Abstract
Posterior tibial tendon (PTT) dysfunction is a common disorder in adults and is also known as posterior tibial tendon deficiency (PTTD) and adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Flatfeet in the pediatric and the adult population are often regarded as different entities as they both have different etiologies; this chapter will focus on the adult population where the posterior tibial tendon plays a major role [1–4].
The corresponding author of section 15.1 is Tun Hing Lui, Email: luithderek@yahoo.co.uk
The corresponding author of section 15.2 is Tun Hing Lui, Email: luithderek@yahoo.co.uk
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sadeghi-Demneh E, Jafarian F, Melvin JMA, Azadinia F, Shamsi F, Jafarpishe M. Flatfoot in school-age children: prevalence and associated factors. Foot Ankle Spec. 2015;8(3):186–93.
Sneyers CJ, Lysens R, Feys H, Andries R. Influence of malalignment of feet on the plantar pressure pattern in running. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16(10):624–32.
Carr JB, Yang S, Lather LA. Pediatric pes planus: a state-of-the-art review. Pediatrics. 2016;137(3):e20151230.
Ferciot CF. The etiology of developmental flatfoot. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;85:7–10.
Choi K, Lee S, Otis JC, Deland JT. Anatomical reconstruction of the spring ligament using peroneus longus tendon graft. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24(5):430–6.
Tareco JM, Miller NH, MacWilliams BA, Michelson JD. Defining flatfoot. Foot Ankle Int. 1999;20(7):456–60.
Lee MS, Vanore JV, Thomas JL, Catanzariti AR, Kogler G, Kravitz SR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adult flatfoot. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2005;44(2):78–113.
Blake RL, Anderson K, Ferguson H. Posterior tibial tendinitis. A literature review with case reports. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1994;84(3):141–9.
Supple KM, Hanft JR, Murphy BJ, Janecki CJ, Kogler GF. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1992;22(2):106–13.
Williams BR, Ellis SJ, Deyer TW, Pavlov H, Deland JT. Reconstruction of the spring ligament using a peroneus longus autograft tendon transfer. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(7):567–77.
Gazdag AR, Cracchiolo A. Rupture of the posterior tibial tendon. Evaluation of injury of the spring ligament and clinical assessment of tendon transfer and ligament repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(5):675–81.
Funk DA, Cass JR, Johnson KA. Acquired adult flat foot secondary to posterior tibial-tendon pathology. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68(1):95–102.
Deland JT. Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16(7):399–406.
Mann RA. Adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Treatment of dysfunction of the posterior tibial tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(9):1434.
Key JA. Partial rupture of the tendon of the posterior tibial muscle. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1953;35A(4):1006–8.
Goldner JL, Keats PK, Bassett FH, Clippinger FW. Progressive talipes equinovalgus due to trauma or degeneration of the posterior tibial tendon and medial plantar ligaments. Orthop Clin North Am. 1974;5(1):39–51.
Mengiardi B, Pinto C, Zanetti M. Spring ligament complex and posterior tibial tendon: MR anatomy and findings in acquired adult flatfoot deformity. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2016;20(1):104–15.
Frey C, Shereff M, Greenidge N. Vascularity of the posterior tibial tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72(6):884–8.
Bluman EM, Myerson MS. Stage IV posterior tibial tendon rupture. Foot Ankle Clin. 2007;12(2):341–62, viii.
Plumarom Y, Imjaijitt W, Chaiphrom N. Comparison between Staheli index on Harris mat footprint and Talar-first metatarsal angle for the diagnosis of flatfeet. J Med Assoc Thail. 2014;97(Suppl 2):S131–5.
Coughlin MJ, Kaz A. Correlation of Harris mats, physical exam, pictures, and radiographic measurements in adult flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(7):604–12.
Saltzman CL, El-Khoury GY. The hindfoot alignment view. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16(9):572–6.
Johnson KA, Strom DE. Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;239:196–206.
Shibuya N, Ramanujam CL, Garcia GM. Association of tibialis posterior tendon pathology with other radiographic findings in the foot: a case-control study. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2008;47(6):546–53.
Chen YJ, Liang SC. Diagnostic efficacy of ultrasonography in stage I posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: sonographic-surgical correlation. J Ultrasound Med. 1997;16(6):417–23.
Yao L, Gentili A, Cracchiolo A. MR imaging findings in spring ligament insufficiency. Skelet Radiol. 1999;28(5):245–50.
Khoury NJ, El-Khoury GY, Saltzman CL, Brandser EA. MR imaging of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167(3):675–82.
Hsu TC, Wang CL, Wang TG, Chiang IP, Hsieh FJ. Ultrasonographic examination of the posterior tibial tendon. Foot Ankle Int. 1997;18(1):34–8.
Rosenberg ZS. Chronic rupture of the posterior tibial tendon. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1994;2(1):79–87.
Vulcano E, Deland JT, Ellis SJ. Approach and treatment of the adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2013;6(4):294–303.
Mann RA, Thompson FM. Rupture of the posterior tibial tendon causing flat foot. Surgical treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67(4):556–61.
Nielsen MD, Dodson EE, Shadrick DL, Catanzariti AR, Mendicino RW, Malay DS. Nonoperative care for the treatment of adult-acquired flatfoot deformity. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2011;50(3):311–4.
Alvarez RG, Marini A, Schmitt C, Saltzman CL. Stage I and II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction treated by a structured nonoperative management protocol: an orthosis and exercise program. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(1):2–8.
Shah NS, Needleman RL, Bokhari O, Buzas D. 2013 subtalar arthroereisis survey: the current practice patterns of members of the AOFAS. Foot Ankle Spec. 2015;8(3):180–5.
Fernández de Retana P, Alvarez F, Bacca G. Is there a role for subtalar arthroereisis in the management of adult acquired flatfoot? Foot Ankle Clin. 2012;17(2):271–81.
Chong DY, Macwilliams BA, Hennessey TA, Teske N, Stevens PM. Prospective comparison of subtalar arthroereisis with lateral column lengthening for painful flatfeet. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2015;24(4):345–53.
Lui TH. Spontaneous subtalar fusion: an irreversible complication of subtalar arthroereisis. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2014;53(5):652–6.
Metcalfe SA, Bowling FL, Reeves ND. Subtalar joint arthroereisis in the management of pediatric flexible flatfoot: a critical review of the literature. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(12):1127–39.
Kumar V, Clough TM. Talar neck fracture – a rare but important complication following subtalar arthroereisis. Foot. 2014;24(4):169–71.
Zhu Y, Xu X-Y. Treatment of stage II adult acquired flatfoot deformity with subtalar arthroereises. Foot Ankle Spec. 2015;8(3):194–202.
Barske HL, DiGiovanni BF, Douglass M, Nawoczenski DA. Current concepts review: isolated gastrocnemius contracture and gastrocnemius recession. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33(10):915–21.
Harris RI, Beath T. Hypermobile flat-foot with short tendo achillis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1948;30A(1):116–40.
Haddad SL, Dedhia S, Ren Y, Rotstein J, Zhang L-Q. Deltoid ligament reconstruction: a novel technique with biomechanical analysis. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(7):639–51.
Lui TH. Endoscopic repair of the superficial deltoid ligament and spring ligament. Arthrosc Tech. 2016;5(3):e621–5.
Daniels TR, Younger ASE, Penner M, Wing K, Dryden PJ, Wong H, et al. Intermediate-term results of total ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis: a COFAS multicenter study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96(2):135–42.
Lui TH. Technical tips: reconstruction of deep and superficial deltoid ligaments by peroneus longus tendon in stage 4 posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Foot Ankle Surg. 2014;20(4):295–7.
Pedowitz DI, Kane JM, Smith GM, Saffel HL, Comer C, Raikin SM. Total ankle arthroplasty versus ankle arthrodesis: a comparative analysis of arc of movement and functional outcomes. Bone Joint J. 2016;98B(5):634–40.
Kelly IP, Nunley JA. Treatment of stage 4 adult acquired flatfoot. Foot Ankle Clin. 2001;6(1):167–78.
Kadakia AR, Haddad SL. Hindfoot arthrodesis for the adult acquired flat foot. Foot Ankle Clin. 2003;8(3):569–94, x.
Carranza-Bencano A, Tejero S, Del Castillo-Blanco G, Fernández-Torres JJ, Alegrete-Parra A. Minimal incision surgery for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35(3):272–84.
Jeng CL, Bluman EM, Myerson MS. Minimally invasive deltoid ligament reconstruction for stage IV flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(1):21–30.
Lui TH. Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with combined retrograde intramedullary nail and lateral L-plate. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2012;51(5):693–5.
Lui TH. Posterior tibial tendoscopy: endoscopic synovectomy and assessment of the spring (calcaneonavicular) ligament. Arthrosc Tech. 2015;4(6):e819–23.
Chow HT, Chan KB, Lui TH. Tendoscopic debridement for stage I posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005;13(8):695–8.
Lui TH. Modified endoscopic release of gastrocnemius aponeurosis. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;54(1):140–2.
Lui TH. Endoscopic gastrocnemius intramuscular aponeurotic recession. Arthrosc Tech. 2015;4(5):e615–8.
Lui TH. Endoscopic assisted posterior tibial tendon reconstruction for stage 2 posterior tibial tendon insufficiency. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007;15(10):1228–34.
Lui TH. Arthroscopic repair of superomedial spring ligament via talonavicular arthroscopy. Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(1):e31–5.
Lui TH, Chan KB, Ng S. Arthroscopic lapidus arthrodesis. Arthroscopy. 2005;21(12):1516.e1–4.
Lui TH. Clinical tips: anterior subtalar (talocalcaneonavicular) arthroscopy. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(1):94–6.
Lui TH, Chan LK. Safety and efficacy of talonavicular arthroscopy in arthroscopic triple arthrodesis. A cadaveric study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18(5):607–11.
Lintz F, Guillard C, Colin F, Marchand J-B, Brilhault J. Safety and efficiency of a 2-portal lateral approach to arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis: a cadaveric study. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(7):1217–23.
Ahn JH, Lee SK, Kim KJ, Kim YI, Choy WS. Subtalar arthroscopic procedures for the treatment of subtalar pathologic conditions: 115 consecutive cases. Orthopedics. 2009;32(12):891.
Williams MM, Ferkel RD. Subtalar arthroscopy: indications, technique, and results. Arthroscopy. 1998;14(4):373–81.
Lui TH, Tong SC. Subtalar arthroscopy: when, why and how. World J Orthop. 2015;6(1):56–61.
Lui TH. New technique of arthroscopic triple arthrodesis. Arthroscopy. 2006;22(4):464.e1–5.
Myerson M, Solomon G, Shereff M. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: its association with seronegative inflammatory disease. Foot Ankle. 1989;9(5):219–25.
Crates JM, Richardson EG. Treatment of stage I posterior tibial tendon dysfunction with medial soft tissue procedures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;365:46–9.
Wertheimer SJ, Weber CA, Loder BG, Calderone DR, Frascone ST. The role of endoscopy in treatment of stenosing posterior tibial tenosynovitis. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1995;34(1):15–22.
Mosier-LaClair S, Pomeroy G, Manoli A. Operative treatment of the difficult stage 2 adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin. 2001;6(1):95–119.
Lui TH, Chan KB, Chan LK. Cadaveric study of zone 2 flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath. Arthroscopy. 2010;26(6):808–12.
Lui TH. Flexor hallucis longus tendoscopy: a technical note. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(1):107–10.
Myerson MS, Badekas A, Schon LC. Treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon deficiency with flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer and calcaneal osteotomy. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25(7):445–50.
Lui TH. Whole length flexor hallucis longus transfer with a minimally invasive approach: technique tip. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(7):730–4.
Lui TH, Chan KB, Chan LK. Zone 2 flexor hallucis longus tendoscopy: a cadaveric study. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(5):447–51.
Sung I-H, Lee S, Otis JC, Deland JT. Posterior tibial tendon force requirement in early heel rise after calcaneal osteotomies. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23(9):842–9.
Nyska M, Parks BG, Chu IT, Myerson MS. The contribution of the medial calcaneal osteotomy to the correction of flatfoot deformities. Foot Ankle Int. 2001;22(4):278–82.
Koutsogiannis E. Treatment of mobile flat foot by displacement osteotomy of the calcaneus. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1971;53(1):96–100.
Lui TH. Percutaneous posterior calcaneal osteotomy. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;54:1188–92.
Lui TH, Yuen CP. Small joint arthroscopy in foot and ankle. Foot Ankle Clin. 2015;20(1):123–38.
Lui TH. Arthroscopy and endoscopy of the foot and ankle: indications for new techniques. Arthroscopy. 2007;23(8):889–902.
Matthews P, Richards H. Factors in the adherence of flexor tendon after repair. An experimental study in the rabbit. J Bone Joint Surg. 1976;58B:230–6.
Siegler AM, Kontopoulos V, Wang CF. Prevention of postoperative adhesions in rabbits with ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Fertil Steril. 1980;34:46–9.
Khanna A, et al. Prevention of adhesions in surgery of the flexor tendons of the hand: what is the evidence? Br Med Bull. 2009;90:85–109.
Lui TH. Endoscopic adhesiolysis for extensive tibialis posterior tendon and achilles tendon adhesions following compound tendon rupture. Br Med J Case Rep. 2013;2013:bcr2013200824.
Lapididus PW, Seidenstein H. Chronic nonspecific tenosynovitis with effusion about the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1950;32:175–9.
Van Dijk CN, Kort N, Scholten PE. Tendoscopy of the posterior tibial tendon. Arthroscopy. 1997;13:692–8.
Lui TH. Arthroscopic and endoscopic management of stiffness problems after hindfoot trauma. Indian J Orthop. 2018;52(3):304–8.
Lui TH. Peroneus longus tendoscopy at the sole: a cadaveric study. Arthroscopy. 2015;31:1338–42.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ling, S.K.K., Lui, T.H., Chiu, S.Y. (2019). Posterior Tibial Tendoscopy. In: Lui, T. (eds) Arthroscopy and Endoscopy of the Foot and Ankle. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0429-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0429-3_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0428-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0429-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)