Skip to main content

Opportunities and Conditions for Successful Foreign Aid to the Forestry Sector

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Aid Effectiveness for Environmental Sustainability

Abstract

In this chapter, Unai Pascual and colleagues address the link between sustainable forest management initiatives, the climate change policy arena and foreign aid. Pascual et al. discuss the role of foreign aid in helping to achieve sustainable forest management, framing this as the condition for delivering multiple ecosystem services, and considering the potential for donor support for the forestry sector associated with new climate finance. The chapter explores the conditions for promoting forest conservation through foreign aid, taking into account the varying interests of multiple actors. The authors warn that while REDD+ financing, catalysed by foreign aid, has the potential to move beyond traditional sustainable forest management efforts, the mechanism still faces uncertainty over the long-term sustainability of financing, thus affecting the scalability of the mechanism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    According to the World Bank, more than 1.6 billion people directly depend on forest resources.

  2. 2.

    For example, de Gryzde and Durschinger (2010); Swickard and Carnahan (2010) in Balderas Torres and Skutsch (2012).

  3. 3.

    Leakage is when interventions to reduce deforestation or degradation at one site simply displace pressures and increase emissions elsewhere.

References

  • Adams, W.M., R. Aveling, D. Brockington, B. Dickson, J. Elliott, J. Hutton, et al. 2004. Biodiversity Conservation and the Eradication of Poverty. Science 306: 1146–1149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, A., and A. Angelsen. 2009. Using Community Forest Management to Achieve REDD+ Goals. In Realising REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options, ed. A. Angelsen et al. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, A., A. Chhatre, and R. Hardin. 2008. Changing Governance of the World’s Forests. Science 320: 1460–1462.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, A., D. Nepstad, and A. Chhatre. 2011. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. Annual Reviews 36: 373–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angelsen, A., ed. 2008. Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options, and Implications. Bogor: CIFOR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angelsen, A., M. Brockhaus, M. Kanninen, E. Sills, W.D. Sunderlin, and S. Wertz-Kanounnikoff. 2009. Realising REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options, 390. Bogor: CIFOR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arndt, C., and C. Bach. 2011. Foreign Assistance in a Climate-Constrained World. WIDER Working Paper 2011/66. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnstein, S.R. 1969. A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35: 216–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asen, A., M. Bosolo, R. Carrillo, K. van Dijk, C. Nordheim-Larsen, S. Oystese, et al. 2011. Unlocking National Opportunities. In New Insights for Financing Sustainable Forest and Land Management. Rome: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balderas Torres, A.B., and M. Skutsch. 2012. Splitting the Difference: A Proposal for Benefit Sharing in Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Forests 3: 137–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balmford, A., and T. Whitten. 2003. Who Should Pay for Tropical Conservation, and How Could the Costs Be Met? Oryx 37: 238–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, E.L. 2011. Another Inconvenient Truth: The Failure of Enforcement Systems to Save Charismatic Species. Oryx 45: 476–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, N.J., O.L. Phillips, S.L. Lewis, J.K. Hill, D.P. Edwards, N.P. Tawatao, et al. 2010. The High Value of Logged Tropical Forests: Lessons from Northern Borneo. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: 985–997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beymer-Farris, B.A., and T.J. Bassett. 2012. The REDD Menace: Resurgent Protectionism in Tanzania’s Mangrove Forests. Global Environmental Change 22: 332–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bisson, J., E.S. Guiang, P. Walpole, and D. Tolentino. 2003. Better Governance Critical to Reversing Forest Degradation Trends in Southeast Asia. Paper Presented at XII World Forestry Congress, 21–28 September, Quebec City. www.fao.org/DOCREP/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0837-A4.HTM

  • Blom, B., T. Sunderland, and D. Murdiyarso. 2010. Getting REDD to Work Locally: Lessons Learned from Integrated Conservation and Development Projects. Environmental Science & Policy 13: 164–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boccucci, M., R. Boer, A. Contreras-Hermosilla, J. Leitmann, N. Masripatin, and J. Spears. 2008. REDD and Investment. In Financing Sustainable Forest Management, ed. J. Holopainen and M. Wit. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D., F. Seymour, and L. Peskett. 2008. How Do We Achieve REDD Co-benefits and Avoid Doing Harm? In Moving Ahead With REDD. Issues, Options, and Implications, ed. A. Angelsen, 107–118. Bogor: CIFOR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R.A., and B. Laurance. 2008. New Strategies for Conserving Tropical Forests. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23 (9): 469–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R.A., L.P. Koh, and J. Ghazoul. 2009. REDD in the Red: Palm Oil Could Undermine Carbon Payment Schemes. Conservation Letters 2: 67–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, B. 2009. Beyond Copenhagen: REDD+, Agriculture, Adaptation Strategies and Poverty. Global Environmental Change 19: 397–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canadell, J.G., and M.R. Raupach. 2008. Managing Forests for Climate Change Mitigation. Science 320 (5882): 1456–1457.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity). 2010. Global Expert Workshop on Biodiversity Benefits of REDD in Developing Countries, 20–23 September, Nairobi. www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=EWREDD-01

  • Cerbu, G.A., B.M. Swallow, and D.Y. Thompson. 2011. Locating REDD: A Global Survey and Analysis of REDD Readiness and Demonstration Activities. Environmental Science and Policy 14: 168–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, K.M.A., R.M. Pringle, J. Ranganathan, C.L. Boggs, Y.L. Chan, P.R. Ehrlich, et al. 2007. When Agendas Collide: Human Welfare and Biological Conservation. Conbio 21: 59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chhatre, A., and A. Agrawal. 2009. Trade-offs and Synergies between Carbon Storage and Livelihood Benefits from Forest Commons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (42): 17667–17670.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chipeta, M.E., and M. Joshi, eds. 2001. Financing Sustainable Forest Management. Report of the International Workshop of Experts, 22–25 January 2001, Oslo, Norway. Bogor: CIFOR, 109p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, P., J. Chaffin, and J. Blass. 2013. EU Carbon Prices Crash to Record Low. Financial Times, 23 January. Online. www.ft.com/cms/s/0/77764dda-6645-11e2-b967-00144feab49a.html#axzz2RYAYPM4m

  • Clements, T. 2010. Reduced Expectations: The Political and Institutional Challenges of REDD+. Oryx 44: 309–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Contreras-Hermosilla, A., H.M. Gregersen, and A. White. 2008. Forest Governance in Countries with Federal Systems of Government: Lessons and Implications for Decentralization. Bogor: CIFOR. www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BContreras-Hermosilla0701.pdf

  • Corbera, E., and U. Pascual. 2012. Ecosystem Services: Heed Social Goals. Science 335: 655–656.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corbera, E., and H. Schroeder. 2011. Governing and Implementing REDD+. Environmental Science and Policy 14: 89–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbera, E., M. Estrada, and K. Brown. 2010. Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries: Revisiting the Assumptions. Climatic Change 100: 355–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cotula, L., and J. Mayers. 2009. Tenure in REDD—Start-Point or Afterthought? IIED Natural Resource Issues, 15. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. www.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/13554IIED.pdf

  • CPF. 2012a. Study on Forest Financing. Advisory Group on Finance Collaborative Partnership on Forests, June.

    Google Scholar 

  • CPF (Collaborative Partnership in Forestry). 2012b. SFM and REDD+. SFM Fact Sheet, No. 5. www.cpfweb.org/76228/en/

  • Cramb, R.A., C.J.P. Colfer, W. Dressler, P. Laungaramsri, T.L. Quang, E. Mulyoutami, et al. 2009. Swidden Trans-formations and Rural Livelihoods in Southeast Asia. Human Ecology 37: 323–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creed, A., and S. Nakhooda. 2011. REDD+ Finance Delivery: Lessons from Early Experience. In Climate Finance Policy Brief. London: ODI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, S., and J.R. Vincent. 2009. Do Mangroves Provide an Effective Barrier to Storm Surges? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106: 7357–7360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, C., F. Daviet, S. Nakhooda, and A. Thuault. 2009. A Review of 25 Readiness Plans. In Idea Notes from the World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. www.wri.org/gfi

  • Dellasala, D.A., J.M. Fitzgerald, B.-G. Jonsson, J.A. Mcneely, B.D. Dovie, M. Dieterich, et al. 2012. Priority Actions for Sustainable Forest Management in the International Year of Forests. Conservation Biology 26: 572–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donato, D.C., J.B. Kauffman, D. Murdiyarso, S. Kurnianto, M. Stidham, and M. Kanninen. 2011. Mangroves among the Most Carbon-Rich Forests in the Tropics. Nature Geoscience 4: 293–297.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EC (European Commission). 2008. Addressing the Challenges of Deforestation and Forest Degradation to Tackle Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eliasch, J. 2008. Climate Change: Financing Global Forests: The Eliasch Review. London: Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, S., S. Pagiola, and S. Wunder. 2008. Designing Payments for Environmental Services in Theory and Practice: An Overview of the Issue. Ecological Economics 65: 663–674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO. 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment. FAO Forestry Paper 140. Rome: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2000. Global Forest Resources. Rome: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friess, D., J. Phelps, E. Garmendia, and E. Gómez Baggethun. 2015. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) in the Face of External Biophysical Stressors. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 30: 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.10.013

  • Fischlin, A., and G.F. Midgley. 2007. Ecosystems, Their Properties, Goods, and Services. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. M.L. Parry et al., 211–272. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Fernandez, C., M. Ruiz-Perez, and S. Wunder. 2008. Is Multiple-Use Forest Management Widely Implementable in the Tropics? Forest Ecology and Management 26: 1468–1486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garzia-Ruiz, J.M., D. Regüés, B. Alvera, N. Lana-Renault, P. Serrano-Muela, E. Nadal-Romero, et al. 2008. Flood Generation and Sediment Transport in Experimental Catchments Affected by Land Use Changes in the Central Pyrenees. Journal of Hydrology 356: 245–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GCF (Green Climate Fund). 2013. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. www.unfccc.int/cooperation_and_support/financial mechanism /green_climate_fund/items/5869.php

  • GEF (Global Environmental Facility). 2010. The GEF Incentive Mechanism for Forests a New REDD+ Multilateral Finance Programme. www.thegef.org/gef/pubs/SFM_REDD_2010

  • Geist, H.J., and E.F. Lambin. 2002. Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of Tropical Deforestation. Bioscience 52: 143–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghazoul, J., R.A. Butler, J. Meteo-Vega, and L.P. Koh. 2010a. REDD: A Reckoning of Environment and Development Implications. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25: 396–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghazoul, J., L.P. Koh, and R.A. Butler. 2010b. A REDD Light for Wildlife Friendly Farming. Conservation Biology 24: 644–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Global Witness. 2012. Safeguarding REDD+ Finance. Ensuring Transparent and Accountable International Financial Flows. www.globalwitness.org/library/safeguarding-redd-finance-ensuring-transparent-and-accountable-international-financial-flows

  • Grainger, A., D.H. Boucher, P.C. Frumhoff, W.F. Laurance, T. Lovejoy, J. McNeely, et al. 2009. Biodiversity and REDD at Copenhagen. Current Biology 19: R974–R977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grieg-Gran, M., I. Porras, and S. Wunder. 2005. How Can Market Mechanisms for Forest Environmental Services Help the Poor? Preliminary Lessons from Latin America. World Development 33: 1511–1527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Gryzde, S., and L. Durschinger. 2010. An Integrated REDD Offset Program (IREDD) for Nesting Projects under Jurisdictional Account. San Francisco: Terra Global Capital.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, K., M. Sjardin, M. Peters-Stanley, and T. Marcello. 2010. Building Bridges: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2010. Ecosystem Marketplace & Bloomberg New Energy Finance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, B., and K. Macey. 2007. Tropical Deforestation Emissions Reduction Mechanism. Greenpeace Discussion Paper. Amsterdam: Greenpeace. www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/TDERM.pdf

  • Harris, N., S. Brown, S.C. Hagen, S.S. Saatchi, S. Petrova, W. Salas, et al. 2012. Baseline Map of Carbon Emissions from Deforestation in Tropical Regions. Science 336: 1573–1576.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, C.A., B. Dickson, and C. Kormos. 2010. Opportunities for Achieving Biodiversity Conservation through REDD. Conservation Letters 33: 53–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, P.D., W.M. Adams, J.P. Brosius, A. Zia, N. Bariola, and J.L. Dammert. 2010. Acknowledging Conservation Trade-Offs and Embracing Complexity. Conservation Biology 25: 259–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holopainen, J., and M. Wit, eds. 2008. Financing Sustainable Forest Management. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, R.A. 2008. Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-use Changes: 1850–2005. Oak Ridge: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, US Department of Energy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton, J., W. Adams, and J. Murombedzi. 2006. Back to Barriers? Changing Narratives in Biodiversity Conservation. Forum for Development Studies 32: 342–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jerneck, A., and L. Olsson. 2008. Adaptation and the Poor: Development, Resilience and Transition. Climate Policy 8 (2): 170–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanowski, P.J., C.L. McDermott, and B.W. Cashore. 2011. Implementing REDD+: Lessons from Analysis of Forest Governance. Environmental Science and Policy 14: 111–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karsenty, A., and S. Ongolo. 2011. Can “Fragile States” Decide to Reduce Their Deforestation? Forest Policy and Economics 18: 38–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kindermann, G., M. Obersteiner, B. Sohngen, J. Sathaye, K. Andrasko, E. Rametsteiner, et al. 2008. Global Cost Estimates of Reducing Carbon Emissions through Avoided Deforestation. PNAS 105 (30): 10302–10307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinzig, A.P., C. Perrings, F.S. Chapin, S. Polasky, V.K. Smith, D. Tilman, et al. 2011. Paying for Ecosystem Services-Promise and Peril. Science 334: 603–604.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korhonen-Kurki, K., M. Brockhaus, A.E. Duchelle, S. Atmadja, and P.T. Thuy. 2012. Multiple Levels and Multiple Challenges for REDD+. In Analysing REDD+: Challenges and Choices, ed. A. Angelsen et al. Bogor: CIFOR. www.cifor.org/online-library/browse/view-publication/publication/3805.html

  • Kshatriya, M., and E. Sills. 2010. Global Database of REDD+ and Other Forest Carbon Projects. Bogor: CIFOR. www.forestsclimatechange.org/redd-map/

  • Lindenmayer, D.B., K.B. Hulvey, R.J. Hobbs, M. Colyvan, A. Felton, et al. 2012. Avoiding Bio-Perversity from Carbon Sequestration Solutions. Conservation Letters 5: 28–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livengood, E., and A. Dixon. 2009. REDD and the Effort to Limit Global Warming to 2C: Implications for Including REDD Credits in the International Carbon Market. Greenpeace International and KEA3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locatelli, B., V. Evans, A. Wardell, A. Andrade, and R. Vignola. 2011. Forests and Climate Change in Latin America: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation. Forests 2 (1): 431–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyster, M. 2011. REDD+, Transparency, Participation and Resource Rights: The Role of Law. Environmental Science and Policy 14 (2): 118–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MA. 2005. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, C.L., A. O’Carroll, and P. Wood. 2007. International Forest Policy: The Instruments, Agreements and Processes that Shape It. New York: United Nations Forum on Forests. www.un.org/esa/forests

  • McDermott, C.L., L. Coad, A. Helfgott, and H. Schroeder. 2012. Operationalizing Social Safeguards in REDD+: Actors, Interests and Ideas. Environmental Science and Policy 21: 63–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee, P. 2012. Payments for Environmental Services as Neoliberal Market-Based Forest Conservation in Vietnam: Panacea or Problem? Geoforum 43: 412–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McShane, T.O., P.D. Hirsch, T.C. Trung, A.N. Songorwa, A. Kinzig, B. Monteferri, et al. 2011. Hard Choices: Making Trade-Offs between Biodiversity Conservation and Human Wellbeing. Biological Conservation 144: 966–972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mertz, O., C. Padoch, J. Fox, R.A. Cramb, S.J. Leisz, N.T. Lam, et al. 2009. Swidden Change in Southeast Asia: Understanding Causes and Consequences. Human Ecology 37: 259–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, L., and V. Kapos. 2008. Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Global Land-Use Implications. Science 320: 1254–1255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minteer, B.A., and T.R. Miller. 2011. The New Conservation Debate: Ethical Foundations, Strategic Trade-Offs, and Policy Opportunities. Biological Conservation 144: 945–947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MPOC (Malaysian Palm Oil Council). 2012. Factsheets on Malaysian Palm Oil. www.mpoc.org.my/pubs_view.aspx?id=cd34de06-b843-48ca-90e3-b873fb812499

  • Mudiyarso, D., M. Skutsch, M. Guariguata, M. Kanninen, C. Luttrell, and P. Verweij, et al. 2008. How Do We Measure and Monitor Forest Degradation? In Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and Implications, ed. A. Anglesen. Bogor: CIFOR. www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BAngelsen0801.pdf

  • Nagendra, H., and E. Ostrom. 2012. Polycentric Governance of Multifunctional Forested Landscapes. International Journal of the Commons 6: 104–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naidoo, R., A. Balmford, R. Costanza, B. Fisher, R.E. Green, B. Lehner, et al. 2008. Global Mapping of Ecosystem Services and Conservation Priorities. PNAS 105: 9495–9500.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakhooda, S., A. Caravani, A. Wenzel, and L. Schalatek. 2011. The Evolving Global Climate Finance Architecture. In Climate Change Fundamentals, Brief 2. London: ODI and Heinrich Böll Stiftung North America. www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/7468.pdf

  • Nasi, R., F.E. Putz, P. Pacheco, S. Wunder, and S. Anta. 2011. Sustainable Forest Management and Carbon in Tropical Latin America: The Case for REDD+. Forests 2: 200–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nepstad, D., B.S. Soares-Filho, F. Merry, A. Lima, P. Moutinho, J. Carter, et al. 2009. The End of Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Science 326: 1350–1351.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norway (Government of Norway Ministry of the Environment and Ministry of Foreign Affairs). 2011. Norwegian Climate and Forest Initiative. Oslo. www.regjeringen.no/upload/MD/Vedlegg/Klima/klima_skogprosjektet/mai2010.pdf

  • Oliveira, P., G.P. Asner, D. Knapp, A. Almeyda, R. Galván-Gildemeister, S. Keene, et al. 2007. Land-use Allocation Protects the Peruvian Amazon. Science 317: 1233–1236.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom, E. 2010. Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. American Economic Review 100: 641–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual, U., J. Phelps, E. Garmendia, K. Brown, E. Corbera, A. Martin, E. Gomez-Baggethun, and R. Muradian. 2014. Social Equity Matters in Conservation Payments. Bioscience. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu146

  • Pascual, U., I. Palomo, W. Adams, K. Chan, T. Daw, E. Garmendia, E. Gómez- Baggethun, et al. 2017. Off-Stage Ecosystem Service Burdens: A Blind Spot for Global Sustainability. Environmental Research Letters 12. http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7392

  • Pagiola, S., A. Arcenas, and G. Platais. 2005. Can Payments for Ecosystem Services Help Reduce Poverty? An Exploration of the Issues and Evidence to Date from Latin America. World Development 33: 237–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, C., J. Brown, and J. Pickering. 2009. The Little Climate Finance Book. Oxford: Global Canopy Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, C., M. Cranford, N. Oakes, and M. Leggett, eds. 2012. The Little Biodiversity Finance Book. Oxford: Global Canopy Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry, M., J. Lowe, and C. Hanson. 2009. Overshoot, Adapt and Recover. Nature 458: 1102–1103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pattanayak, S.K., S. Wunder, and P.J. Ferraro. 2010. Show Me the Money: Do Payments Supply Environmental Services in Developing Countries? Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 4: 254–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Persha, L., A. Agrawal, and A. Chhatre. 2011. Social and Ecological Synergy: Local Rulemaking, Forest Livelihoods, and Biodiversity Conservation. Science 33: 1606–1608.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peskett, L., D. Huberman, E. Bowen-Jones, G. Edwards, and J. Brown. 2008. Making REDD Work for the Poor. Poverty Environment Partnership. www.cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/making_redd_work_for_the_poor_final_draft_0110.pdf

  • Phelps, J., M.C. Guerrero, D.A. Dalabajan, B. Young, and E.L. Webb. 2010a. What Makes a “REDD” Country? Global Environmental Change 20: 322–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, J., E.L. Webb, and A. Agrawal. 2010b. Does REDD+ Threaten to Recentralize Forest Governance? Science 328: 312–313.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, J., E.L. Webb, and L.P. Koh. 2011. Risky Business: An Uncertain Future for Biodiversity Conservation Finance through REDD+. Conservation Letters 4: 88–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, J., D.A. Friess, and E.L. Webb. 2012a. Win-win REDD+ Approaches Belie Carbon-Biodiversity Trade-Offs. Biological Conservation 154: 53–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, J., E.L. Webb, and W.M. Adams. 2012b. Biodiversity Co-Benefits of Policies to Reducing Forest-Carbon Emissions. Nature Climate Change 2: 497–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, J., A. Dermawan, and E. Garmendia. 2017. Institutionalizing Environmental Valuation Into Policy: Lessons from 7 Indonesian Agencies. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 43: 15–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pielke, R.J., G. Prins, S. Rayner, and D. Sarewitz. 2007. Lifting the Taboo on Adaptation. Nature 445: 597–598.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirard, R., and K. Belna. 2012. Agriculture and Deforestation: Is REDD+ Rooted in Evidence? Forest Policy and Economics 21: 62–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piris-Cabezas, P., and N. Keohane. 2008. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Implications for the Carbon Market. Washington, DC: Environmental Defense Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • PNRPS (Philippines National REDD Plus Strategy). 2010. www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=4191&Itemid=53

  • Putz, F.E., P.A. Zuidema, T. Synnott, M. Peña-Claros, M.A. Pinard, et al. 2012. Sustaining Conservation Values in Selectively Logged Tropical Forests: The Attained and the Attainable. Conservation Letters 5: 296–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rametsteiner, E., and M. Simula. 2003. Forest Certification: An Instrument to Promote Sustainable Forest Management? Journal of Environmental Management 63: 87–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribot, J., and A.M. Larson. 2012. Reducing REDD Risks: Affirmative Policy on an Uneven Playing Field. International Journal of the Commons 6: 233–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosendal, G.K., and S. Andresen. 2011. Institutional Design for Improved Forest Governance through REDD: Lessons from the Global Environment Facility. Ecological Economics 70: 1908–1915.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutt, R. 2012. Social Protection in REDD+ Initiatives: A Review. Responsive Forest Governance Initiative, University of Illinois, International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Mimeo. www.theredddesk.org/resources/reports/social_protection_in_redd_initiatives_a_review

  • Sandbrook, C., F. Nelson, W.M. Adams, and A. Agrawal. 2010. Carbon, Forests and the REDD Paradox. Oryx 44: 330–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki, N., and F.E. Putz. 2009. Critical Need for New Definitions of “Forest” and “Forest Degradation” in Global Climate Change Agreements. Conservation Letters 2: 226–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scholz, I., and L. Schmidt. 2008. REDD: Opportunities for SFM. In Financing Sustainable Forest Management, ed. J. Holopainen and M. Wit. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, H. 2010. Agency in International Climate Negotiations: The Case of Indigenous Peoples and Avoided Deforestation. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 10 (4): 317–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, G. 2004. Poverty and Forests: Sustaining Livelihoods in Integrated Conservation and Development. In Getting Biodiversity Projects to Work, ed. T.A. McShane and M.P. Wells, 340–371. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidle, R.C., A.D. Ziegler, J.N. Negishi, A.R. Nik, R. Siew, and F. Turkelboom. 2006. Erosion Processes in Steep Terrain: Truths, Myths, and Uncertainties. Forest Ecology and Management 224 (1): 199–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simula, M. 2010. Analysis of REDD+ Financing Gaps and Overlaps. REDD+ Partnership. www.reddpluspartnership.org/25159-09eb378a8444ec 149e8ab32e2f5671b11.pdf

  • Smith, R.J., and M.J. Walpole. 2005. Should Conservationists Pay More Attention to Corruption? Oryx 39: 251–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, S. 2011. Does ODA Grow on Trees? A Legal Analysis of REDD-ODA Finance. European Journal of Legal Studies 4 (1): 81–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, S.N. 2006. The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stickler, C.M., D.C. Nepstad, M.T. Coe, D.G. McGrath, H. Rodrigues, W.S. Walker, et al. 2009. Potential Ecological Cobenefits of REDD. Global Change Biology 15: 2803–2824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strassburg, B., R.K. Turner, B. Fisher, R. Schaeffer, and A. Lovett. 2009. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation: The “Combined Incentives” Mechanism and Empirical Simulations. Global Environmental Change 19: 265–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Streck, C. 2012. Financing REDD+: Matching Needs and Ends. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4: 628–637.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Streck, C., and C. Parker. 2012. Financing REDD+. In Analysing REDD+: Challenges and Choices, ed. A. Angelsen et al. Bogor: CIFOR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunderlin, W.D., A. Angelsen, B. Belcher, P. Burgers, R. Nasi, L. Santoso, et al. 2005. Livelihoods, Forests, and Conservation in Developing Countries: An Overview. World Development 33 (9): 1383–1402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swickard, N., and K. Carnahan. 2010. Integrating Project and National REDD+: The Importance of the Private Sector. In Pathways for Implementing REDD+, ed. X. Zhu et al. Roskilde: UNEP Risø Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • TCG (Terrestrial Carbon Group). 2008. How to Include Terrestrial Carbon in Developing Nations in the Overall Climate Change Solution. www.terrestrial carbon.org/default.aspx

  • Thompson, I., B. Mackey, S. McNulty, and A. Mosseler. 2009. Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change. A Synthesis of the Biodiversity/Resilience/Stability Relationship in Forest Ecosystems. In Technical Series, vol. 43. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, M.C., M. Baruah, and E.R. Carr. 2011. Seeing REDD+ as a Project of Environmental Governance. Environmental Science and Policy 14: 100–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomaselli, I. 2006. Brief Study on Funding and Financing for Forestry and Forest-Based Sector. Report to the United Nations Forum on Forests Secretariat. New York, NY: UN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, W.R., M. Oppenheimer, and D.S. Wilcove. 2009. A Force to Fight Global Warming. Nature 428: 278–279.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UN (United Nations). 2008. 62/98 Resolution on Non-legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests. New York, NY: UN. www.daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/469/65/PDF/N0746965.pdf?OpenElement

  • UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2007. World Heritage Forests: Leveraging Conservation at the Landscape Level. World Heritage Report, 21. Paris: UNESCO. whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-43-8.pdf

  • UNFCCC. 2010. Methodological Guidance for Activities Relating to Reducing Emissions. Decision 4/CP.15. www.unfccc.int/documentation/decisions

  • ———. 2013. Report to the Conference of Parties on its Eighteenth Session. Document FCCC/CP/2012/8/Add.1. www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/2012/cop18/eng/08a01.pdf

  • UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). 2007. Investment and Financial Flows to Address Climate Change. Bonn: UNFCCC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Upton, C., and S. Bass. 1995. The Forest Certification Handbook. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venter, O., and L.P. Koh. 2012. Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+): Game Changer or Just Another Quick Fix? Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1249: 137–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venter, O., W.F. Laurance, T. Iwamura, K.A. Wilson, R.A. Fuller, and H.P. Possingham. 2009. Harnessing Carbon Payments to Protect Biodiversity. Science 326 (5958): 1368.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verchot, L.V., and E. Petkova. 2009. The State of REDD Negotiations: Consensus Points, Options for Moving Forward and Research Needs to Support the Process. Background Document for the UN-REDD Sponsored Support to Regional Groups.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickers, B. 2008. REDD: A Steep Learning Curve. In Financing Sustainable Forest Management, ed. J. Holopainen and M. Wit. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.

    Google Scholar 

  • VRD (Voluntary REDD+ Database). 2011. REDD+ Partnership. www.reddplusdatabase.org/

  • WCED. 1987. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiersum, K.F. 1995. 200 Years of Sustainability in Forestry: Lessons from History. Environmental Management 19 (3): 321–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winterbottom, R. 1990. Taking Stock: The Tropical Forestry Action Plan after Five Years. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunder, S. 2008. How to Deal with Leakage? In Moving Ahead With REDD. Issues, Options, and Implications, ed. A. Angelsen, 65–76. Bogor: CIFOR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, A.D., J.M. Fox, E.L. Webb, C. Padoch, S. Leisz, R.A. Cramb, et al. 2011. Rapid Land Use Changes and the Role of Swiddening in SE Asia. Conservation Biology 25: 846–848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, A.D., J. Phelps, J.Q. Yuen, D. Lawrence, W.L. Webb, T.B. Bruun, et al. 2012. Carbon Outcomes of Major Land-Cover Transitions in SE Asia: Great Uncertainties and REDD+ Policy Implications. Global Change Biology 18: 3087–3099.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Annex

Annex

Table 8.2 Financial flows in REDD+ (in US$ million)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 UNU-WIDER

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Pascual, U., Garmendia, E., Phelps, J., Ojea, E. (2018). Opportunities and Conditions for Successful Foreign Aid to the Forestry Sector. In: Huang, Y., Pascual, U. (eds) Aid Effectiveness for Environmental Sustainability. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5379-5_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics