103, 115.

  5. 5.

    Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property during Armed Conflict, opened for signature 14 May 1954, 249 UNTS 240 (entered into force 7 August 1956) preamble para 2.

  6. 6.

    Francioni and Lenzerini, above n 3, 404.

  7. 7.

    See, for example, Edward J Goodwin, ‘The World Heritage Convention, the Environment and Compliance’ (2008–2009) 20 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 157, 158–159; Forrest, above n 3, 227.

  8. 8.

    Allan Galis, ‘UNESCO Documents and Procedure: The Need to Account for Political Conflict When Designating World Heritage Sites’ (2009–2010) 38 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 205, 208.

  9. 9.

    Francesco Francioni, ‘The Preamble’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 11.

  10. 10.

    Forrest, above n 3, 229.

  11. 11.

    Gionata P Buzzini and Luigi Condorelli, ‘Article 11 List of World Heritage in Danger and Deletion of a Property from the World Heritage List’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 175, 179; Susan Shearing, ‘Here Today, Gone Tomorrow? Climate Change and World Heritage’ (2008) 12(2) The Australasian Journal of Natural Resources Law and Policy 161, 164; Ian Strasser, ‘Putting Reform into Action: Thirty Years of the World Heritage Convention: How to Reform a Convention without Changing its Regulations’ (2002) 11(2) International Journal of Cultural Property 215, 216–217.

  12. 12.

    World Heritage Convention preamble paras 3, 6.

  13. 13.

    Stefano Battini, ‘The Procedural Side of Legal Globalisation: The Case of the World Heritage Convention’ (2011) 9(2) International Journal of Constitutional Law 340, 351.

  14. 14.

    World Heritage Convention preamble para 7. See also World Heritage Convention art 25; Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, para 233.

  15. 15.

    Christina Cameron, ‘The Strengths and Weaknesses of the World Heritage Convention’ (1992) 28(3) Nature and Resources 18, 18.

  16. 16.

    Natasha Affolder, ‘Democratising or Demonising the World Heritage Convention?’ (2007) 39 University of Wellington Law Review (2007) 341, 342.

  17. 17.

    Francesco Francioni, ‘The 1972 World Heritage Convention: An Introduction’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 3, 5–6.

  18. 18.

    The three Advisory Bodies are the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), the International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).

  19. 19.

    Ana Filipa Vrdoljak, ‘Article 14 The Secretariat and Support of the World Heritage Committee’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 243, 260.

  20. 20.

    World Heritage Convention art 8(3); Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, para 31.

  21. 21.

    Barbara Lausche, Guidelines for Protected Area Legislation (IUCN, 2011) 79.

  22. 22.

    Phillipe Bourdeau, ‘The Man-Nature Relationship and Environmental Ethics’ (2004) 72 Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 9, 9. See also Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend, Ashish Kothari and Gonzalo Oviedo, Indigenous and Local Communities and Protected Areas: Towards Equity and Enhanced Conservation, Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines 11 (World Conservation Union, 2004) xiv.

  23. 23.

    Jeremy Carew-Reid, ‘Conservation and Protected Areas on South-Pacific Islands: The Importance of Tradition’ (1990) 17(1) Environmental Conservation 29, 34.

  24. 24.

    Adrian Phillips, ‘Cultural Landscapes: IUCN’s Changing Vision of Protected Areas’ in Cultural Landscapes: The Challenges of Conservation, World Heritage Papers 7 (UNESCO, 2003) 40, 41.

  25. 25.

    Adrian Phillips, ‘Turning Ideas on their Head: The New Paradigm for Protected Areas’ (2003) 20(2) The George Wright Forum 8, 14.

  26. 26.

    UNESCO et al, Managing Cultural World Heritage, World Heritage Resource Manual (UNESCO, 2013) 12.

  27. 27.

    Ibid., 24.

  28. 28.

    Ibid., 12.

  29. 29.

    An exception to this statement is World Heritage Convention Article 13(7), which requires the Committee to cooperate with international and national NGOs with similar objectives to the Convention. This article states that the Committee may call upon public and private bodies and individuals to assist with the implementation of its programmes.

  30. 30.

    See, for example, Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, opened for signature 2 November 2001, 2562 UNTS 48 (entered into force 2 January 2009) preamble para 10 (‘Underwater Heritage Convention’); Convention on Biological Diversity , opened for signature 5 June 1992, 1760 UNTS 79 (entered into force 29 December 1993) preamble paras 12–14 (‘Convention on Biological Diversity’); Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, opened for signature 17 October 2003, 2368 UNTS 3 (entered into force 20 April 2006) art 11(b) (‘Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention’) preamble para 6.

  31. 31.

    Cf Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention art 11(b).

  32. 32.

    Cf Convention on Biological Diversity art 8(j); Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention art 15.

  33. 33.

    Josephine Gillespie, ‘Legal Pluralism and World Heritage Management at Angkor, Cambodia’ (2012) 14(1&2) Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 1, 12.

  34. 34.

    Convention on the Law of Treaties, opened for signature 23 May 1969, 1155 UNTS 331 (entered into force 27 January 1980) art 31.

  35. 35.

    See, for example, Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property during Armed Conflict, opened for signature 14 May 1954, 249 UNTS 240 (entered into force 7 August 1956), which says that the protection of cultural property shall comprise the safeguarding of and respect for such property (Article 2). See also the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention, which defines ‘safeguarding’ to mean measures aimed at ensuring the viability of the intangible cultural heritage, including the identification, documentation, research, preservation, protection, promotion, enhancement, transmission, particularly through formal and non-formal education, as well as the revitalisation of the various aspects of such heritage (Article 2(3)).

  36. 36.

    Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, para 96.

  37. 37.

    Nigel Dudley (ed), Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories (IUCN, 2008) 9.

  38. 38.

    Nara Document on Authenticity (1994) app 2. See Sect. 3.4 for discussion of the Nara Document.

  39. 39.

    See, for example, Ben Boer and Graeme Wiffen, Heritage Law in Australia (Oxford University Press, 2006) 79–80.

  40. 40.

    This principle says that ‘the present generation should ensure that the health, diversity and productivity of the environment is maintained or enhanced for the benefit of future generations’: Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment (1992) s 3.5.2.

  41. 41.

    Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 46 ALR 625, 775 (Brennan J).

  42. 42.

    Ibid.

  43. 43.

    See, for example, Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, paras 3(e), 12, 15(c), 15(f), 49, 98, 99, 101, 103.

  44. 44.

    See, for example, ibid., paras 8, 78, 96–97.

  45. 45.

    See, for example, ibid., paras 1(b), 6, 40 refer to protection and conservation; para 5 refers to identification, protection, conservation, and preservation; paras 7, 15(a) refer to identification, protection, conservation, presentation, and transmission to future generations; paras 15(d), 15(g) refer to protection, conservation, and presentation; paras 28(h), 40 refer to conservation and management; para 119 refers to protection, conservation, management, and presentation; para 60(c) refers to protection, safeguarding, and management.

  46. 46.

    See also World Heritage Convention art 3. For analysis of the duty of identification, see generally Ben Boer, ‘Article 3 Identification and Delineation of World Heritage Properties’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 85; Kishore Rao, ‘A New Paradigm for the Identification, Nomination and Inscription of Properties on the World Heritage List’ (2010) 16(3) International Journal of Heritage Studies 161.

  47. 47.

    World Heritage Convention art 11(1).

  48. 48.

    Carducci, above n 4, 109; Federico Lenzerini, ‘Article 12 Protection of Properties Not Inscribed on the World Heritage List’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 201, 206; Richardson v Forestry Commission (1988) 77 ALR 237, 245 (Mason CJ and Brennan J).

  49. 49.

    Francioni and Lenzerini, above n 3, 407.

  50. 50.

    Tentative Lists have been submitted by Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu: Pacific World Heritage Action Plan 2016–2020 (2016) 2.

  51. 51.

    World Heritage Convention art 5(a).

  52. 52.

    Ibid., art 5(b).

  53. 53.

    Ibid., art 5(c).

  54. 54.

    Ibid., art 5(e).

  55. 55.

    Ibid., art 5(d).

  56. 56.

    See, for example, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, opened for signature 2 February 1971, 996 UNTS 245 (entered into force 21 December 1975). This treaty imposes broad obligations on State party only (Article 4).

  57. 57.

    See, for example, Convention on Biological Diversity art 8; Underwater Heritage Convention arts 10, 12.

  58. 58.

    Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 46 ALR 625, 698 (Mason J).

  59. 59.

    Richardson v Forestry Commission (1988) 77 ALR 237, 245 (Mason CJ and Brennan J).

  60. 60.

    Ibid., 242 (Mason CJ and Brennan J).

  61. 61.

    Forrest, above n 3, 243.

  62. 62.

    Carducci, above n 4, 113–114.

  63. 63.

    Boer and Wiffen, above n 38, 72.

  64. 64.

    Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, part II.F.

  65. 65.

    See, for example, IUCN, Management Planning for Natural World Heritage Properties: A Resource Manual for Practitioners (IUCN, 2008); Marc Hockings et al, Enhancing Our Heritage Toolkit: Assessing Management Effectiveness of Natural World Heritage Sites, World Heritage Papers 23 (IUCN, 2008); UNESCO et al, above n 26; UNESCO et al, Managing Natural World Heritage, World Heritage Resource Manual (UNESCO, 2012); Thomas Lee and Julie Middleton, Guidelines for Management Planning of Protected Areas (IUCN, 2003); Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend et al, Governance of Protected Areas: From Understanding to Action, Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series 20 (IUCN, 2013).

  66. 66.

    UNESCO et al, Managing Natural World Heritage, above n 65, 35.

  67. 67.

    A Heritage Act has been proposed for Fiji, which would provide a framework for the identification, nomination, and management of World Heritage sites: see Heritage Bill 2016 (no. 10 of 2016) (Fiji).

  68. 68.

    Tullio Scovazzi, ‘Articles 8–11 World Heritage Committee and World Heritage List’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 147, 149.

  69. 69.

    Bruno S Frey and Lasse Steiner, ‘World Heritage List: Does it Make Sense?’ (2011) 17(5) International Journal of Cultural Policy 555, 557.

  70. 70.

    World Heritage Convention art 8(1).

  71. 71.

    Ibid., art 8(2).

  72. 72.

    Lynn Meskell, Claudia Liuzza and Nicholas Brown, ‘World Heritage Regionalism: UNESCO from Europe to Asia’ (2015) 22 International Journal of Cultural Property 437, 451.

  73. 73.

    UNESCO, New Zealand http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/nz.

  74. 74.

    UNESCO, Australia http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/au. Australia was a member of the Committee in 1976–1983, 1983–1989, 1995–2001 and 2007–2011.

  75. 75.

    Vanuatu and Palau have applied for membership, but their bids were unsuccessful.

  76. 76.

    Bertacchini and Saccone have found that developed countries have greater capacity to gain membership to the World Heritage Committee than developing countries: see Enroci E Bertacchini and Donatella Saccone, ‘Toward a Political Economy of World Heritage’ (2012) 36(4) Journal of Cultural Economics 327, 334.

  77. 77.

    The Global Strategy , the Pacific 2009 World Heritage Programme and the Pacific Appeal are discussed in Sects. 1.3 and 1.5.

  78. 78.

    Christian Reepmeyer et al, ‘Selecting Cultural Sites for the UNESCO World Heritage List: Recent Work in the Rock Islands – Southern Lagoon Area, Republic of Palau’ in Jolie Liston, Geoffrey Clark and Dwight Alexander (eds), Pacific Island Heritage: Archaeology, Identity and Community (ANU E Press, 2011) 85, 86.

  79. 79.

    World Heritage Convention art 11(2).

  80. 80.

    Ibid., art 11(5).

  81. 81.

    Francioni and Lenzerini, above n 3, 407.

  82. 82.

    World Heritage Convention art 11(3).

  83. 83.

    Ibid., art 13(3).

  84. 84.

    Ibid., art 4.

  85. 85.

    Ibid., art 13(3); Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, annex 9.

  86. 86.

    World Heritage Convention chapter IV. See generally, Jehanne Phares and Cynthia Guttman, Investing in World Heritage: Past Achievements, Future Ambitions – A Guide to International Assistance, World Heritage Papers 2 (UNESCO, 2002).

  87. 87.

    World Heritage Convention art 13(4); Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, paras 236–239.

  88. 88.

    Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, para 239(b).

  89. 89.

    Ibid., paras 238, 239(e).

  90. 90.

    UNESCO, World Heritage Fund http://whc.unesco.org/en/world-heritage-fund/.

  91. 91.

    World Heritage Convention art 13(1); Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, para 233. An exception to this is that the Committee can provide international assistance to national or regional centres for the training of staff in heritage identification and protection: World Heritage Convention art 23.

  92. 92.

    See UNESCO, Solomon Islands : International Assistance http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/sb/assistance/.

  93. 93.

    World Heritage Convention arts 21(1), 24; Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, para 243, annex 8.

  94. 94.

    World Heritage Convention art 22; Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, para 241.

  95. 95.

    See, for example, Pacific World Heritage Action Plan 2016–2020 (2016) para 24.

  96. 96.

    Lausche, above n 21, 76.

  97. 97.

    UNESCO et al, above n 26, 12–15; Gonzalo Oviedo and Tatjana Puschkarsky, ‘World Heritage and Rights-Based Approaches to Nature Conservation’ (2012) 18(3) International Journal of Heritage Studies 285, 287; Phillips, above n 25, 19–20; Borrini-Feyerabend, Kothari and Oviedo, above n 22, 1.

  98. 98.

    Phillips, above n 25, 19–20; Lausche, above n 21, 142; Borrini-Feyerabend, Kothari and Oviedo, above n 22, 2.

  99. 99.

    UNESCO et al, above n 26, 13, 15.

  100. 100.

    World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, UN Doc A/42/427 (1987) annex cl 27 (frequently referred to as the Brundtland Report after Gro Harlem Brundtland, Chairman of the Commission).

  101. 101.

    IUCN et al, World Conservation Strategy (1980).

  102. 102.

    World Commission on Environment and Development, above n 100.

  103. 103.

    Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, UN Doc A/CONF.151/6/Rev.1 (1992) (‘Rio Declaration’ ).

  104. 104.

    Agenda 21, Report of the UNCED, I, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1 (1992) (‘Agenda 21’).

  105. 105.

    Convention on Biological Diversity, opened for signature 5 June 1992, 1760 UNTS 79 (entered into force 29 December 1993) (‘Convention on Biological Diversity’).

  106. 106.

    Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, UNGA Res A/RES/70/L.1, UN GAOR, 70th sess, UN Doc A/RES/70/1 (21 October 2015) (‘Transforming Our World’).

  107. 107.

    Ibid., 22.

  108. 108.

    Budapest Declaration on World Heritage, WHC Res 26 COM 9, WHC 26th sess, UN Doc WHC-02/CONF.202/25 (1 August 2002) 6 (‘Budapest Declaration’).

  109. 109.

    Ibid., para 3(c).

  110. 110.

    Policy for the Integration of a Sustainable Development Perspective into the Processes of the World Heritage Convention, WHC GA Res 20 GA 13, 20th sess, UN Doc WHC-15/20.GA/15 (20 November 2015) 7 (‘World Heritage Sustainable Development Policy’).

  111. 111.

    WHC Res 39 COM 5D, WHC 39th sess, UN Doc WHC-15/39.COM/19 (8 July 2015) 7; World Heritage and Sustainable Development, WHC 39th sess, UN Doc WHC-15/39.COM/5D (15 May 2015) annex.

  112. 112.

    World Heritage Sustainable Development Policy, UN Doc WHC-15/20.GA/15, para 2.

  113. 113.

    Ibid., paras 13–33.

  114. 114.

    Republic of Vanuatu, Chief Roi Mata’s Domain – Nomination by the Republic of Vanuatu for Inscription on the World Heritage List (2007) 56.

  115. 115.

    Republic of Palau, The Rock Islands Southern Lagoon Nomination for Inscription on the World Heritage List (2012) 22–23.

  116. 116.

    Elspeth J Wingham, Nomination of East Rennell , Solomon Islands by the Government of Solomon Islands for Inclusion in the World Heritage List Natural Sites (1997) 27.

  117. 117.

    Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, para 6.

  118. 118.

    Ibid., para 132(5).

  119. 119.

    Ibid., para 119.

  120. 120.

    Budapest Declaration, UN Doc WHC-02/CONF.202/25, para 3(c); World Heritage Sustainable Development Policy, UN Doc WHC-15/20.GA/15, paras 1, 9.

  121. 121.

    World Heritage Sustainable Development Policy, UN Doc WHC-15/20.GA/15, para 7.

  122. 122.

    World Heritage and Sustainable Development, WHC 39th sess, UN Doc WHC-15/39.COM/5D (15 May 2015) para 9.

  123. 123.

    Unlike earlier decisions, the Committee’s 2016 and 2017 decisions concerning East Rennell acknowledge the need to support sustainable livelihood development for the East Rennellese people: see WHC Res 40 COM 7A.49, 40th sess, UN Doc WHC/16/40.COM/19 (15 November 2016) 68; WHC Res 41 COM 7A.19, 41st sess, UN Doc WHC/17/41.COM/18 (12 July 2017) 35.

  124. 124.

    It is recognised that in some contexts there are critical differences between Indigenous people and local communities. However, for convenience, in this book, the term ‘local communities’ is used broadly to encompass Indigenous people, unless the context dictates otherwise.

  125. 125.

    There is no agreed definition of Indigenous people under international law. For discussion, see, for example, Benedict Kingsbury, “Indigenous Peoples’ in International Law: A Constructivist Approach to the Asian Controversy’ (1998) 92 American Journal of International Law 414.

  126. 126.

    UNESCO et al, above n 26, 13.

  127. 127.

    Matthew Lauer and Shankar Aswani, ‘Indigenous Ecological Knowledge as Situated Practices: Understanding Fishers’ Knowledge in the Western Solomon Islands (2009) 111(3) American Anthropologist 317, 317.

  128. 128.

    Rio Declaration , UN Doc A/CONF.151/6/Rev.1, principle 22.

  129. 129.

    Convention on Biological Diversity art 8(j).

  130. 130.

    Agenda 21, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1, ch 26.

  131. 131.

    The Working Group on Indigenous Populations was established in 1982 as a subsidiary organ to the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights: see United Nations Office of the High Commissioner (UN-OHC), Mandate of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/IPeoples/Pages/MandateWGIP.aspx. The Working Group has been discontinued and replaced by the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 1997: see United Nations Office of the High Commissioner (UN-OHC), Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Pages/EMRIPIndex.aspx.

  132. 132.

    The Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues was established in 2000 and is an advisory body to the United Nations’ Economic and Social Council: see United Nations Division for Social Policy and Development, Permanent Forum https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/unpfii-sessions-2.html.

  133. 133.

    Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, opened for signature 27 June 1989, 1650 UNTS 383 (entered into force 5 September 1991) (‘ILO 169’).

  134. 134.

    United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GA Res 61/295, UN GAOR, 61st sess, 107th plen mtg, Supp No 49, UN Doc A/RES/61/295 (13 September 2007) (‘UNDRIP’).

  135. 135.

    ILO 169 art 5.

  136. 136.

    Ibid., art 7(1).

  137. 137.

    Ibid., art 16.

  138. 138.

    Of the independent Pacific Island States, only Fiji has signed it. Furthermore, under Article 1, the Convention defines Indigenous peoples to include (a) tribal peoples in independent countries whose social cultural and economic conditions distinguish them from other sections of the national community, and (b) descendants of people who inhabited the area at the time of colonisation, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions (ILO 169 art 1). In most Pacific Island States, Indigenous peoples comprise the majority of the population and government. Therefore, it is arguably not aimed at Indigenous populations in such States: see Erika Techera, ‘Samoa: Law, Custom and Conservation’ (2006) 10 New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law 361, 367.

  139. 139.

    Beatriz Barreiro Carril, ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Participation in Decision-Making in the Context of World Heritage Sites: How International Human Rights Law Can Help?’ (2016) 7(2–3) The Historic Environment: Policy and Practice 224, 227; Erika Techera, Strengthening International Law to Address the Needs of Legally Pluralist Nations, Macquarie Law Working Paper 2010–02 (Macquarie University, 2010) 16.

  140. 140.

    Stan Stevens, ‘Implementing the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and International Human Rights Law through the Recognition of ICCAs’ (2010) 17 Policy Matters 181, 186.

  141. 141.

    UNDRIP, UN Doc A/RES/61/295, art 4.

  142. 142.

    Stevens, above n 140, 186.

  143. 143.

    UNDRIP, UN Doc A/RES/61/295, art 25.

  144. 144.

    Ibid., arts 11(2), 14, 34.

  145. 145.

    Ibid., arts 26, 32.

  146. 146.

    Ibid., arts 9, 10, 11(2), 18, 19, 25, 27, 32.

  147. 147.

    Naomi Deegan, ‘The Local-Global Nexus in the Politics of World Heritage: Space for Community Development?’ in Marie-Theres Albert, Marielle Richon, Marie José Viñals and Andrea Witcomb (eds), Community Development through World Heritage, World Heritage Papers 31 (UNESCO, 2012) 77, 80.

  148. 148.

    Gillespie, above n 33, 12.

  149. 149.

    For example, the Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley was listed with little effective consultation with the area’s traditional owners, the Endorois people. Many of these traditional owners had been previously relocated from the area to create a wildlife reserve and tourist facilities. The African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights found that the listing violated the Endorois peoples’ right to development. For discussion, see Peter Bille Larsen, World Heritage and Evaluation Processes Related to Communities and Rights: An Independent Review (IUCN, 2012) 19–20; Harry Jonas et al, An Analysis of International Law, National Legislation, Judgements and Institutions as they Interrelate with Territories and Areas Conserved by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (Natural Justice, 2012) 99–101. Rights violations have also been reported at other World Heritage sites, such as the Chitwan National Park World Heritage site in Nepal (see United Nations Humans Rights Council, Report by the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People, James Anaya, Addendum: report on the situation of indigenous peoples in Nepal, UN Doc A/HRC/12/34/Add.3 (20 July 2009) paras 35–37), and Lhasa, Tibet (see Amund Sinding-Larsen, ‘Lhasa Community, World Heritage and Human Rights’ (2012) 18(3) International Journal of Heritage Studies 297. For other case studies concerning human rights issues at World Heritage sites, see Peter Bille Larsen (ed), World Heritage and Human Rights: Lessons from the Asia-Pacific and Global Arena (Routledge, 2017).

  150. 150.

    See, for example, Robert James Hales et al, ‘Indigenous Free Prior Informed Consent: A Case for Self Determination in World Heritage Nomination Processes’ (2013) 19(3) International Journal of Heritage Studies 270; Stefan Disko, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in the Context of the World Heritage Convention: The Role of IUCN (IUCN, 2011) https://www.iucn.org/content/indigenous-peoples-rights-context-world-heritage-convention-%E2%80%93-role-iucn; Eman Assi, ‘World Heritage Sites, Human Rights and Cultural Heritage in Palestine’ (2012) 18(3) International Journal of Heritage Studies 316; Jukka Jokilehto, ‘Human Rights and Cultural Heritage: Observations on the Recognition of Human Rights in the International Doctrine’ (2012) 18(3) International Journal of Heritage Studies 226.

  151. 151.

    See, for example, Report of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on its Fifth Session (Geneva, 9–13 July 2012), Human Rights Council, 21st sess, UN Doc A/HRC/21/52 (17 August 2012) 7; Report on the Twelfth Session (20–31 May 2013), United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, UN ESCOR, 12th sess, UN Doc E/2013/43-E/C.19/2013/25 (2013) 6 [23]; IUCN, Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, WCC-2012-Res-047-EN (2012); UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Rights of Indigenous Peoples, UNGA 67th sess, UN Doc A/67/301 (13 August 2013) 9–12, paras 33–42.

  152. 152.

    For example, the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) reported that discussions at the 2015 World Heritage Committee meeting in Bonn, Germany ‘revealed strong resistance by many States Parties against adopting safeguards for the rights of indigenous peoples in the context of the World Heritage Convention’. IWGIA noted that a World Heritage Committee meeting member stated, in relation to the nomination of Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex in Thailand: ‘[W]e are here at a prestigious committee of culture and heritage, we are not in Geneva on the Human Rights Council’: see International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), 8th Session of the EMRIP: Joint Statement on Indigenous Rights and World Heritage (22 July 2015) http://www.iwgia.org/news/search-news?news_id=1234.

  153. 153.

    WHC Res 31 COM 13A, WHC 31st sess, UN Doc WHC-07/31.COM/24 (31 July 2007) 193; WHC Res 31 COM 13B, WHC 31st sess, UN Doc WHC-07/31.COM/24 (31 July 2007) 193.

  154. 154.

    Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, para 26.

  155. 155.

    WHC Res 31 COM 13A, WHC 31st sess, UN Doc WHC-07/31.COM/24 (31 July 2007) 193, 193 para 5.

  156. 156.

    WHC Res 35 COM 12E, WHC 35th sess, UN Doc WHC-11/35.COM/20 (7 July 2011) 270, 271 para 15(f).

  157. 157.

    Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, para 123.

  158. 158.

    Ibid.

  159. 159.

    Ibid., para 39.

  160. 160.

    Ibid., para 40.

  161. 161.

    See, for example, Ashish Kothari et al (eds), Recognising and Supporting Territories and Areas Conserved by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities: Global Overview and National Case Studies (Kalpavriksh, and Natural Justice, 2012) 16; Peter Bridgewater, Salvatore Arico and John Scott, ‘Biological Diversity and Cultural Diversity: The Heritage of Nature and Culture Through the Looking Glass of Multilateral Agreements’ (2007) 13(4–5) International Journal of Heritage Studies 405, 407; K Ruddle, E Hviding, R E Johannes, ‘Marine Resources Management in the Context of Customary Tenure’ (1992) 7 Marine Resource Economics 249, 250; Marjo Vierros et al, Traditional Marine Management Areas of the Pacific in the Context of National and International Law and Policy (United Nations University, 2010) 7; David J Doulman, ‘Community-Based Fisheries Management: Towards Restoration of Traditional Practices in the South Pacific’ (March 1993) Marine Policy 108, 108; R E Johannes, ‘Traditional Marine Conservation Methods in Oceania and their Demise’ 9 (1978) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 349, 350.

  162. 162.

    See generally Benjamin J Richardson, ‘Environmental Law in Postcolonial Societies: Straddling the Local-Global Institutional Spectrum’ (2000) 11(1) Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 1. See also Sect. 2.5.1.

  163. 163.

    See, for example, Stefan Disko, ‘World Heritage Sites in Indigenous Peoples’ Territories: Ways of Ensuring Respect for Indigenous Cultures, Values and Human Rights’ in Dieter Offenhäußer, Walther Ch Zimmerli and Marie-Theres Albert (eds), World Heritage and Cultural Diversity (German Commission for UNESCO, 2010) 167. Disko argues that the Operational Guidelines should require the full and effective participation of Indigenous peoples in the identification, nomination, management, and protection of World Heritage: at 174. See also Carril, above n 139.

  164. 164.

    Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, part IIIB, annex 5.

  165. 165.

    These Are Our Powerful Worlds, Summary Report of the Working Group Workshop on the World Heritage Indigenous People’s Council of Experts (Winnipeg, Manitoba, November 5–8 2001) http://www.whc.unesco.org/document/9474 4.

  166. 166.

    Report of the World Heritage Committee, WHC 25th sess, UN Doc WHC-01/CONF.208/24 (8 February 2002) 57, 57 para XV.5.

  167. 167.

    Lynn Meskell, ‘UNESCO and the fate of the World Heritage Indigenous Peoples Council of Experts (WHIPCOE)’ (2013) 20 International Journal of Cultural Property 155, 157.

  168. 168.

    World Heritage Sustainable Development Policy, UN Doc WHC-15/20.GA/15, para 21.

  169. 169.

    Ibid., para 9.

  170. 170.

    World Heritage Convention arts 1, 2, 11(2).

  171. 171.

    Ibid., art 11(5).

  172. 172.

    Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, para 78.

  173. 173.

    In this book, the word ‘customary’ is used instead of ‘traditional’: see Sect. 1.6.3.

  174. 174.

    Operational Guidelines 2016, UN Doc WHC.16/01, part II.F.

  175. 175.

    UNESCO/ICCROM/ICOMOS/IUCN, Preparing World Heritage Nominations (UNESCO, 2nd ed, 2011) 87.

  176. 176.

    UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC/2 (1978) para 13(iv).

  177. 177.

    Ibid., para 8.

  178. 178.

    WHC Res CONF 001 VIII.20–27, WHC 12th sess, UN Doc SC-88/CONF.001.13 (23 December 1988) 5–6; UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC/2/Revised (December 1988) paras 24(b) (ii), 36(b) (vi).

  179. 179.

    Report of the World Heritage Committee, WHC 12th sess, UN Doc SC-88/CONF.001.13 (23 December 1988) 5.

  180. 180.

    Revision of the Operational Guidelines, WHC 12th sess, UN Doc SC-88/CONF.007/12 (9 May 1988) 3.

  181. 181.

    UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC/2/Revised (December 1988) para 24(b) (ii).

  182. 182.

    Ibid., para 36(b) (vi).

  183. 183.

    WHC Res CONF 003 XIV.3, WHC 18th sess, UN Doc WHC-94/CONF.003.16 (31 January 1995) 64–66; UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC/2/Revised (February 1994) para 24(b) (ii).

  184. 184.

    Anita Smith and Kevin L Jones (eds), Cultural Landscapes of the Pacific Islands (ICOMOS, 2007) 120.

  185. 185.

    IUCN, Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories (IUCN, 1994).

  186. 186.

    Dudley (ed), above n 37, 8.

  187. 187.

    Ibid., 26.

  188. 188.

    Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend et al, above n 65, 40.

  189. 189.

    WHC Res CONF 203 XIV.3, WHC 22nd sess, UN Doc WHC-98/CONF.203/18 (29 January 1999) 56.

  190. 190.

    Republic of Palau, above n 115, 109.

  191. 191.

    Republic of Vanuatu, above n 114, 96.

  192. 192.

    ICOMOS, Evaluations of Nominations of Cultural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List, WHC 32nd sess, UN Doc WHC-08/32.COM/INF.8B1 (2008) 84 (Kuk Early Agricultural Site, Papua New Guinea, Advisory Body Evaluation 887) 89.

  193. 193.

    Federated States of Micronesia, Nan Madol: Ceremonial Center of Eastern Micronesia – As Nominated by the Federated States of Micronesia for inscription on the World Heritage List (2015) 10.

References

Articles, Books and Reports

  • Affolder, Natasha, ‘Democratising or Demonising the World Heritage Convention?’ (2007) 39 University of Wellington Law Review (2007) 341

    Google Scholar 

  • Assi, Eman, ‘World Heritage Sites, Human Rights and Cultural Heritage in Palestine’ (2012) 18(3) International Journal of Heritage Studies 316

    Google Scholar 

  • Barreiro Carril, Beatriz, “Indigenous Peoples’ Participation in Decision-Making in the Context of World Heritage Sites: How International Human Rights Law Can Help?’ (2016) 7(2–3) The Historic Environment: Policy and Practice 224

    Google Scholar 

  • Battini, Stefano, ‘The Procedural Side of Legal Globalisation: The Case of the World Heritage Convention’ (2011) 9(2) International Journal of Constitutional Law 340

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertacchini, Enroci E and Donatella Saccone, ‘Toward a Political Economy of World Heritage’ (2012) 36(4) Journal of Cultural Economics 327

    Google Scholar 

  • Boer, Ben and Graeme Wiffen, Heritage Law in Australia (Oxford University Press, 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Boer, Ben, ‘Article 3 Identification and Delineation of World Heritage Properties’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 85

    Google Scholar 

  • Borrini-Feyerabend, Grazia, Ashish Kothari and Gonzalo Oviedo, Indigenous and Local Communities and Protected Areas: Towards Equity and Enhanced Conservation, Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines 11 (World Conservation Union, 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdeau, Phillipe, ‘The Man-Nature Relationship and Environmental Ethics’ (2004) 72 Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 9

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridgewater, Peter, Salvatore Arico and John Scott, ‘Biological Diversity and Cultural Diversity: The Heritage of Nature and Culture Through the Looking Glass of Multilateral Agreements’ (2007) 13(4–5) International Journal of Heritage Studies 405

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzzini, Gionata P and Luigi Condorelli, ‘Article 11 List of World Heritage in Danger and Deletion of a Property from the World Heritage List’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 175

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, Christina, ‘The Strengths and Weaknesses of the World Heritage Convention’ (1992) 28(3) Nature and Resources 18

    Google Scholar 

  • Carducci, Guido, ‘Articles 4–7 National and International Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 103

    Google Scholar 

  • Carew-Reid, Jeremy, ‘Conservation and Protected Areas on South-Pacific Islands: The Importance of Tradition’ (1990) 17(1) Environmental Conservation 29

    Google Scholar 

  • Deegan, Naomi, ‘The Local-Global Nexus in the Politics of World Heritage: Space for Community Development?’ in Marie-Theres Albert, Marielle Richon, Marie José Viñals and Andrea Witcomb (eds), Community Development through World Heritage, World Heritage Papers 31 (UNESCO, 2012) 77

    Google Scholar 

  • Disko, Stefan, ‘World Heritage Sites in Indigenous Peoples’ Territories: Ways of Ensuring Respect for Indigenous Cultures, Values and Human Rights’ in Dieter Offenhäußer, Walther Ch Zimmerli and Marie-Theres Albert (eds), World Heritage and Cultural Diversity (German Commission for UNESCO, 2010) 167

    Google Scholar 

  • Disko, Stefan, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in the Context of the World Heritage Convention: The Role of IUCN (IUCN, 2011) https://www.iucn.org/content/indigenous-peoples-rights-context-world-heritage-convention-%E2%80%93-role-iucn

  • Doulman, David J, ‘Community-Based Fisheries Management: Towards Restoration of Traditional Practices in the South Pacific’ (March 1993) Marine Policy 108

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudley, Nigel (ed), Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories (IUCN, 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Federated States of Micronesia, Nan Madol: Ceremonial Center of Eastern Micronesia – As Nominated by the Federated States of Micronesia for inscription on the World Heritage List (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Forrest, Craig, International Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage (Routledge, 2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Francioni, Francesco, ‘The 1972 World Heritage Convention: An Introduction’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Francioni, Francesco, ‘The Preamble’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 11

    Google Scholar 

  • Francioni, Francesco and Federico Lenzerini, ‘The Future of the World Heritage Convention: Problems and Prospects’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 401

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, Bruno S and Lasse Steiner, ‘World Heritage List: Does it Make Sense?’ (2011) 17(5) International Journal of Cultural Policy 555

    Google Scholar 

  • Galis, Allan, ‘UNESCO Documents and Procedure: The Need to Account for Political Conflict When Designating World Heritage Sites’ (2009–2010) 38 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 205

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, Josephine, ‘Legal Pluralism and World Heritage Management at Angkor, Cambodia’ (2012) 14(1&2) Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, Edward J, ‘The World Heritage Convention, the Environment and Compliance’ (2008–2009) 20 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 157

    Google Scholar 

  • Borrini-Feyerabend, Grazia, Nigel Dudley, Tilman Jaeger, Barbara Lassen, Neema Pathak Broome, Adrian Phillips and Trevor Sandwith, Governance of Protected Areas: From Understanding to Action, Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series 20 (IUCN, 2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hales, Robert James, John Rynne, Cathy Howlett, Jay Devine and Vivian Hauser, ‘Indigenous Free Prior Informed Consent: A Case for Self Determination in World Heritage Nomination Processes’ (2013) 19(3) International Journal of Heritage Studies 270

    Google Scholar 

  • Hockings, Marc, Robyn James, Sue Stolton, Nigel Dudley, Vinod Mathur, John Makombo, Jose Courrau and Jeffrey Parish, Enhancing Our Heritage Toolkit: Assessing Management Effectiveness of Natural World Heritage Sites, World Heritage Papers 23 (IUCN, 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN, Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories (IUCN, 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN, Management Planning for Natural World Heritage Properties: A Resource Manual for Practitioners (IUCN, 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannes, R E, ‘Traditional Marine Conservation Methods in Oceania and their Demise’ 9 (1978) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 349

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokilehto, Jukka, ‘Human Rights and Cultural Heritage: Observations on the Recognition of Human Rights in the International Doctrine’ (2012) 18(3) International Journal of Heritage Studies 226

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonas, Harry, Eli J Makagon, Stephanie Booker and Holly Shrumm, An Analysis of International Law, National Legislation, Judgements and Institutions as they Interrelate with Territories and Areas Conserved by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (Natural Justice, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingsbury, Benedict, “Indigenous Peoples’ in International Law: A Constructivist Approach to the Asian Controversy’ (1998) 92 American Journal of International Law 414

    Google Scholar 

  • Kothari, Ashish, Colleen Corrigan, Harry Jonas, Aurélie Neumann and Holly Shrumm (eds), Recognising and Supporting Territories and Areas Conserved by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities: Global Overview and National Case Studies (Kalpavriksh, and Natural Justice, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, Peter Bille, World Heritage and Evaluation Processes Related to Communities and Rights: An Independent Review (IUCN, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, Peter Bille (ed), World Heritage and Human Rights: Lessons from the Asia-Pacific and Global Arena (Routledge, 2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauer, Matthew and Shankar Aswani, ‘Indigenous Ecological Knowledge as Situated Practices: Understanding Fishers’ Knowledge in the Western Solomon Islands (2009) 111(3) American Anthropologist 317

    Google Scholar 

  • Lausche, Barbara, Guidelines for Protected Area Legislation (IUCN, 2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Thomas and Julie Middleton, Guidelines for Management Planning of Protected Areas (IUCN, 2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenzerini, Federico, ‘Article 12 Protection of Properties Not Inscribed on the World Heritage List’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 201

    Google Scholar 

  • Meskell, Lynn, ‘UNESCO and the fate of the World Heritage Indigenous Peoples Council of Experts (WHIPCOE)’ (2013) 20 International Journal of Cultural Property 155

    Google Scholar 

  • Meskell, Lynn, Claudia Liuzza and Nicholas Brown, ‘World Heritage Regionalism: UNESCO from Europe to Asia’ (2015) 22 International Journal of Cultural Property 437

    Google Scholar 

  • Oviedo, Gonzalo and Tatjana Puschkarsky, ‘World Heritage and Rights-Based Approaches to Nature Conservation’ (2012) 18(3) International Journal of Heritage Studies 285

    Google Scholar 

  • Phares, Jehanne and Cynthia Guttman, Investing in World Heritage: Past Achievements, Future Ambitions – A Guide to International Assistance, World Heritage Papers 2 (UNESCO, 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, Adrian, ‘Cultural Landscapes: IUCN’s Changing Vision of Protected Areas’ in Cultural Landscapes: The Challenges of Conservation, World Heritage Papers 7 (UNESCO, 2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, Adrian, ‘Turning Ideas on their Head: The New Paradigm for Protected Areas’ (2003) 20(2) The George Wright Forum 8

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, Kishore, ‘A New Paradigm for the Identification, Nomination and Inscription of Properties on the World Heritage List’ (2010) 16(3) International Journal of Heritage Studies 161

    Google Scholar 

  • Reepmeyer, Christian, Geoffrey Clark, Dwight Alexander, Ilebrang U Olkeriil, Jolie Liston and Ann Hillmann Kitalong, ‘Selecting Cultural Sites for the UNESCO World Heritage List: Recent Work in the Rock Islands – Southern Lagoon Area, Republic of Palau’ in Jolie Liston, Geoffrey Clark and Dwight Alexander (eds), Pacific Island Heritage: Archaeology, Identity and Community (ANU E Press, 2011) 85

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Palau, The Rock Islands Southern Lagoon Nomination for Inscription on the World Heritage List (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Vanuatu, Chief Roi Mata’s Domain – Nomination by the Republic of Vanuatu for Inscription on the World Heritage List (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, Benjamin J, ‘Environmental Law in Postcolonial Societies: Straddling the Local-Global Institutional Spectrum’ (2000) 11(1) Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddle, K, E Hviding, R E Johannes, ‘Marine Resources Management in the Context of Customary Tenure’ (1992) 7 Marine Resource Economics 249

    Google Scholar 

  • Scovazzi, Tullio, ‘Articles 8–11 World Heritage Committee and World Heritage List’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 147

    Google Scholar 

  • Shearing, Susan, ‘Here Today, Gone Tomorrow? Climate Change and World Heritage’ (2008) 12(2) The Australasian Journal of Natural Resources Law and Policy 161

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinding-Larsen, Amund, ‘Lhasa Community, World Heritage and Human Rights’ (2012) 18(3) International Journal of Heritage Studies 297

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Anita and Kevin L Jones (eds), Cultural Landscapes of the Pacific Islands (ICOMOS, 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, Stan, ‘Implementing the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and International Human Rights Law through the Recognition of ICCAs’ (2010) 17 Policy Matters 181

    Google Scholar 

  • Strasser, Ian, ‘Putting Reform into Action: Thirty Years of the World Heritage Convention: How to Reform a Convention without Changing its Regulations’ (2002) 11(2) International Journal of Cultural Property 215

    Google Scholar 

  • Techera, Erika, ‘Samoa: Law, Custom and Conservation’ (2006) 10 New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law 361

    Google Scholar 

  • Techera, Erika, Strengthening International Law to Address the Needs of Legally Pluralist Nations, Macquarie Law Working Paper 2010–02 (Macquarie University, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • These Are Our Powerful Worlds, Summary Report of the Working Group Workshop on the World Heritage Indigenous People’s Council of Experts (Winnipeg, Manitoba, November 5–8 2001) http://www.whc.unesco.org/document/9474

  • UNESCO/ICCROM/ICOMOS/IUCN, Preparing World Heritage Nominations (UNESCO, 2nd ed, 2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO/ICCROM/ICOMOS/IUCN, Managing Natural World Heritage, World Heritage Resource Manual (UNESCO, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO/ICCROM/ICOMOS/IUCN, Managing Cultural World Heritage, World Heritage Resource Manual (UNESCO, 2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vierros, Marjo, Alifereti Tawake, Francis Hickey, Ana Tiraa and Rahera Noa, Traditional Marine Management Areas of the Pacific in the Context of National and International Law and Policy (United Nations University, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrdoljak, Ana Filipa, ‘Article 14 The Secretariat and Support of the World Heritage Committee’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2008) 243

    Google Scholar 

  • Wingham, Elspeth J, Nomination of East Rennell, Solomon Islands by the Government of Solomon Islands for Inclusion in the World Heritage List Natural Sites (1997)

    Google Scholar 

Cases

Legislation and Bills: Fiji

Conventions

  • Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, opened for signature 16 November 1972, 1037 UNTS 151 (entered into force 17 December 1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property during Armed Conflict, opened for signature 14 May 1954, 249 UNTS 240 (entered into force 7 August 1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, opened for signature 27 June 1989, 1650 UNTS 383 (entered into force 5 September 1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • Convention on Biological Diversity, opened for signature 5 June 1992, 1760 UNTS 79 (entered into force 29 December 1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Convention on the Law of Treaties, opened for signature 23 May 1969, 1155 UNTS 331 (entered into force 27 January 1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, opened for signature 2 November 2001, 2562 UNTS 48 (entered into force 2 January 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, opened for signature 17 October 2003, 2368 UNTS 3 (entered into force 20 April 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, opened for signature 2 February 1971, 996 UNTS 245 (entered into force 21 December 1975)

    Google Scholar 

United Nations Documents

  • Agenda 21, Report of the UNCED, I, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • Budapest Declaration on World Heritage, WHC Res 26 COM 9, WHC 26th sess, UN Doc WHC-02/CONF.202/25 (1 August 2002) 6

    Google Scholar 

  • ICOMOS, Evaluations of Nominations of Cultural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List, WHC 32nd sess, UN Doc WHC-08/32.COM/INF.8B1 (2008) 84 (Kuk Early Agricultural Site, Papua New Guinea, Advisory Body Evaluation 887)

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN, Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, WCC-2012-Res-047-EN (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Policy for the Integration of a Sustainable Development Perspective into the Processes of the World Heritage Convention, WHC GA Res 20 GA 13, 20th sess, UN Doc WHC-15/20.GA/15 (20 November 2015) 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Report of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on its Fifth Session (Geneva, 9–13 July 2012), Human Rights Council, 21st sess, UN Doc A/HRC/21/52 (17 August 2012) 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Report of the World Heritage Committee, WHC 12th sess, UN Doc SC-88/CONF.001.13 (23 December 1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Report of the World Heritage Committee, WHC 25th sess, UN Doc WHC-01/CONF.208/24 (8 February 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Report on the Twelfth Session (20–31 May 2013), United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, UN ESCOR, 12th sess, UN Doc E/2013/43-E/C.19/2013/25 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Revision of the Operational Guidelines, WHC 12th sess, UN Doc SC-88/CONF.007/12 (9 May 1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, UN Doc A/CONF.151/6/Rev.1 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, UNGA Res A/RES/70/L.1, UN GAOR, 70th sess, UN Doc A/RES/70/1 (21 October 2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC/2 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC/2/Revised (December 1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC/2/Revised (February 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC.16/01 (26 October 2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GA Res 61/295, UN GAOR, 61st sess, 107th plen mtg, Supp No 49, UN Doc A/RES/61/295 (13 September 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Humans Rights Council, Report by the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People, James Anaya, Addendum: report on the situation of indigenous peoples in Nepal, UN Doc A/HRC/12/34/Add.3 (20 July 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Rights of Indigenous Peoples, UNGA 67th sess, UN Doc A/67/301 (13 August 2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • WHC Res CONF 001 VIII.20–27, WHC 12th sess, UN Doc SC-88/CONF.001.13 (23 December 1988) 5

    Google Scholar 

  • WHC Res CONF 003 XIV.3, WHC 18th sess, UN Doc WHC-94/CONF.003.16 (31 January 1995) 64

    Google Scholar 

  • WHC Res CONF 203 XIV.3, WHC 22nd sess, UN Doc WHC-98/CONF.203/18 (29 January 1999) 56

    Google Scholar 

  • WHC Res 31 COM 13A, WHC 31st sess, UN Doc WHC-07/31.COM/24 (31 July 2007a) 193

    Google Scholar 

  • WHC Res 31 COM 13B, WHC 31st sess, UN Doc WHC-07/31.COM/24 (31 July 2007b) 193

    Google Scholar 

  • WHC Res 35 COM 12E, WHC 35th sess, UN Doc WHC-11/35.COM/20 (7 July 2011) 270

    Google Scholar 

  • WHC Res 39 COM 5D, WHC 39th sess, UN Doc WHC-15/39.COM/19 (8 July 2015) 7

    Google Scholar 

  • WHC Res 40 COM 7A.49, 40th sess, UN Doc WHC/16/40.COM/19 (15 November 2016) 68

    Google Scholar 

  • WHC Res 41 COM 7A.19, 41st sess, UN Doc WHC/17/41.COM/18 (12 July 2017) 35

    Google Scholar 

  • World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, UN Doc A/42/427 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • World Heritage and Sustainable Development, WHC 39th sess, UN Doc WHC-15/39.COM/5D (15 May 2015)

    Google Scholar 

Internet Materials

Other

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia

    Stephanie Clair Price

Authors
  1. Stephanie Clair Price
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Price, S.C. (2018). The Protection of Pacific Island Heritage Through the World Heritage Convention Regime. In: World Heritage Conservation in the Pacific. Palgrave Series in Asia and Pacific Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0602-0_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation