Abstract
As can be seen from the common characteristics of modern economic development, a country or region in different development levels or stages will have different driving forces of development. In general, a country or region in the low-income stage is basically driven by primary elements such as land, resources, energy, and a labor force, whereas a country or region in the lower middle-income stage is largely driven by capital elements such as the domestic savings rate, investment rate, and investment scale, which are of great importance. In contrast, a country or region in the upper middle-income stage is driven by technological elements, which are usually associated with the introduction of large-scale technology, and one in the high-income stage must be driven by a reliance on innovation.
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That is, a large market-scale effect on any technological innovation will not only greatly reduce the economic costs of technological innovation, but also greatly reduce the transaction costs of technological innovation diffusion and application, especially for those major engineering technologies requiring very high investment, and national defense science and technology. At the same time, it is also possible to exploit the overseas market through exports, foreign investment, technology transfer or technology research and development, namely obtaining the advantages of the economies of scale present in the world market.
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China has become the largest invention patent applicant and grantor state in the world. In 2013, the number of invention patent applications in China reached 1.7049 million, 2.45 times that of the United States, and the number of granted domestic invention patents in China reached 143,500, 1.07 times that of the United States.
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In 2006, China formulated the National Guideline for Medium- and Long-term Plans for Science and Technology Development, which clearly presents that China’s independent innovation includes three definitions: (1) original innovation, (2) integrated innovation, (3) and the introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation of innovation.
- 26.
Collaborative innovation refers to cooperative innovation between multiple enterprises or enterprises and universities, scientific research institutions or other institutions, which co-share innovation achievements, and further includes collaborative innovation between financial institutions and industrial institutions, multiregional collaborative innovation, and international collaborative innovation.
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Jeffrey D. Sachs, 2015. The Age of Sustainable Development, Columbia University Press (January 20, 2015).
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In 1820–1870, the United Kingdom enjoyed endogenous innovation with an average annual GDP growth rate of 2.05%; the United States was engaged in catch-up innovation with an average annual growth rate of 4.20%. In 1950–1973, the United States entered a stage of endogenous innovation with an average growth rate of 3.93%, and Japan was then in catch-up mode with an average growth rate of 9.29%. In 1978–2008, the United States enjoyed an average growth rate of 2.84% with endogenous innovation, and China engaged in catch-up innovation with an average growth rate of 9.92%. Calculating data source: Angus Maddison: Historical Statistics of the World: 1-2008 AD, http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/oriindex.htm.
- 29.
Calculating data source: Angus Maddison: Historical Statistics of the World: 1-2008 AD, http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/oriindex.htm.
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Historians often regard the 16th century as the beginning of modern world history according to the standard of productivity, and modern world history mainly refers to the history of the capitalistic period.
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- 33.
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Speech by Xi Jinping at the 11th meeting of central finance and economy leading group, the central group stressed to strengthen structural reform of the supply front and control both the demand and supply, Xinhua News Agency, November 10, 2015, Beijing.
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Hu, A., Yan, Y., Tang, X. (2018). Innovative Development. In: Xi Jinping's New Development Philosophy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7736-4_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7736-4_2
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