Abstract
In the past few years, researchers from all over the world have unveiled a large number of small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) in a wide variety of bacterial species. They play a central role in gene expression regulation of critical cellular processes in response to environmental changes. Most of them have been identified by predictive computational searches, while some have been detected through experimental approaches. The chapter reviews different computational studies available for predictive searches and various experimental strategies that have contributed for the detection and validation of sRNAs and their targets like microarrays, next-generation sequencing, and co-immunoprecipitation with Hfq. Although these approaches have led to the discovery of numerous sRNAs, regulatory roles of many of them are yet to be investigated.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acebo P, Martin-Galiano AJ, Navarro S, Zaballos A, Amblar M (2012) Identification of 88 regulatory small RNAs in the TIGR4 strain of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. RNA 18:530–546
Antal M, Bordeau V, Douchin V, Felden B (2005) A small bacterial RNA regulates a putative ABC transporter. J BiolChem 280:7901–7908
Argaman L, Hershberg R, Vogel J, Bejerano G et al (2001) Novel small RNA encoding genes in the intergenic regions of Escherichia coli. Curr Biol 11:941–950
Babu MM, Sridhar J, Gunasekaran P (2011) Global transcriptome analysis of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 in response to silver nitrate stress. J Nanobiotechnol 9(1):1–2
Berghoff BA, Glaeser J, Sharma CM, Vogel J, Klug G (2009) Photooxidative stress-induced and abundant small RNAs in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Mol Microbiol 74(6):1497–1512
Busch A, Richter AS, Backofen R (2008) IntaRNA: efficient prediction of bacterial sRNA targets incorporating target site accessibility and seed regions. Bioinformatics 24:2849–2856
Cao Y, Zhao Y, Cha L, Ying X et al (2009) sRNATarget: a web server for prediction of bacterial sRNA targets. Bioinformation 3:364–366
Cao Y, Wu J, Liu Q, Zhao Y et al (2010) sRNATarBase: a comprehensive database of bacterial sRNA targets verified by experiments. RNA 16(11):2051–2057
Chen S, Zhang A, Blyn LB, Storz G (2004) MicC, a second small-RNA regulator of Omp protein expression in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 186:6689–6697
Chen Y, Indurthi DC, Jones SW, Papoutsakis ET (2011) Small RNAs in the genus clostridium. MBio 2(1):e00340–e00310
Cho SH, Lei R, Henninger TD, Contreras LM (2014) Discovery of ethanol-responsive small RNAs in Zymomonas mobilis. Appl Environ Microbiol 80(14):4189–4198
Christiansen JK, Nielsen JS, Ebersbach T, Valentin-Hansen P et al (2006) Identification of small Hfq-binding RNAs in Listeria monocytogenes. RNA 12:1383–1396
Coenye T, Drevinek P, Mahenthiralingam E, Shah SA et al (2007) Identification of putative noncoding RNA genes in the Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315 genome. FEMS Microbiol Letter 276(1):83–92
del Val C, Rivas E, Torres-Quesada O, Toro N, Jimenez-Zurdo JI (2007) Identification of differentially expressed small non-coding RNAs in the legume endosymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti by comparative genomics. Mol Microbiol 66:1080–1091
Dequivre M, Diel B, Villard C, Sismeiro O et al (2015) Small RNA deep-sequencing analyses reveal a new regulator of virulence in Agrobacterium fabrum C58. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 28(5):580–589
Dong H, Peng X, Wang N, Wu Q (2014) Identification of novel sRNAs in Brucella abortus 2308. FEMS Microbiol Lett 354:119–125
Douchin V, Bohn C, Bouloc P (2006) Down-regulation of porins by a small RNA bypasses the essentiality of the regulated intramembrane proteolysis protease RseP in Escherichia coli. J BiolChem 281:12253–12259
Durand S, Braun F, Lioliou E, Romilly C et al (2015) A nitric oxide regulated small RNA controls expression of genes involved in redox homeostasis in Bacillus subtilis. PLoS Genet 11(2):e1004957
Eggenhofer F, Tafer H, Stadler PF, Hofacker IL (2011) RNApredator: fast accessibility-based prediction of sRNA targets. Nucleic Acids Res 39:W149–W154
Fischer S, Benz J, Späth B, Jellen-Ritter A et al (2011) Regulatory RNAs in Haloferax volcanii. Biochem Soc Trans 39(1):159–162
Gierga G, Voss B, Hess WR (2012) Non-coding RNAs in marine Synechococcus and their regulation under environmentally relevant stress conditions. ISME J 6(8):1544–1557
Gottesman S (2004) The small RNA regulators of Escherichia coli: roles and mechanisms. Annu Rev Microbiol 58:303–328
Gottesman S, McCullen CA, Guillier M, Vanderpool CK et al (2006) Small RNA regulators and the bacterial response to stress. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 71:1–11
Hébrard M, Kröger C, Srikumar S, Colgan A et al (2012) sRNAs and the virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. RNA Biol 9(4):437–445
Herbig A, Nieselt K (2011) nocoRNAc: characterization of non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes. BMC Bioinforma 12(1):1
Huang HY, Chang HY, Chou CH, Tseng CP et al (2009) sRNAMap: genomic maps for small non-coding RNAs, their regulators and their targets in microbial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 37(suppl 1):D150–D154
Jiang R-P, Tang D-J, Chen X-L, He Y-Q, Feng J-X, Jiang B-L, Lu G-T, Lin M, Tang J-L (2010) Identification of four novel small non-coding RNAs from Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris. BMC Genomics 11(1):316
Kawano M, Reynolds AA, Miranda-Rios J, Storz G (2005) Detection of 5′- and 3′-UTR-derived small RNAs and cis-encoded antisense RNAs in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res 33:1040–1050
Kery MB, Feldman M, Livny J, Tjaden B (2014) TargetRNA2: identifying targets of small regulatory RNAs in bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 42(W1):W124–W129
Khoo JS, Chai SF, Mohamed R et al (2012) Computational discovery and RT-PCR validation of novel Burkholderia conserved and Burkholderia pseudomallei unique sRNAs. BMC Genomics 13(Suppl 7):S13
Koo JT, Alleyne TM, Schiano CA et al (2011) Global discovery of small RNAs in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis identifies Yersinia-specific small, noncoding RNAs required for virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(37):E709–E717
Kumar R, Shah P, Swiatlo E, Burgess SC et al (2010) Identification of novel non-coding small RNAs from Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4 using high-resolution genome tiling arrays. BMC Genomics 11:350
Kwenda S, Gorshkov V, Ramesh AM, Naidoo S et al (2016) Discovery and profiling of small RNAs responsive to stress conditions in the plant pathogen Pectobacterium atrosepticum. BMC Genomics 17(1):1
Landt SG, Abeliuk E, McGrath PT, Lesley JA et al (2008) Small non-coding RNAs in Caulobacter crescentus. Mol Microbiol 68(3):600–614
Li L, Huang D, Cheung MK, Nong W et al (2013) BSRD: a repository for bacterial small regulatory RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 41(D1):D233–D238
Liu JM, Camilli A (2010) A broadening world of bacterial small RNAs. Curr Opin Microbiol 13:18–23
Liu JM, Livny J, Lawrence MS, Kimball MD et al (2009) Experimental discovery of sRNAs in Vibrio cholerae by direct cloning, 5S/tRNA depletion and parallel sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res 37(6):e46
Liu WB, Shi Y, Yao LL, Zhou Y, Ye BC (2013) Prediction and characterization of small non-coding RNAs related to secondary metabolites in Saccharopolyspora erythraea. PLoS One 8(11):e80676
Livny J, Fogel MA, Davis BM, Waldor MK (2005) sRNAPredict: an integrative computational approach to identify sRNAs in bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 13:4096–4105
Livny J, Brencic A, Lory S, Waldor MK (2006) Identification of 17 Pseudomonas aeruginosa sRNAs and prediction of sRNA-encoding genes in 10 diverse pathogens using the bioinformatic tool sRNAPredict2. Nucleic Acids Res 34(12):3484–3493
Livny J, Teonadi H, Livny M, Waldor MK (2008) High-throughput, kingdom-wide prediction and annotation of bacterial non-coding RNAs. PLoS One 3(9):e3197
Lorenz C, von Pelchrzim F, Schroeder R (2006) Genomic systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (genomic SELEX) for the identification of protein-binding RNAs independent of their expression levels. Nat Protoc 1:2204–2212
Madhugiri R, Pessi G, Voss B, Hahn J et al (2012) Small RNAs of the Bradyrhizobium/Rhodopseudomonas lineage and their analysis. RNA Biol 9(1):47–58
Marchais A, Naville M, Bohn C, Bouloc P, Gautheret D (2009) Single-pass classification of all noncoding sequences in a bacterial genome using phylogenetic profiles. Genome Res 19(6):1084–1092
Masse E, Vanderpool CK, Gottesman S (2005) Effect of RyhB small RNA on global iron use in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 187(20):6962–6971
McClure R, Tjaden B, Genco C (2014) Identification of sRNAs expressed by the human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae under disparate growth conditions. Front Microbiol 5:456
McKenzie AT, Pomerantsev AP, Sastalla I, Martens C et al (2014) Transcriptome analysis identifies Bacillus anthracis genes that respond to CO 2 through an AtxA-dependent mechanism. BMC Genomics 15(1):1
Mentz A, Neshat A, Pfeifer-Sancar K, Pühler A et al (2013) Comprehensive discovery and characterization of small RNAs in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. BMC Genomics 14(1):714
Michaux C, Hartke A, Martini C, Reiss S et al (2014a) Involvement of Enterococcus faecalis small RNAs in stress response and virulence. Infect Immun 82(9):3599–3611
Michaux C, Verneuil N, Hartke A, Giard JC (2014b) Physiological roles of small RNA molecules. Microbiology 160:1007–1019
Mraheil MA, Billion A, Mohamed W, Mukherjee K et al (2011) The intracellular sRNA transcriptome of Listeria monocytogenes during growth in macrophages. Nucleic Acids Res 39:4235–4248
Panek J, Bobek J, Mikulik K, Basler M, Vohradsky J (2008) Biocomputational prediction of small non-coding RNAs in Streptomyces. BMC Genomics 9:217
Park SH, Bao Z, Butcher BG et al (2014) Analysis of the small RNA spf in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000. Microbiology 160(5):941–953
Patenge N, Billion A, Raasch P, Normann J et al (2012) Identification of novel growth phase-and media-dependent small non-coding RNAs in Streptococcus pyogenes M49 using intergenic tiling arrays. BMC Genomics 13(1):1
Pellin D, Miotto P, Ambrosi A, Cirillo DM, Di Serio C (2012) A genome-wide identification analysis of small regulatory RNAs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by RNA-Seq and conservation analysis. PloS ONE 7(3):e32723
Peng J, Yang J, Jin Q (2011) An integrated approach for finding overlooked genes in Shigella. PLoS One 6(4):e18509
Perez N, Trevino J, Liu Z, Ho SC et al (2009) A genome-wide analysis of small regulatory RNAs in the human pathogen group a Streptococcus. PLoS One 4:e7668
Phillips P, Progulske-Fox A, Grieshaber S, Grieshaber N (2014) Expression of Porphyromonas gingivalis small RNA in response to hemin availability identified using microarray and RNA-seq analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 351(2):202–208
Pichon C, Felden B (2003) Intergenic sequence inspector: searching and identifying bacterial RNAs. Bioinformatics 19:1707–1709
Pichon C, Felden B (2005) Small RNA genes expressed from Staphylococcus aureus genomic and pathogenicity islands with specific expression among pathogenic strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(40):14249–14254
Pischimarov J, Kuenne C, Billion A, Hemberger J et al (2012) sRNAdb: a small non-coding RNA database for gram-positive bacteria. BMC Genomics 13(1):384
Raasch P, Schmitz U, Patenge N, Vera J et al (2010) Non-coding RNA detection methods combined to improve usability, reproducibility and precision. BMC Bioinformatics 11:491
Rivas E, Klein RJ, Jones TA, Eddy SR (2001) Computational identification of noncoding RNAs in Escherichia coli by comparative genomics. Curr Biol 11:1369–1373
Rivers AR, Burns AS, Chan LK, Moran MA (2016) Experimental identification of small non-coding RNAs in the model marine bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3. Front Microbiol 7:380
Schlüter JP, Reinkensmeier J, Daschkey S et al (2010) A genome-wide survey of sRNAs in the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing alpha-proteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. BMC Genomics 11(1):1
Schmidtke C, Findeiß S, Sharma CM, Kuhfuß J et al (2011) Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas identifies sRNAs with putative virulence functions. Nucleic Acids Res 40(5):gkr904
Schroeder CL, Narra HP, Rojas M, Sahni A et al (2015) Bacterial small RNAs in the genus Rickettsia. BMC Genomics 16(1):1
Schuster CF, Park JH, Prax M, Herbig A et al (2013) Characterization of a mazEF toxin-antitoxin homologue from Staphylococcus equorum. J Bacteriol 195(1):115–125
Shioya K, Michaux C, Kuenne C, Hain T et al (2011) Genome-wide identification of small RNAs in the opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis V583. PLoSONE 6(9):e23948
Silvaggi JM, Perkins JB, Losick R (2006) Genes for small noncoding RNAs under sporulation control in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 188:532–541
Sittka A, Lucchini S, Papenfort K, Sharma CM et al (2008) Deep sequencing analysis of small noncoding RNA and mRNA targets of the global posttranscriptional regulator, Hfq. PLoS Genet 4(8):e1000163
Sittka A, Sharma CM, Rolle K, Vogel J (2009) Deep sequencing of Salmonella RNA associated with heterologous Hfq proteins in vivo reveals small RNAs as a major target class and identifies RNA processing phenotypes. RNA Biol 6(3):266–275
Sonnleitner E, Sorger-Domenigg T, Madej MJ, Findeiss S et al (2008) Detection of small RNAs in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by RNomics and structure-based bioinformatic tools. Microbiology 154:3175–3187
Soutourina OA, Monot M, Boudry P, Saujet L et al (2013) Genome-wide identification of regulatory RNAs in the human pathogen Clostridium difficile. PLoS Genet 9(5):e1003493
Sridhar J, Ramkumar S, Narmada Sabarinathan R, Hong-Yu O (2010) sRNAscanner: a computational tool for intergenic small RNA detection in bacterial genomes. PLoS ONE5 8:e11970
Stubben CJ, Micheva-Viteva SN, Shou Y, Buddenborg SK et al (2014) Differential expression of small RNAs from Burkholderia thailandensis in response to varying environmental and stress conditions. BMC Genomics 15(1):1
Tesorero RA, Yu N, Wright JO, Svencionis JP et al (2013) Novel regulatory small RNAs in Streptococcus pyogenes. PLoS One 8(6):e64021
Tjaden B (2008) TargetRNA: a tool for predicting targets of small RNA action in bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 36:W109–W113
Tsai CH, Liao R, Chou B, Contreras LM (2015) Transcriptional analysis of Deinococcus radiodurans reveals novel small RNAs that are differentially expressed under ionizing radiation. Appl Environ Microbiol 81(5):1754–1764
Tsui HC, Mukherjee D, Ray VA, Sham LT et al (2010) Identification and characterization of noncoding small RNAs in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 2 strain D39. J Bacteriol 192:264–279
Valverde C, Livny J, Schluter JP, Reinkensmeier J et al (2008) Prediction of Sinorhizobium meliloti sRNA genes and experimental detection in strain 2011. BMC Genomics 9:416
van der Meulen SB, de Jong A, Kok J (2016) Transcriptome landscape of Lactococcus lactis reveals many novel RNAs including a small regulatory RNA involved in carbon uptake and metabolism. RNA Biol 13(3):353–366
Vercruysse M, Fauvart M, Cloots L, Engelen K et al (2011) Genome-wide detection of predicted non-coding RNAs in Rhizobium etli expressed during free-living and host-associated growth using a high-resolution tiling array. BMC Genomics 11(1):53
Vogel J, Bartels V, Tang TH, Churakov G et al (2003) RNomics in Escherichia coli detects new sRNA species and indicates parallel transcriptional output in bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 31:6435–6443
Voss B, Georg J, Schön V, Ude S, Hess WR (2009) Biocomputational prediction of non-coding RNAs in model cyanobacteria. BMC Genomics 10:123
Wang L, Yang G, Qi L, Li X et al (2016) A novel small RNA regulates tolerance and virulence in Shigella flexneri by responding to acidic environmental changes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 6:24
Washietl S, Hofacker IL, Stadler PF (2005) Fast and reliable prediction of noncoding RNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:2454–2459
Wassarman KM, Repoila F, Rosenow C, Storz G, Gottesman S (2001) Identification of novel small RNAs using comparative genomics and microarrays. Genes Dev 15:1637–1651
Weissenmayer BA, Prendergast JGD, Lohan AJ, Loftus BJ (2011) Sequencing illustrates the transcriptional response of Legionella pneumophila during infection and identifies seventy novel small non-coding RNAs. PLoS One 6(3):e17570
Wilms I, Voss B, Hess WR, Leichert LI, Narberhaus F (2011) Small RNA mediated control of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens GABA binding protein. Mol Microbiol 80(2):492–506
Wright PR, Richter AS, Papenfort K, Mann M et al (2013) Comparative genomics boosts target prediction for bacterial small RNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(37):E3487–E3496
Wurtzel O, Sesto N, Mellin JR, Karunker I et al (2012) Comparative transcriptomics of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Listeria species. Mol Syst Biol 8(1):583
Xia L, Xia W, Li S, Li W et al (2012) Identification and expression of small non-coding RNA, L10-Leader, in different growth phases of Streptococcus mutans. Nucleic Acid Ther 22:177–186
Yan Y, Su S, Meng X, Ji X et al (2013) Determination of sRNA expressions by RNA-seq in Yersinia pestis grown in vitro and during infection. PLoS One 8(9):e74495
Ying X, Cao Y, Wu J, Liu Q et al (2011) STarPicker: a method for efficient prediction of bacterial sRNA targets based on a two-step model for hybridization. PLoS One 6:e22705
Zeng Q, Sundin GW (2014) Genome-wide identification of Hfq-regulated small RNAs in the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora discovered small RNAs with virulence regulatory function. BMC Genomics 15(1):1
Zeng L, Choi SC, Danko CG, Siepel A et al (2013) Gene regulation by CcpA and catabolite repression explored by RNA-Seq in Streptococcus mutans. PLoS One 8(3):e60465
Zhang A, Wassarman KM, Rosenow C, Tjaden BC et al (2003) Global analysis of small RNA and mRNA targets of Hfq. Mol Microbiol 50:1111–1124
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grant from the DBT-Punjabi University Interdisciplinary Life Science Programme for advanced research and education (DBT-IPLS Project) No. BT/PR-4548/INF/22/146/2012.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kaur, P., Balgir, P.P. (2018). Prediction Expression Analysis and Target Validation of Bacterial Small RNAs. In: Gahlawat, S., Duhan, J., Salar, R., Siwach, P., Kumar, S., Kaur, P. (eds) Advances in Animal Biotechnology and its Applications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4702-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4702-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-4701-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-4702-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)