Abstract
In the city Changsha, in the middle of the night, a man riding a bicycle was checked by a policeman, and be found a naked female that has been dead in the sack from the backseat of the bicycle. The man explained that he saw the sack from a dump, and thought that there are some valuable things and wanted to take it home. He knew nothing about the female corpse. The policeman didn’t believe his “nonsense”, then took the man back to the public security bureau. After a series of “matches”, the man confessed that he had raped and killed the female. But, later in the court, the man withdrew his confession and claimed that he had been tortured.
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Notes
- 1.
See He (2000).
- 2.
- 3.
Presume: suppose something to be true. Presumption: presuming something to be true or the case. See Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary (Fourth edition), Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1997, p. 1166.
- 4.
Presumption: a judicially applies prediction of factual or legal probability. Garner (1995).
- 5.
Presumption: a legal inference or assumption that a fact exists, based on the known or proven existence of some other fact or group of facts. Garner (1999).
- 6.
Waltz (1983).
- 7.
Allen et al. (2006).
- 8.
Smith (1995).
- 9.
Suppose: accept as true or probable. See Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, p. 1536.
- 10.
Predict: say in advance that something will happen. See Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, p. 1156.
- 11.
Inference: reach an opinion from facts or reasoning. See Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, p. 762.
- 12.
Assumption: accept something as true before there is proof. See Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, p. 74.
- 13.
Reasoning: act or process of using one’s power to think, understand, form opinions; arguments produced when doing this. See Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, p. 1241.
- 14.
Deduction: reasoning from general principles to a particular case. See Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, p. 372.
- 15.
See Luo (1990).
- 16.
Wu (1983).
- 17.
- 18.
Wei (1999, pp. 178–181).
- 19.
Fan (2001, p. 252).
- 20.
Bian (2000, pp. 370–371).
- 21.
See Chen (2000, p. 179).
- 22.
See Bian Jianlin ed., p. 124.
- 23.
See Jiang Wei ed., pp. 125–126.
- 24.
See Fan Chongyi ed., pp. 258–259.
- 25.
See Bian Jianlin ed., p. 374.
- 26.
See Jiang Wei ed., p. 135.
- 27.
See He (2008).
- 28.
See Wu Yusu ed., p. 98.
- 29.
See Jiang Wei ed., pp. 124–125.
- 30.
See Long (2008).
- 31.
See Jiang Wei ed., p. 126.
- 32.
The three are well-known characters in Outlaws of the Marsh, one of the best classical novels in China.
- 33.
See Jon Waltz, p. 275; See Fan Chongyi (ed.), p. 252.
- 34.
Chen (2007).
- 35.
Among the three concepts, reasoning, inference and argumentation, inference has the closest meaning and usage with presumption; therefore, I will take inference as example to compare it with presumption.
- 36.
See Jiang Wei ed., p. 124; See Bian Jianlin ed., pp. 370–371.
- 37.
See Chen Yiyun ed., pp. 178–181.
- 38.
See Fan Chongyi ed., pp. 252–257.
- 39.
See He Jiahong and Liu Pinxin, p. 275.
- 40.
Published by the Penguin Group (Australia) in 2012.
- 41.
See Waight and Williams (1998, p. 109).
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He, J. (2018). The Concept of Presumption. In: Methodology of Judicial Proof and Presumption. Masterpieces of Contemporary Jurisprudents in China. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8025-8_7
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