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Multistrata Systems: Potentials and Challenges of Cocoa-based Agroforests in the Humid Tropics

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Agroforestry

Abstract

Multistrata agroforests comprise a wide range of agroforestry practices that includes assemblage of woody and nonwoody plant components, with the wide range of practices on the continuum from using shade trees in perennial plantation to very diversified agroforests that mimic the original forest-like structure. In the humid tropical lowlands, such systems often consist of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) grown under the shade of trees. In this review, we explore the reliability of research on and the feasibility of achieving the environmental and economic benefits of cocoa agroforests, highlighting future opportunities and challenges of cocoa growing. Unsustainable intensification in a form of monocultures with high agricultural inputs reduces ecological resilience of a land-use system, whereas paradoxically, environmental and climate changes require more than ever a higher capacity of land-use systems to cope with increasing global environmental pressure. Over the past decade, a number of new studies focusing on cocoa agroforests have been published. We review current cultivation of cocoa in the world and outline the establishment and management of cocoa agroforests. Further on, we explored the idea that cocoa agroforests could be a solution to prevent phenomenon of boom-and-bust cycle of cocoa cultivation and highlighted the possibilities for improvement of cocoa cultivation using its vast genetic base. Then the benefits of cocoa agroforests for (agro)biodiversity and soil conservation are summarized and economic perspectives of multistrata systems assessed. In final discussion, we performed a SWOT analysis, highlighting future opportunities and challenges and proposing recommendation to improve the extension, adoption and sustainability of cocoa agroforests.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to give thanks especially to Dr. Philippe Vaast for reviewing the final draft of the paper and his valuable comments to the text. We would like to acknowledge Dr. Dirk Lebe and Barbora Tumova from Sustainable Cocoa Production Program of Swisscontact, Indonesia, for their constructive comments to the text and Sumilia from Swisscontact for a rich discussion about cocoa agriculture and valuable feedback from the ground.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6 Suchdol, Czech Republic

    B. Lojka, L. Pawera, M. Kalousová, L. Bortl, V. Verner & P. Van Damme

  2. Students for the Living Amazon o. p. s, Prague, Czech Republic

    M. Kalousová & L. Bortl

  3. Prague Botanical Garden, Prague 7 Troja, Czech Republic

    L. Bortl

  4. Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    J. Houška

  5. Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6 Suchdol, Czech Republic

    J. Houška

  6. Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic

    J. Houška

  7. Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    W. Vanhove & P. Van Damme

  8. World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya

    P. Van Damme

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Correspondence to B. Lojka .

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  1. Natural Resource Management Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India

    Jagdish Chander Dagar

  2. Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Vindhya Prasad Tewari

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Lojka, B. et al. (2017). Multistrata Systems: Potentials and Challenges of Cocoa-based Agroforests in the Humid Tropics. In: Dagar, J., Tewari, V. (eds) Agroforestry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7650-3_23

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