We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Boreal Forests | SpringerLink
Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

European Russian Forests pp 59–203Cite as

Boreal Forests

    We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

    Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

  • First Online:

We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Abstract

Researches of forest vegetation, forest soil, and features of the historical land use in the boreal region showed that most of the boreal forests have developed as a result of repeated forest fires and cuttings during the last millennium. These impacts simplified the structure of boreal forests and led to the wide occurrence of forests dominated by green mosses and dwarf shrubs in the ground layer of the vegetation with a relatively low species diversity and the prevalence of soil with moor and moor-moder humus horizons. At the same time forests dominated by tall herbaceous species in the ground layer and moder-mull humus in the soil have been found in fire refuges which are located in river valleys and on watersheds as well. Tall herb forests dominated by Picea spp. and Abies sibirica (in the east) have developed in areas without fire and clear-cuttings for more than 500 or 600 years, and they are the richest forest type in terms of species and structural diversity of the vegetation, in phytomass values of the ground layer, and in soil fertility. Treefalls with uprooting, pit-and-mound topography, and deadwood at different stages of decay and overgrowing are the main features of these forests. Dark coniferous forests dominated by tall herbs in the ground layer are forests at the latest successional stage that we observed in the boreal forest region of European Russia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Aksenov D, Karpachevskiy M, Lloyd S, Yaroshenko A (1999) The last of the last: the old-growth forests of boreal Europe. TRN, Moscow. 70 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Alekseev SV (1948) Rubki v lesakh Severa. Goslesbumizdat, Moscow, Leningrad. 64 pp – Forest felling in the north of Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Alekseev SV, Molchanov AA (1938) Sploshnye rubki na severe. Izd-vo Sevtransles, Vologda. 138 pp – Clear-cuts in the north of Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Alekseev VV, Fedorova NV, Kosinskaya LL, Kosintsev PA, Aleksashenko NA et al. (2010) Istoriya Yamala. Tom 1. Kniga 1. Drevnie kultury i korennye narody. Izd-vo Basko, Ekaterinburg. 416 pp – The Yamal history. Volume 1, book 1: Ancient cultures and indigenous peoples

    Google Scholar 

  • Aleynikov AA, Bovkunov AD (2011) Mikromozaichnaya organizatsiya krupnopaporotnikovykh i vysokotravnykh pikhto-elnikov Pechoro-Ilychskogo zapovednika. Izvestiya Penzenskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. VG Belinskogo 25:38–46 – Micromosaic patterns in large-fern and tall-herb spruce-fir forests in the Pechora-Ilych Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Aleynikov AA, Tyurin AV, Simakin LV, Efimenko AS, Laznikov AA (2015) Istoriya pozharov v temnokhvoynykh lesakh Pechoro-Ilychskogo zapovednila so vtoroy poloviny XIX v. po nastoyashchee vrema. Sibirskiy lesnoy zhurnal 6:31–42 – The history of fires in dark coniferous forests of the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve from the second half of the 19th century till the present time

    Google Scholar 

  • Alisov BP (1969) Klimat SSSR. Izd-voVysshaya Shkola, Moscow. 103 pp – Climate of the USSR

    Google Scholar 

  • Angelstam P, Kuuluvainen T (2004) Boreal forest disturbance regimes, successional dynamics and landscape structures: a European perspective. Ecol Bull 51:117–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Arseneault D, Payette S (1992) A postfire shift from lichen-spruce to lichen-tundra vegetation at tree line. Ecology 73:1067–1081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asheim V (1978) Kulturlandskapets historie: jord-og skogbruksområdene slik det var og slik det er i flatbygdene påøstlandet. Universitetsforlaget Oslo, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  • Atlas respubliki Komi po klimatu i gidrologii (1997) Moscow. 116 pp – Atlas of the Komi Republic: climate and hydrology

    Google Scholar 

  • Attiwill PM (1994) The disturbance of forest ecosystems: the ecological basis for conservative management. For Ecol Manag 63:247–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartalev SA, Ershov DV, Isaev AS, Potapov PV, Turubanova SA, Yaroshenko AY (2004) Russia’s forests: dominating forest types and their canopy density. Scale 1:14,000,000. Space Research Institute of the RAS, Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the RAS, Global Forest Watch and Greenpeace Russia, Moscow

    Google Scholar 

  • Basevich VF (1981) Pedoturbacii pri vyvale derevyev i ikh rol v formirovanii pochvennogo pokrova lesnykh biogeotsenozov. Thesis of the dissertation (Candidate of sciences) in Biology. Moscow. 24 pp – Soil turbations at treefalls with uprooting and their role in the forming of forest soil cover

    Google Scholar 

  • Behre K-E (1992) The history of rye cultivation in Europe. Veget Hist Archaeobot 1:141–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Belditskiy NV (1901) V parme. Ocherki severnoi chasti Cherdynskogo uezda. Perm. 127 pp – In the Parm. Essays on the northern part of the Cherdynsky Uyezd

    Google Scholar 

  • Belitser VN (1958) Ocherki po etnogragii narodov Komi XIX – nachalo XX vv. Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow. 390 pp – Essays on ethnography of the Komi people in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries

    Google Scholar 

  • Belousova NA, Danilov PI, Zimin VB et al. (1988) Kostomukshskiy zapovednik. In: Zapovedniki SSSR. Zapovedniki evropeyskoy chasti RSFSR 1. Izd-vo Mysl, Moscow. pp 90–100 – Kostomuksha Nature Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobkova KS, Galenko EP (eds) (2001) Bioprodukcionnyi process v lesnykh ekosistemakh. Izd-vo Nauka, SPb. 278 pp – Bioproduction in forest ecosystems

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobrovsky MV (2010) Lesnye pochvy Evropeiskoy Rossii: bioticheskie i antropogennye factory formirovaniya. Izd-vo KMK, Moscow, 359 pp – Forest soils in European Russia: biotic and anthropogenic factors of soil formation

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobrovsky MV, Loyko SV (2016) Patterns of pedoturbation by tree uprooting in forest soils. Russian journal of ecosystem. Ecology 1(1). doi:10.21685/2500-0578-2016-1-3

  • Bogolepov M (1908) O kolebaniyah klimata Evropeyskoy Rossii v istoricheskuyu epokhu: S prilozheniem materialov, izvlechennykh iz russkikh letopisey. Tipolitografiya t-va I.N. Kushnerov & Ko. 114 pp – The climatic oscillations in European Russia in historical time: With the addition of materials extracted from the Russian chronicles

    Google Scholar 

  • Boguslavskiy OB (1912) Lesnoe khozyaystvo v ustroennykh dachakh kazennykh Uralskikh gornykh zavodov. Lesnoy zhurnal 6–7:792–807; 10:1249–1283 – Forest management in the regulated forests of the Ural iron factories

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun-Blanquet J, Pavillard J (1925) Vocabulaire de sociologie vegetale, 2nd edn. Roumégous et Déhan, Montpellier. 22 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Bychkova AT (ed) (1965) Spravochnik po klimatu SSSR. Issue 3(2). Karelskaya ASSR, Leningradskaya, Novgorodskaya i Pskovskaya oblasti. Temperatura vozduhka i pochvy. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad. 343 pp – Reference book on climate of the USSR. Issue 3(4). The Karelia Republic, Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions. Air and soil temperature

    Google Scholar 

  • Bychkova AT (ed) (1968) Spravochnik po klimatu SSSR. Issue 3(4). Karelskaya ASSR, Leningradskaya, Novgorodskaya i Pskovskaya oblasti. Vlazhnost vozdukha, atmosfernye osadki i snezhnyi pokrov. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad. 327 pp – Reference book on climate of the USSR. Issue 3(4). The Karelia Republic. Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions. Air humidity, atmospheric precipitations and snow cover

    Google Scholar 

  • Colwell RK (2013) EstimateS: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 9. URL: http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimates/

  • Colwell RK, Chao A, Gotelli NJ, Lin S-Y, Mao CX, Chazdon RL, Longino JT (2012) Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction, extrapolation, and comparison of assemblages. J Plant Ecol 5:3–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlstrom N, Jonsson K, Nilsson C (2005) Long-term dynamics of large woody debris in a managed boreal forest stream. For Ecol Manag 210:363–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danilova LV, Sokolov AK (eds) (1998) Traditsionnyi opyt prirodopolzovaniya v Rossii. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow. 527 pp – Traditional experience of land-use management in Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Degteva SV (1999) Listvennye lesa. In: Kozubov GM, Taskaev AI (eds) Lesa Respubliki Komi, Izd-vo Dizain, Informatsiya, Kartografiya, Moscow, pp 185–255 – Deciduous forests in the Komi Rebublic

    Google Scholar 

  • Degteva SV (2001) Klassifikatsiya bereznyakov podzon yuzhnoy i sredney taigi Respubliki Komi. I. Betuleta herbosa. Rastitelnost Rossii 2:3–37 – Classification of birch forests in the southern and middle taiga of the Komi Republic

    Google Scholar 

  • Degteva SV, Zheleznova GV, Pystina TN, Shubina TP (2001) Cenoticheskaya i floristicheskaya struktura melkolistvennykh lesov Evropeyskogo Severa Rossii. Izd-vo Nauka, SPb. 269 pp – Coenotic and floristic structure of small-leaved deciduous forests in the north of European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Dekatov NE (1957) Rezultaty nauchno-issledocatelskoy raboty v oblasti lesovozobnovleniya na kontsentrirovannykh rubkakh v tayezhnoy zone Evropeyskoy chasti SSSR. In: Sbornik statey po rezultatam issledovaniy v oblasti lesnogo khozyaystva i lesnoy promyshlennosti v taezhnoy zone SSSR. Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow, pp 57–65 – The results of scientific research work on the reforestation on concentrated felling in the taiga region of the European part of the USSR

    Google Scholar 

  • Denisov VI (1911) Lesa Rossii, ikh ekspluatatsiya i lesnaya torgovlya. SPb. 167 pp – Russian forests, forest industry and timber trade

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinamika (1989) lesov, nakhodyashchikhsya v vedenii lesnykh organov, po osnovnym lesoobrazuyushchim porodam za 1966–1988 gg. (bez lesov, peredannykh v dolgosrochnoe polzovanie), Moscow, 160 pp – The dynamics of forest resources as apparent from groups of main species during 1966–1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Dmitriev A (1953) Zabolachivanie i razbolachivanie kontsentrirovannykh vyrubok v borakh chernichnikovykh v basseyne reki Sysoly. In: Trudy Komi filiala AN SSSR, Syktyvkar, pp 24–32 – Waterlogging and reverse processes in the area of concentrated felling in Vaccinium myrtillus – Pinus sylvestris forests in the basin of the Sysola River

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolotov VA (1984) Antropogennaya evolyutsiya struktury pochvennogo pokrova Severo-zapada evropeyskoy territorii SSSR. In: Vsesoyuznaya konferentsiya “Istoriya razvitiya pochv v golocene”. Tezisy dokladov. Izd-vo NCBI AN SSSR, Pushchino, pp 185–186 – Anthropogenic evolution of the soil cover structure in the north-west of the European part of the USSR

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolotov VA (1988) Mnogovekovoe antropogennoe preobrazovanie struktury pochvennogo pokrova. In: Evolyutsiya struktur pochvennogo pokrova i metodika ikh issledovaniya. Bull. Pochvennogo instituta im. V.V. Dokuchaeva, Moscow 47:5–6 – The centuries-old anthropogenic transformation of soil cover structure

    Google Scholar 

  • Dylis NV (1940) Tipy listvennichnikov Yuzhnogo Timana. Trudy BIN AN SSSR. Ser. 3. Geobotanika 4:339–371 – Types of Larix sibirica forests of South Timan

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyrenkov SA (1984) Struktura i dinamika taezhnykh elnikov. Izd-vo Nauka, Leningrad, 176 pp – Structure and dynamics of taiga spruce forests

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyrenkov SA, Chertov OG, Shergold OE, Kanisev GN (1972) Tipy elovykh lesov na territorii urochishch Kolchimskogo kamnya (Visherskoe Preduralye). Issledovaniya po lesnomu khozyaistvu. Leningrad 14:179–201 – Types of spruce forests within the Kolchimsky stone tracts in the Vishera River basin

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellenberg H, Weber HE, Dull R, Wirth V, Werner W, Paulisen D (1991) Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Scripta Geobotanics 18. Verlag Erich Goltze KG, Gottingen, 248 pp – Indicator values of plants in Central Europe

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson S, Östlund L, Axellson A-L (2000) A forest of grazing and logging: deforestation and reforestation history of a boreal landscape in central Sweden. New For 19:227–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson O, Cousins SAO, Bruun HH (2002) Land-use history and fragmentation of traditionally managed grasslands in Scandinavia. J Veg Sci 13:743–748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ermakov N, Morozova O (2011) Syntaxonomical survey of boreal oligotrophic pine forests in northern Europe and western Siberia. Appl Veg Sci 14:524–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esseen PA, Ehnström B, Ericson L, Sjöberg K (1997) Boreal forests. Ecol Bull 46:16–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Faas VV (1922) Lesa Severnogo rayona i ikh ekspluatatsiya. M-Petrograd, 380 pp – The forests of the North and their exploitation

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedorova EG (2000) Rybolovy i okhotniki basseyna Obi: problemy formirovaniya kultury khantov i mansi. Izd-vo Evropeiskiy Dom, SPb, 368 pp – Fishermen and hunters in the Ob River basin: issues on the forming of the Khanty and Mansi cultures

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedorova NV (2001) Prizraki i realnosti yamalskoy arkheologii. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya 4:99–110 – Phantoms and reality of the Yamal archeology

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerasimova MI (1987) Georafiya pochv SSSR. Izd-vo Vysshaya shkola, Moscow, 224 pp – Geography of soils in the USSR

    Google Scholar 

  • Godzishevskiy EA (1924) Russkiy les na mirovom rynke. Moscow, 57 pp – The Russian forest at the world market

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldammer JG, Furyaev VV (eds) (1996) Fire in ecosystems of boreal Eurasia. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 512 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorodkov BN (1954) Materialy dlya poznaniya chetvertichnykh landshaftov Arktiki. Botanichesky zhurnal 39(1):16–29 – Materials for understanding the quaternary Arctic landscape

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorshkov VV (1993) Kharakteristiki vosstanovleniya lesnyh ekosistem posle pozharov. Doklady RAN 333:111–114 – Characteristics of forest ecosystem recovery after fires

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorshkov VV (1998) Boryealnye lesnye soobshchestva: formirovanie i vosstanovlenie statsionarnogo sostoyaniya lesnykh ekosistem posle vneshnikh narusheniy. In: Rol devstvennoy nazemnoy bioty v sovremennykh usloviyakh globalnykh izmeneniy okruzhayushchyey sredy: bioticheskaya regulyatsiya okruzhayushchyey sredy. Doklady mezhdunarodnogo seminara. Petrozavodsk,pp 138–163 – The boreal forest communities: forming and restoring the steady state of forest ecosystems after external disturbances

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorshkov VV, Stavrova NI (2002) Dinamika vozobnovleniya sosny obyknovennoy pri vosstanovlenii borealnyh sosnovyh lesov posle pozharov. Botanichesky zhurnal 87(2):62–77 – Dynamics of Pinus sylvestris renewal after fires in boreal pine forests

    Google Scholar 

  • Gribova SA, Isachenko TI, Lavrenko EM (eds) (1980) Rastitelnost Evropeiskoy chasti SSSR. Izd-vo Nauka, Leningrad, 426 pp – Vegetation of the European part of the USSR

    Google Scholar 

  • Gromtsev AN (1993) Pozharnyi rezhim v spontannykh lesakh landshaftov severo-zapada taigi. Ekologiya 3:22–26 – Fire regime in spontaneous forests in landscapes of the north-western taiga

    Google Scholar 

  • Gromtsev AN (2000) Landshaftnaya ekologiya taezhnykh lesov: teoreticheskie i prikladnye aspekty. Izd-vo Karelskogo nauchnogo tsentra, Petrozavodsk, 144 pp – Landscape ecology of the taiga forests

    Google Scholar 

  • Gromtsev A (2002) Natural disturbance dynamics in boreal forests of European Russia: a review. Silva Fennica 36:41–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guman VV (1926a) Rubki poslednego desyatiletiya (1914–1924) i vozobnovlenie vyrubok i garey. Izd-vo Leningradskogo selskokhozyaistvennogo instituta, Leningrad, 57 pp – Felling of the last decade (1914–1924) and forest recovery after cuttings and fires

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton H (1997) Slash-and-burn in the history of the Swedish forests. Rural development forestry network paper. 21f: 19–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedwall PO, Brunet J, Nordin A, Bergh J (2013) Changes in the abundance of keystone forest floor species in response to changes of forest structure. J Veg Sci 24(2):296–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinselman ML (1981) Fire and succession in the conifer forests of northern North America. In: West DC, Shugart HH, Botkin DB (eds) Forest succession: concepts and application. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 374–405

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Högberg MN, Myrold DD, Giesler R, Högberg P (2006) Contrasting patterns of soil N-cycling in model ecosystems of Fennoscandian boreal forests. Oecologia 147:96–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holien H (1996) Influence of site and stand factors on the distribution of crustose lichens of the Caliciales in a suboceanic spruce forest area in Central Norway. Lichenologist 28:315–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hörnberg G, Ohlson M, Zackrisson O (1995) Stand dynamics, regeneration patterns and long-term continuity in boreal old-growth Picea abies swamp-forests. J Veg Sci 6(2):291–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Istoriya krestyanstva v Evrope. Epokha feodalizma. Tom 3 (1986). Krestyanstvo Evropy v period razlozheniya feodalizma i zarozhdeniya kapitalisticheskikh otnosheniy. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, 591 pp – The history of the peasantry in Europe. The epoch of feudalism. Volume 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Istoriya krestyanstva v SSSR s drevneyshih vremen do Velikoy Oktyabrskoy socialisticheskoy revolyutsii. Tom 2 (1987). Krestyanstvo v period rannego i razvitogo feodalizma. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, 616 pp – The history of the peasantry in the USSR from the ancient time to the Great October Social Revolution. Volume 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson EA (1996) Fire and vegetation dynamics: studies from the north American boreal forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 144 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazimirov NI (1971) Elniki Karelii. Izd-vo Nauka, Leningrad, 139 pp – Spruce forests in Karelia

    Google Scholar 

  • Khaidu P (1985) Uralskie yazyki i narody. Izd-vo Progress, Moscow, 432 pp – The Ural languages and peoples

    Google Scholar 

  • Kielland-Lund J (1981) Die Waldgesellschaften SO Norwegens. Phytocoenologia 9(1-2): 53–250 – The forest plant communities of Southeast Norway

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolchin BA (1963) Dendrokhronologia Novgoroda. Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR. Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow 117:5–103 – Dendrochronology of Novgorod

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolesnikov BP (1985) Lesnaya rastitelnost yugo-vostochnoy chasti basseyna Vychegdy. Izd-vo Nauka, Leningrad. 215 pp – Forest vegetation in the south-eastern part of the Vychegda river basin

    Google Scholar 

  • Korchagin AA (1940) Rastitelnost severnoy poloviny Pechoro-Ilychskogo zapovednika. Trudy Pechoro-Ilychskogo gosudarstvennogo zapovednika 2:3–416 – Vegetation of the northern half of the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Korchagin AA (1954) Vliyanie pozharov na lesnuyu rastitelnost i vosstanovlenie ee posle pozhara na evropeyskom Severe. Trudy Botanicheskogo instituta AN SSSR. Ser. 3 Geobotanika. Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad 9:75–149 – Effect of fire on forest vegetation and forest recovery after fire in the European north

    Google Scholar 

  • Korotkov VN (2004) Poslepozharnye suktsessii v dolinnykh zandrakh Kostomukshskogo zapovednika. In: Smirnova OV (ed) Vostochnoevropeyskie lesa (istoriya v golocene i sovremennost), vol. 2. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, pp 359–367 – Succession after fire in the outwash lowlands in the Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Korotkov VN, Evstigneev OI, Potapova NA (1999) Kostomukshskiy zapovednik. In: Smirnova OV, Shaposhnikov ES (eds) Suktsessionnye processy v zapovednikakh Rossii i problemy sokhraneniya biologicheskogo raznoobraziya. Russkoe botanicheskoe obshchestvo, SPb, pp 498–530 – The Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozubov GM, Taskaev AI (eds) (1999) Lesa Respubliki Komi. Izd-vo Dizain, Informatsiya, Kartografiya, Moscow, 332 pp – Forests of the Komi Republic

    Google Scholar 

  • Krasnov YuA (1987) Drevnie i srednevekovye pakhotnye orudiya Vostochnoy Evropy. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, 236 pp – Ancient and medieval arable tools in Eastern Europe

    Google Scholar 

  • Kublitskiy-Piottukh AF, Nazarov DD (1912) Kazennoe lesnoe khozyaistvo v Arkhangelskoy i Vologodskoy guberniyakh. SPb, 191 pp – State forestry in the Arkhangelsk and Vologda provinces

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucherov IB (2012) Kustarnichkovye sfagnovo-zelenomoshnye i sfagnovye sosnyaki sredney i severnoy taigi Evropeyskoy Rossii. Trudy Karelskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN 1:16–32 – Dwarf-shrub sphagnum – green moss and sphagnum Pinus sylvestris forests of the North and Middle taiga in European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucherov IB (2013a) Lishaynikovo-zelenomoshnye i zelenomoshnye sosnyaki sredney i severnoy taigi Evropeyskoy Rossii. Komarovskie chteniya 61:159–217 – Lichen – green-moss and green moss Pinus sylvestris forests of the North and Middle taiga in European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucherov IB (2013b) Travyano-zelenomoshnye mezofilnye sosnyaki sredney i severnoy taigi Evropeyskoy Rossii. Botanichesky zhurnal 98(9):1109–1129 – Mesophilous herb – green moss Pinus sylvestris forests of the North and Middle taiga in European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucherov IB (2014) Zelenomoshnye. Trudy Karelskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN 2:14–26 – Green-moss – Vaccinium mirtillus Pinus sylvestris forests of the North and Middle taiga in European Russia (a review of coenotic diversity

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucherov IB, Kutenkov SA (2011) Travyano-sfagnovye sosnyaki sredney i severnoy taigi Evropeyskoy Rossii. Botanichesky zhurnal 96(6):738–768 – Herb-sphagnum Pinus sylvestris forests of the North and Middle taiga in European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucherov IB, Zverev AA (2011) Listvennichnye lesa severa Evropeyskoy Rossii. II. Sredne- i severotayezhnye lesa. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya 13(1):28–50 – Larix sibirica forests in the north of European Russia. II. The Middle and the North taiga forests

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucherov IB, Zverev AA (2012) Lishaynikovye sosnyaki sredney i severnoy taigi Evropeyskoy Rossii. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya 19(3):46–80 – Lichen Pinus sylvestris forests of the North and Middle taiga in European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucherov IB, Razumovskaya AV, Churakova EYu (2010) Elovye lesa natsionalnogo parka “Kenozerskiy” (Arkhangelskaya oblast). Botanichesky zhurnal 95(9):1268–1298 – Picea abies forests of the Kenozero National Park, in the Arkhangelsk region

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuchko AA (1992) Natsionalnyi park “Paanayarvi”: istoriya sozdaniya, prirodnye dostoprimechatelnosti, perspektivy razvitiya. In: Okhranyaemye prirodnye territorii i pamyatniki prirody Karelii. Petrozavodsk, pp 44–52 – The National Park Paanayarvi: the history of establishment, nature sights and prospects of development

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuleshova LV, Korotkov VN, Potapova NA, Evstigneev OI, Kozlenko AB, Rusanova OM (1996) Kompleksnyi analiz poslepozarnyh suktsessiy v lesakh Kostomukshskogo zapovednika (Karelia). Bull. MOIP, otd. Biologicheskiy 101(4):3–15 – Complex analysis of post-fire succession in forests of the Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve (Karelia)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulpin ES, Pantin VI (1993) Reshayushchiy opyt. Genesis krizisov prirody i obshchestva v Rossii. Izd-vo Moskovskiy litsey, Moscow. 102 pp – Decisive experience. Genesis of the crises of nature and society in Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurbatskiy NP (1964) Problema lesnykh pozharov. In: Vozniknovenie lesnykh pozharov. Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow, pp 5–60 – The question of forest fires

    Google Scholar 

  • Kushnikov NV (1956) O prichinakh vozniknoveniya lesnykh pozharov v Onezhskom leskhoze. In: Iz rabot nauchnykh korrespondentov TsNIILKh. Izd-vo TsNIILKh, Leningrad – Causes of forest fires in the Onega forestry unit

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutenkov SA (2005) Klassifikatsiya bolotnyh lesov srednetaezhnoy podzony Karelii. Trudy Karelskogo Nauchnogo Centra RAN, Petrozavodsk 8:47–64 – Classification of bog forests in the middle taiga in Karelia

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuuluvainen T, Syrjänen K, Kalliola R (1998) Structure of a pristine Picea abies forest in northeastern Europe. J Veg Sci 9(4):563–574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lankia H, Wallenius T, Várkonyi G, Kouki J, Snäll T (2012) Forest fire history, aspen and goat willow in a Fennoscandian old-growth landscape: are current population structures a legacy of historical fires? J Veg Sci 23(6):1159–1169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson L-O (1989) Skogstillgång, skogsprodukter och sågar i Kronobergs län. In: Nordström O, Larsson LJ, Käll J, Larsson L-O (eds) Skogen och smålänningen, kring skogsmarkens roll i förindustriell tid. Histor. Fören. Kronobergs Läns Skriftser 6:115–201 – Forest services, forest products, and sawing in Kronoberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson B (ed) (1995) Svedjebruk och röjningsbränning i Norden: terminologi, datering, metoder. Nordiska museet, Stockholm–Shifting cultivation and clearing by burning in the Nordic countries: terminology, dating, methods

    Google Scholar 

  • Laschenkova AN (1954) Berezovye lesa. In: Proizvoditelnye sily Komi ASSR. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad 3(1):186–206 – Birch forests in the Komi Republic

    Google Scholar 

  • Laschenkova AN, Nepomilueva NI (1982) Redkie rastitelnye soobschestva Srednego Timana, nuzhdayushchiesya v okhrane. Trudy Komi filala AN SSSR, Syktyvkar 56:28–36 – Rare plant communities requiring protection in the Middle Timan Ridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavrenko EM, Sochava VB (eds) (1956) Rastitelnyi pokrov SSSR. Poyasnitelnyi text k geobotanicheskoy karte SSSR. Masshtab 1:4 000 000. Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad – Vegetation cover of the USSR

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehtonen H (1998) Fire history recorded on pine trunks and stumps: influence of land use and fires on forest structure in North Karelia. Scand J For Res 13:462–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehtonen H, Kolström T (2000) Forest fire history in Viena Karelia. Russia Scand J For Res 15(6):585–590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leontyev AM (1935) Geobotanicheskie rayony Belomorsko-Kuloyskoy chasti Severnogo kraya. Trudy BIN AN SSSR. Ser. 3. Geobotanika 2:81–222 – Geobotanical regions of the Belomorye-Kuloy part of the Russian north

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesopolzovanie v Rossiyskoy Federatsii v 1946–1992 gg (1996). FSLKh, Moscow, 313 pp – Forest management in the Russian Federation from 1946 to 1992

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindbladha M, Niklassona M, Nilsson SG (2003) Long-time record of fire and open canopy in a high biodiversity forest in southeast Sweden. Biol Conserv 114:231–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linder P, Elfving B, Zackrisson O (1997) Stand structure and successional trends in virgin boreal forest reserves in Sweden. For Ecol Manag 98:17–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lugovaya DL, Smirnova OV, Zaprudina MV, Aleynikov AA, Smirnov VE (2013) Micromosaic structure and phytomass of ground vegetation in main types of dark conifer forests in the Pechora-Ilych State Nature Reserve. Russ J Ecol 44(1):1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukina NV (2008) Plant-induced variability in soil acidity and nutrient status of boreal forest ecosystems. In: Scientific seminar on Forest condition monitoring and ecosystem functioning in Northern Europe under the forest focus and ICP Forests programmes, Vantaa 27.–28.11.2007, Proceedings. In: Derome J, Lindroos A-J, Kilponen T (eds) Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 74: 48–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukina NV, Nikonov VV (1998) Pitatelny rezhim lesov severnoy taigi: prirodnye i tekhnogennye aspekty. Izd-vo Kolskogo Nauchnogo tsentra RAN, 316 pp – Nutrient regime of northern taiga forests: natural and technogenic aspects

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukina NV, Polyanskaya LM, Orlova MA (2008) Pitatelnyi rezhim pochv severotaezhnykh lesov. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, 342 pp – Soil nutrient regime in Northern taiga forests

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukina NV, Orlova MA, Isaeva LG (2010) Plodorodie lesnykh pochv kak osnova vzaimosvyazi pochva-rastitelnost. Lesovedenie 5:45–56 – Fertility of forest soils as a basis for the relationship between soil and vegetation

    Google Scholar 

  • Makarov NA, Zakharov SD, Buzhilova AP (2001) Srednevekovoe rasselenie na Belom ozere. Izd-vo Yazyki russkoy kultury, 496 pp – Medieval settlement on Lake Beloe

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandych AF (ed) (1989) Prirodnaya sreda Evropeyskoy chasti SSSR (opyt regionalnogo analiza). Institut geografii AN SSSR, Moscow, 229 pp – The natural environment in the European part of the USSR (a regional analysis)

    Google Scholar 

  • Manninen OH, Stark S, Kytöviita M-M, Lampinen L, Tolvanen A (2009) Understorey plant and soil responses to disturbance and increased nitrogen in boreal forests. J Veg Sci 20(2):311–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marlon JR, Bartlein PJ, Carcaillet C, Gavin DG, Harrison SP, Higuera PE, Joos F, Power MJ, Prentige IC (2008) Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia. Nat Geosci 1:697–702

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martynenko VA (1999a) Svetlokhoynye lesa. In: Kozubov GM, Taskaev AI (eds) Lesa Respubliki Komi. Izd-vo Dizain, Informatsiya, Kartografiya, Moscow, pp 105–132 – Light-coniferous forests in the Komi Republic

    Google Scholar 

  • Martynenko VA (1999b) Temnokhoynye lesa. In: Kozubov GM, Taskaev AI (eds) Lesa Respubliki Komi. Izd-vo Dizain, Informatsiya, Kartografiya, Moscow, pp 133–184 – Dark-coniferous forests in the Komi republic

    Google Scholar 

  • Melekhov IS (1939) Opyt izucheniya pozharov v lesakh Severa. Izd-vo Arkhangelskogo lesotekhnicheskogo instituta, Arkhangelsk – Experience in studying fires in Northern forests

    Google Scholar 

  • Melekhov IS (1947) Priroda lesa i lesnye pozhary. OGIZ Arkhangelskoe izd-vo, Arkhangelsk, 60 pp – The nature of forests and forest fires

    Google Scholar 

  • Melekhov IS (1957) Kontsentrirovannye rubki i lesovozobnovlenie na nikh v usloviyakh taezhnoy zony. In: Sbornik statey po rezultatam issledovaniy v oblasti lesnogo khozyaistva i lesnoy promyshlennosti v taezhnoy zone SSSR. Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad, pp 66–81 – Concentrated cuttings and their reforestation in the taiga forest region

    Google Scholar 

  • Melekhov IS (1966) Lesa severa Evropyeyskoy chasti SSSR. Lesa SSSR. Tom 1. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, pp 60–69 – Northern forests in the European part of the USSR

    Google Scholar 

  • Melekhov IS (1971) O zakonomernostyakh v periodichnosti gorimosti lesov. In: Sbornik rabot po lesnomu khozyaistvu i lesokhimii. Arkhangelsk, pp 4–26 – Regularities in the periodicity of forest fires

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikhailov IS (1977) Problemy lesoustroistva Nechernozemnoy zony. Trudy GIZR 16, Moscow, pp 62–71 – Problems in forest inventory of central European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Milov LV (1998) Velikorusskiy pakhar i osobennosti rossiyskogo istoricheskogo processa. Izd-vo ROSSPEN, Moscow, 573 pp – Great Russian ploughman and features of the Russian historical process

    Google Scholar 

  • Molchanov AA (1970) Izmenchivost shiriny godichnogo koltsa v svyazi s izmeneniem solnechnoy aktivnosti. In: Formirovanie godichnogo koltsa i nakoplenie organicheskoy massy u derevyev. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, pp 7–50 – Variation in the width of annual tree rings due to changes in solar activity

    Google Scholar 

  • Molchanov AA, Preobrazhensky IF (1957) Lesa i lesnoe khozyaistvo Arkhangelskoy oblasti. Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow, 235 pp – Forest and forestry in the Arkhangelsk region

    Google Scholar 

  • Molchanov AA, Shimanyuk AP (1949) Vosstanovitelnye processy na kontsentrirovannykh lesosekakh. Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad, 127 pp – Forest recovery on concentrated cutting areas

    Google Scholar 

  • Morozova RM (1991) Lesnye pochvy Karelii. Izd-vo Nauka, Leningrad, 184 pp – Forest soils in Karelia

    Google Scholar 

  • Morozova OV, Korotkov VN (1999) Klassifikaciya lesnoy rastitelnosti Kostomukshskogo zapovednika. Zapovednoe delo 5: 56–78 – Classification of the forest vegetation in the Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Morozova OV, Zaugolnova LB, Isaeva LG, Kostina VA (2008) Klassifikatsiya borealnykh lesov severa Evropeyskoy Rossii. 1 Oligotrofnye khvoynye lesa. Rasitelnost Rossii 13:61–81 – Classification of the boreal forests in the north of European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadutkin VD, Lazarev NA (1963) Elovye lesa Komi ASSR, ikh ispolzovanie i vozobnovlenie. Izd-vo Komi, Syktyvkar, 127 pp – Spruce forests in the Komi Republic, their use and renewal

    Google Scholar 

  • Nat S (1915) Lesa i vody Pechorskogo kraya. Lesnoy zhurnal 4:531–561 & 5:787–815 – Forest and water in the Pechora River region

    Google Scholar 

  • Nepomilueva NI (1970) Pinus sibirica na severnoy granitse areala v Komi ASSR. Botanichesky zhurnal 55: 1011–1018 – Pinus sibirica on the northern border of its distribution area in the Komi Republic

    Google Scholar 

  • Nepomilueva NI (1974) Kedr sibirskiy na severo-vostoke Evropeyskoy chasti SSSR. Izd-vo Nauka, Leningrad, 184 pp – Pinus sibirica at the north-east of the European part of the USSR

    Google Scholar 

  • Nepomilueva NI (1978) Redkie fitocenozy Pripolyarnogo Urala. Botanichesky zhurnal 63(5):744–751 – Rare phytocoenoses of the Subpolar Ural Mts

    Google Scholar 

  • Nepomilueva NI, Laschenkova AN (1993) Taiezhnye etalony Evropeiskogo severo-vostoka. Izd-vo Komi nauchnogo tsentra UrO RAN, Syktyvkar, 146 pp – Best taiga forests in the European north-east

    Google Scholar 

  • Neshataev VYu, Neshataeva VYu (1993a) Birch forests of the Lapland State Reserve. In: Aerial pollutions in Kola Peninsula. Proc. Int. workshop (April 14-16 1992, SPb.). Izd-vo Kola Scientific Center, Apatity: 328–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Neshataev VYu, Neshataeva VYu (1993b) Forest vegetation of Ponoi Rriver valley (the unpolluted area). In: Aerial pollutions in Kola Peninsula. Proc. Int. Workshop (April 14-16 1992 SPb.). Izd-vo Kola Scientific Center, Apatity: 346–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Neshataev VYu, Neshataeva VYu (2002) Sintaxonomicheskoe raznoobrazie sosnovyh lesov Laplandskogo zapovednika. Botanichesky zhurnal 87(1):99–106 – Syntaxonomic diversity of Pinus sylvestris forests in the Lapland State Nature Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Nevrli I (1912) Lesa severa Evropeyskoy Rossii. In: Izvestiya Lesnogo instituta, pp 221–242 – Forests in the north of European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Niklasson M, Drakenberg B (2001) A 600-year tree-ring fire history from Norra Kvills National Park, southern Sweden: implications for conservation strategies in the hemiboreal zone. Biol Conserv 101:63–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nikonov VV (1987) Pochvoobrazovanie na severnom predele sosnovykh biogeotsenozov. Izd-vo Nauka, Leningrad, 142 pp – Soil formation at the northern limit of Pinus sylvestris ecosystems

    Google Scholar 

  • Obnovlensky VM (1935) Vliyanie mikroreliefa na vozobnovlenie eli. Sovetskaya botanika 3:93–95 – Microrelief influence on spruce regeneration

    Google Scholar 

  • Ofman GYu, Ponomarenko EV, Ponomarenko SV (1998) Estestvenno-geograficheskie zony i selskokhozyaistvennoe raionirovanie Rossii. In: Danilova LV, Sokolov AK (eds) Traditsionnyi opyt prirodopolzovaniya v Rossii. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, pp 18–57 – Natural geographical regions and agricultural zoning in Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohlson M, Tryterud E (1999) Long-term spruce forest continuity – a challenge for a sustainable Scandinavian forestry. For Ecol Manag 124:27–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oksanen J, Ahti T (1982) Lichen-rich pine forest in Finland. Ann Bot Fenn 19:275–301

    Google Scholar 

  • Onchukov NE (1901) Po Cherdynskomu uezdu. Poezdka na Visheru, Kolvu i Pechoru. Zhivaya starina 5:1–38 – The pass along the Cherdynskiy uyezd. A trip to the Vishera, Kolva and Pechora rivers

    Google Scholar 

  • Osipov VV, Gavrilova NK (1983) Agrarnoe osvoenie i dinamika lesostepi Nechernozemnoy zony RSFSR. Izd-vo Mauka, Moscow, 104 pp – Agrarian development and forest-steppe dynamics in the Central European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Östlund L (ed) (1993) Exploitation and structural changes in the north Swedish boreal forest 1800–1992. Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Umeaa

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakhuchiy VV (1997) Devstvennye drevostoi temnokhvoinoy taigi na krainem yugo-vostoke Respubliki Komi. Geografiya i prirodnye resursy 2:110–116 – Virgin stands of dark coniferous taiga forests in the extreme south-east of the Komi Republic

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitkänen A (1999) Palaeoecological study of the history of forest fires in eastern Finland. PhD thesis. Univ Joensuu Publ Sci 58: 31

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitkänen A, Huttunen P, Jungner H, Tolonen K (2002) A 10000 year local forest fire history in a dry heath forest site in eastern Finland, reconstructed from charcoal layer records of a small mire. Can J For Res 32:1875–1880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plekhanov AN, Grachev VV et al. (2003) Lesnoy kompleks Vologodskoy oblasti. Vchera. Segodnya. Zavtra. Izd-vo Vologodskiy les, Vologda, 200 pp – The forest complex of the Vologda region. Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponomarenko EV (1999) Metodicheskie podkhody k analizu suktsessionnykh processov v pochvennom pokrove. In: Smirnova OV, Shaposhnikov ES (eds) Suktsessionnye processy v zapovednikakh Rossii i problemy sokhraneniya biologicheskogo raznoobraziya. Izd-vo Russkogo Botanicheskogo Obshchestva, SPb, pp 34–57 – Methodical approaches to the analysis of succession processes in the soil cover

    Google Scholar 

  • Potapov P, Yaroshenko A, Turubanova S, Dubinin M, Laestadius L, Thies C, Aksenov D, Egorov A, Yesipova E, Glushkov I, Karpachevskiy M, Kostikova A, Manisha A, Tsybikova E, Zhuravleva I (2008) Mapping the world’s intact forest landscapes by remote sensing. Ecol Soc 13(2):51. URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art51/

  • Potapova NA (1989) Naselenie pochvennykh bespozvonochnykh v lesnykh soobshchestvakh Kostomukshskogo zapovednika. In: Organizatsiya form okhrany objektov prirodno-zapovednogo fonda. VNIIPrirody, Moscow, pp 152–157 – The population of soil invertebrates in forest communities of the Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Poutiainen H, Grönlund E, Koponen M (1995) Joining the forces: archaeologists and palaeoecologists in the traces of north Karelian settlement and land use history. Fennoscandia archaeological 12:153–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston CM, Schmidt MWI (2006) Black (pyrogenic) carbon: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions. Biogeosciences 3:397–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pushkina NM (1960) Estestvennoe vozobnovlenie rastitelnosti na lesnyh garyah. Trudy Laplandskogo gosudarstvennogo zapovednika: 5–125 – Natural renewal of vegetation after fires in the Laplandskiy State Nature Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyavchenko NI (1957) Tipy zabolachivaniya lesov v bassejne Severnoy Dviny. In: Materialy po izucheniyu lesorastitelnyh usloviy na torfyano-bolotnykh pochvakh lesnoy zony i v tundre. Trudy Instituta Lesa, Moscow 36:5–55 – Types of waterlogging in the Northern Dvina River basin

    Google Scholar 

  • R Development Core Team (2012) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. URL: http://www.R-project.org/

  • Rodin LE, Remezov NP, Bazilevich NI (1968) Metodicheskie ukazaniya k izucheniyu dinamiki i biologicheskogo krugovorota v fitocenozakh. Izd-vo Nauka, Leningrad, 145 pp – Instructions on the study of dynamics and biological cycles in phytocenoses

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanovsky MG (2002) Produktivnost, ustoychivost i bioraznoobrazie ravninnykh lesov Evropeyskoy Rossii. MGUL, Moscow, 92 pp – Productivity, sustainability and biodiversity of forests in the plains of European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouvinen S, Rautiainen A, Kouki J (2005) A relation between historical forest use and current dead woody material in a boreal protected old-growth forest in Finland. Silva Fenn 39(1):21–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rusanova OM (1989) Prostransvennaya structura landshaftov Kostomukshskogo zapovednika. In: Organizatsiya form okhrany objektov prirodno-zapovednogo fonda. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. VNIIPrirody, Moscow, pp 91–102 – The spatial structure of landscapes in the Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutkovsky VI (1933) Tipy lesov Kemskogo kraya Karelskoy ASSR. In: Trudy po izucheniyu lesa. Tom 1. Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad, pp 1–97 – Forest types in the Kem’ region in Karelia

    Google Scholar 

  • Rybalov LB (2006) Sravnitelnaya kharakteristika naseleniya dozhdevykh chervey v Karelii i v Polyarno-alpiyskom botanicheskom sadu na Kol’skom poluostrove. In: Materialy konferentsii “Sovremennye ekologicheskie problemy Severa (k 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya O.I. Semenova-Tyan-Shanskogo)”. Apatity, pp 176–177 – Comparative characteristics of the earthworm populations in Karelia and in the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden in the Kola Peninsula

    Google Scholar 

  • Rysin LP (1975) Sosnovye lesa Evropeyskoy chasti SSSR. Izd-vo Nauka, Leningrad, 212 pp – Pinus sylvestris forest in the European part of the USSR

    Google Scholar 

  • Rysin LP, Savelyeva LI (2002) Elovye lesa Rossii. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, 225 pp – Picea spp. forests in Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Rysin LP, Savelyeva LI (2008) Sosnovye lesa Rossii. Izd-vo KMK, Moscow, 289 pp – Pinus sylvestris forests in Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Saburov DN (1972) Lesa Pinegi. Izd-vo Nauka, Leningrad, 173 pp – Forests in the Pinega River basin

    Google Scholar 

  • Sambuk FV (1932) Pechorskie lesa. Trudy Botanicheskogo muzeya AN SSSR 24:63–250 – Forests in the Pechora River basin

    Google Scholar 

  • Sambuk SG, Zhurbenko MP (1986) Klassifikatsiya sosnovyh lesov bassejna reki Livy (jugo-zapad Kolskogo poluostrova). In: Trudy I molodezhnoy konferentsii botanikov. Leningrad. Part 2. Dep. VINITI No. 6847a, V-86:155–157 – Classification of Pinus sylvestris forests in the Liva River basin, in the south-west of the Kola Peninsula

    Google Scholar 

  • Sannikov SN (1983) Tsiklicheskaya erozionno-pirogennaya teoriya estestvennogo vozobnovleniya sosny obyknovennoi. Ekologiya 1:10–20 – Cyclic erosionalpyrogenic theory of the natural regeneration of Pinus sylvestris

    Google Scholar 

  • Sannikov SN (1992) Ekologiya i geografiya estestvennogo vozobnovleniya sosny obyknovennoy. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, 264 pp – Ecology and geography of the natural regeneration of Pinus sylvestris

    Google Scholar 

  • Sbornik statisticheskikh svedeniy po Cherdynskomu euzdu Permskoy gubernii (1889). Otdel khozyaistvennoy statistiki, 986 pp – Collection of statistical information on the Cherdynsky Uyezd of the Perm province

    Google Scholar 

  • Segerström U (1997) Long-term dynamics of vegetation and disturbance of a southern boreal spruce swamp forest. J Veg Sci 8:295–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segerström U, Bradshaw R, Hörnberg G, Bohlin E (1994) Disturbance history of a swamp forest refuge in northern Sweden. Biol Conserv 68:189–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segerström U, Hörnberg G, Bradshaw R (1996) The 9000-year history of vegetation development and disturbance patterns of a swamp-forest in Dalarna, northern Sweden. The Holocene 6:37–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semenov SA (1974) Proiskhozhdenie zemledeliya. Izd-vo Nauka, Leningrad, 318 pp – Origin of agriculture

    Google Scholar 

  • Semikolennykh AA, Bovkunov AD, Aleinikov AA (2013) Soils and the soil cover of the taiga zone in the northern Urals (upper reaches of the Pechora River). Eurasian Soil Sci 46(8):821–832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shashkov MP, Bobrovsky MV (2008) Naselenie dozhdevykh chervey malonarushennykh pikhto-elnikov Pechoro-Ilychskogo zapovednika. In: Printsipy i sposoby sokhraneniya bioraznoobraziya. Izd-vo MarGU, Yoshkar-Ola, pp 220–221 – The populations of earthworms in the intact fir-spruce forests in the Pechora-Ilych State Nature Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Shashkov MP, Kamaev IO (2010) Naselenie dozhdevykh chervey temnokhvoinykh lesov nizhney chasti basseina reki Bolshaya Porozhnaya (pritok reki Pechora). Trudy Pechoro-Ilychskogo zapovednika. Izd-vo Komi NTs UrO RAN, Syktyvkar 16:204–207 – The populations of earthworms in dark coniferous forests in the lower part of the Bolshaya Porozhnaya River basin (a tributary of the Pechora River)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shennikov AP, Bologovskaya RP (1927) Vvedenie v geobotanicheskoe obsledovanie organizatsii pastbishch na severe. Vypusk 1. Vologa. 122 pp – Introduction to the geobotanical survey of pasture organization in the north

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimanyuk AN (1957) Estestvennoe lesovozobnovlenie na kontsentrirovannykh vyrubkakh v sosnovykh lesakh taezhnoy zony Evropeyskoy chasti SSSR i puti ego uluchsheniya. In: Sbornik statey po rezultatam issledovaniy v oblasti lesnogo khozyaistva i lesnoy promyshlennosti v taezhnoy zone SSSR. Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad: 82–109 – Natural reforestation and ways to improve it on areas of concentrated felling in Pinus sylvestris forests located in the taiga region of the European part of the USSR

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirokov AI (1998) Ekologicheskie osobennosti, vnutricenoticheskaya struktura i dinamika pikhto-elnikov lipovykh v usloviyakh yuzhnoy taigi Nizmennogo Zavolzhya. Dissertation (Candidate of sciences) in biology. Nizhegorodskiy gosudarstvennyi universitet, Nizhny Novgorod, 226 pp – Ecological features, structure and dynamics of forests co-dominated by Abies sibirica, Picea abies and Tilia cordata in the southern taiga of the Low Volga River region

    Google Scholar 

  • Shorohova E, Kuuluvainen T, Kangur A, Jõgiste K (2009) Natural stand structures, disturbance regimes and successional dynamics in the Eurasian boreal forests: a review with special reference to Russian studies. Ann For Sci 66(2):1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shumkin VYa (1991) Entogenez saamov (arkheologicheskiy aspect). In: Proiskhozhdenie saamov. Izd-vo Nauka, Mosocw: 129–149 – Archaeological aspects of the Saami entogenesis

    Google Scholar 

  • Siren G (1955) The development of spruce forest on raw humus sites in northern Finland and its ecology. Acta For Fenn 62(4):1–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sirois L, Payette S (1991) Reduced postfire regeneration along a boreal forest-forest-tundra transect in northern Quebec. Ecology 72:619–627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skvortsova EB, Ulanova NG, Basevich VF (1983) Ekologicheskaya rol vetrovalov. Izd-vo Lesnaya promyshlennost, Moscow, 192 pp – The ecological value of windthrows

    Google Scholar 

  • Smagin VA (2000) O ryade rastitelnyh assotsiatsiy bolot severnoy taigi. Botanichesky zhurnal 85(10):61–74 – On a number of plant associations of bogs in the northern taiga

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnov AP (1952) Ocherki drevney i srednevekovoy istorii Srednego Povolzhya i Prikamya. Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR 28:1–276 – Essays on the ancient and medieval history of the peoples from the area of the Middle Volga and the Kama rivers

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnov NS (2013) Typological and species diversity of dark conifer forests in the lower reaches of the Bolshaya Porozhnyaya River, a tributary of the Pechora. Russ J Ecol 44(1):28–35 – Pechora–Ilych State Nature Reserve

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova OV (1998) Populyatsionnaya organizatsiya biocenoticheskogo pokrova lesnykh landshaftov. Uspekhi sovremennoy biologii 118(2):148–165 – Population organization of ecosystems in forest landscapes

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova OV (ed) (2004) Vostochnoevropeyskie lesa: istoriya v golocene i sovremennost. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, vol 1, 479 pp; vol 2, 575 pp – East-European forests:the Holocene history and the current state

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova OV, Aleynikov AA (2012) Suktsessionnye sistemy borealnyh lesov Evropeyskoy territorii Rossii. Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN 4(1/5):1367–1370 – Succession systems of boreal forests in European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova OV, Bobrovskii MV (2001) Tree ontogeny and its reflection in the structure and dynamics of plant and soil covers. Russ J Ecol 32(3):159–163. doi:10.1023/A:1011353926083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova OV, Korotkov VN (2001) Starovozrastnye lesa Pyaozerskogo leskhoza severo-zapadnoy Karelii. Botanichesky zhurnal 86(1):98–109 – Old-growth forests in the Pyaozersk forestry unit in the north-west of Karelia

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova OV, Toropova NA (2008) Suktsessiya i klimaks kak ekosistemnyi process. Uspekhi sovremennoy biologii 128(2):129–144 – Succession and climax as an ecosystem process

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova OV, Bobrovsky MV, Khanina LG, Smirnov VE (2006) Suktsessionnyi status starovozrastnykh temnokhoinykh lesov Evropeyskoy Rossii. Uspekhi sovremennoy biologii 126(1):26–48 – Succession status of old-growth spruce and spruce-fir forests in European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova OV, Bobrovsky MV, Khanina LG, Smirnov VE (2007) Bioraznoobrazie i suktsessionnyi status temnokhvoinykh lesov Shezhimpechorskogo i Bolsheporozhnogo botaniko-geograficheskikh raionov Pechoro-Ilychskogo biosfernogo zapovednika. Trudy Pechoro-Ilychskogo zapovednika, Syktyvkar 15:28–47 – Biodiversity and succession status of dark-coniferous forests of the Shezhim-Pechora and Bolshaya Porozhnaya botanico-geographical regions of the Pechora-Ilych State Nature Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova OV, Toropova NA, Lugovaya DL, Aleynikov AA (2010) Metodologiya issledovaniya populyatsionnoy organizatsii i suktsessionnoy dinamiki lesnykh ekosistem (biogeotsenozov). In: Zaugolnova LB, Braslavskaya TYu (eds) Metodicheskie podkhody k ekologicheskoy otsenke lesnogo pokrova v basseyne maloy reki. Izd-vo KMK, Moscow, pp 20–40 – Methodology of research on population organization and succession dynamics in forest ecosystems (biogeocoenoses)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova OV, Aleynikov AA, Semikolennykh AA, Bovkunov AD, Zaprudina MV, Smirnov NS (2011) Prostranstvennaya neodnorodnost pochvenno-rastitelnogo pokrova temnokhvoinykh lesov v Pechoro-Ilychskom zapovednike. Lesovedenie 6:67–78 – Spatial heterogeneity of soil and vegetation in dark coniferous forests in the Pechora-Ilych State Nature Reserve

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova OV, Lugovaya DV, Prokazina TS (2013) Model reconstruction of restored taiga forest cover. Biol Bull Rev 3(6):493–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Söderström L (1988) The occurrence of epixylic bryophyte and lichen species in an old natural and a managed forest stand in northeast Sweden. Biol Conserv 45(3):169–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sokolova LA (1935) Materialy k geobotanicheskomu raionirovaniyu Onego-Severo-Dvinskogo vodorazdela i Onezhskogo poluostrova. Trudy BIN AN SSSR. Ser. 3. Geobotanika 2:9–89 – Materials for geobotanical regioning of the watershed between Lake Onega and the Northern Dvina River and the Onega Peninsula

    Google Scholar 

  • Spirin VA, Shirokov AI (2002) Osobennosti dinamiki destruktsii valezha v nenarushennykh yuzhnotaezhnykh fitotsenozakh. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya 37(1):22–33 – Peculiarities of the dynamics of deadwood decay in undisturbed phytocenoses in the southern taiga

    Google Scholar 

  • Stavrova NI, Gorshkov VV, Katyutin PN (2016) Formirovanie struktury tsenopopulyatsiy lesoobrazuyushchikh vidov v processe poslepozharnogo vosstanovleniya severotaezhnykh lesov. Trudy Karelskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN 3:10–28 – Development of population structure of main tree species during post-fire restoration in the northern taiga forests

    Google Scholar 

  • Storaunet KO, Rolstad J, Toeneiet M, Blanck YL (2013) Strong anthropogenic signals in historic forest fire regime: a detailed spatiotemporal case study from south-central Norway. Can J For Res 43(9):836–845

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sukachev VN (1928) Rastitelnye soobshhestva (vvedenie v fitosotsiologiyu). Izd-vo Kniga. Moscow-Leningrad, 232 pp – Vegetation communities. Introduction to Phytosociology

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrjänen К, Kalliola R, Puolasmaa A, Mattsson J (1994) Landscape structure and forest dynamics in subcontinental Russian European taiga. Ann Zool Fenn 31:19–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Taavitsainen J-P, Simola H, Grönlund E (1998) Cultivation history beyond the periphery: early agriculture in the north European boreal forest. J World Prehist 12(2):199–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinner W, Hubschmid P, Wehrli M, Ammann B, Conedera M (1999) Long-term forest fire ecology and dynamics in southern Switzerland. J Ecol 87(2):273–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tkachenko ME (1911) Lesa Severa. Trudy po lesnomu opytnomu delu v Rossii, SPb. 25:215–303 – Forests in the north

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolmachev AI (1954) K istorii vozniknoveniya i razvitiya temnokhvoinoy taigi. Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad, 155 pp – On the history of origin and development of dark-coniferous taiga forest

    Google Scholar 

  • Tretyakov PN (1932) Podsechnoe zemledelie v Vostochnoy Evrope. Leningrad, 39 pp – Slash-and-burn agriculture in Eastern Europe

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsinzerling YuD (1931) Geografiya rastitelnogo pokrova severo-zapada Evropeyskoy chasti SSSR. Trudy Geomorfologicheskogo instituta AN SSSR 4:7–377 – Geography of the vegetation cover in the north-west of the European part of the USSR

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyurin AV (1925) Osnovy khozyaistva v sosnovykh lesakh. Izd-vo Novaya derevnya, Moscow – The basis of forest management in the Pinus sylvestris forests

    Google Scholar 

  • Uino P (1997) Ancient Karelia. Archeological studies 104. Muinaismuistoyhdistys, Helsinki, p 426

    Google Scholar 

  • Uotila A, Kouki J, Kontkanen H, Pulkkinen P (2002) Assessing the naturallness of boreal forests in eastern Fennoscandia. For Ecol Manag 161:257–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vakurov AD (1975) Lesnye pozhary na Severe. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, 100 pp – Forest fires in the North

    Google Scholar 

  • Varsanofyeva VA (1932) Geomorfologicheskie nablyudeniya na Severmom Urale. Izvestiya Geograficheskogo obshchestva 64 (2–3) – Geomorphological observations in the Northern Ural Mts

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasilevich VI (2002) Travyanye elniki Evropeyskoy Rossii. Botanichesky zhurnal 87(1):13–27 – Herb spruce forests in European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlasova IV (1998) Traditsionnyi opyt prirodopolzovaniya na Russkom Severe. In: Danilova LV, Sokolov AK (eds) Traditsionnyi opyt prirodopolzovaniya v Rossii. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, pp 119–138 – Traditional experience of land-use in the Russian north

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlasova IV (2001) Russkiy Sever: etnicheskaya istoriya i narodnaya kultura 12-20 vv. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow. 848 pp – The Russian north: the ethnic history and folk culture

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkov AD (2008) Tipy lesa Karelii. Karelskiy nauchniy centr, Petrozavodsk, 180 pp – Forest types of Karelia

    Google Scholar 

  • Voropanov PV (1950) Elniki Severa. Goslesbumizdat, Moscow-Leningrad, 180 pp – Spruce forests in the north

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallenius T (2002) Forest age distribution and traces of past fires in a natural boreal landscape dominated by Picea abies. Silva Fenn 36(1):201–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrangell V (1841) Istoriya lesnogo zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoi imperii. S prisoedineniem ocherka istorii korabelnykh lesov Rossii. Tipografiya Fishera, SPb, 153 pp – History of forest legislation in the Russian Empire with the addition of an essay on the history of ship forests in Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarmishko YT, Bakkal IYu, Borisova OV, Gorshkov VV, Katyutin PN, Lyanguzova IV, Maznaya EA, Stavrova NI, Yarmishko MA (2009) Dinamika lesnykh soobshchestv severo-zapada Rossii. Izd-vo VVM, SPb, 276 pp – Dynamics of forest communities in the north-west of Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaroshenko AYu (1999) Evropeyskaya taiga na grani tysyacheletiy. Greenpeace of Russia, Moscow, 66 pp – European taiga on the verge of millennia

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaroshenko AY, Potapov PV, Turubanova SA (2001) The last intact forest landscapes of northern European Russia. Greenpeace Russia, Moscow, 73 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaroshenko AYu, Dobrynin DA, Egorov AV, Zhuravleva IV, Manisha AE, Potapov PV, Turubanova SA, Khakimulin YeV (2008) Lesa centra i severa Evropeyskoy Rossii. Karta 1:4 500 000. Greenpeace Russia, Moscow – Forests of the center and the north of European Russia. Map 1:4,500,000

    Google Scholar 

  • Yelina GA, Kuznetsov OL, Devyatova EI, Lebedeva RM, Maksimov AI, Stoykina NV (1994) Sovremennaya i golocenovaya rastitelnost natsionalnogo parka Paanayarvi (severo-zapadnaya Karelia). Botanichesky zhurnal 79(4):13–31 – The current and Holocene vegetation of the National Pak Paanayarvi, in north-western Karelia

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaboeva IV (1975) Pochvy i zemelnye resursy Komi ASSR. Komi knizhnoe izd-vo, Syktyvkar, 324 pp – Soil and land resources in the Komi Republic

    Google Scholar 

  • Zackrisson O (1977) Influence of forest fires on the north Swedish boreal forest. Oikos 29:22–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaprudina MV (2012) Mikromozaichnaya organizatsiya travyano-kustarnichkovogo i mokhovogo pokrova srednetayezhnykh temnokhvoinykh lesov Urala. Dissertation (Candidate of sciences) in biology. Moskovskiy pedagogicheskiy gosudarstvennyi universitet, Moscow, 204 pp – Micromosaic structure of the ground layer in the middle taiga dark-coniferous forests in the Ural Mts

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaprudina MV, Smirnov VE (2010) Mikromozaichnaya organizatsiya travyano-kustarnichkovogo i mokhovogo pokrova vysokotravnykh pikhto-elnikov s kedrom nizhney chasti basseina reki Bolshaya Porozhnaya (pritok reki Pechora). Trudy Pechoro-Ilychskogo zapovednika. Komi nauchnyi tsentr UrO RAN, Syktyvkar 16:60–68 – Micromosaic structure of the ground layer in the tall-herb Picea obovata and Abies sibirica with Pinus sibirica forests in the lower part of the Bolshaya Porozhnaya River basin (a tributary of the Pechora River)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaugolnova LB (2008) Podkhody k otsenke tipologicheskogo raznoobraziya lesnogo pokrova. In: Isaev AS (ed) Monitoring biologicheskogo raznoobraziya lesov Rossii:metodologiya i metody. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, pp 36–58 – Approaches to the assessment of typological diversity of forest cover

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaugolnova LB, Martynenko VB (2014) Opredelitel tipov lesa Evropeyskoy Rossii. URL http://www.cepl.rssi.ru/bio/forest/index.htm – Guide to the forest types in European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaugolnova LB, Morozova OV (2004) Rasprostranenie i klassifikatsiya borealnykh lesov. In: Smirnova OV (ed) Vostochnoevropeyskie lesa (istoriya v golocene i sovremennost), vol 2. Izd-vo Nauka, Moscow, pp 295–330 – Distribution and classification of the boreal forests in European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaugolnova LB, Morozova OV (2006) Tipologiya i klassifikatsiya lesov Evropeyskoy Rossii: metodicheskie podkhody i vozmozhnosti ikh realizatsii. Lesovedenie 1:34–48 – Typology and classification of forests in European Russia: methodological approaches and their feasibility

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaugolnova LB, Morozova OV (2012) Coenofond lesov Evropeiskoy Rossii. URL http://www.cepl.rssi.ru/bio/flora/index.htm – Coenofond of forests in European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaugolnova LB, Smirnova OV, Braslavskaya TYu, Degteva SV, Prokazina TS, Lugovaya DL (2009) Vysokotravnye tayezhnye lesa vostochnoy chasti Evropeyskoy Rossii. Rastitelnost Rossii 15:3–26 – Tall herb boreal forests in the eastern part of European Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Zyabchenko SS (1984) Sosnovye lesa Evropeyskogo Severa. Izd-vo Nauka, Leningrad, 248 pp – Pinus sylvestris forests in the European north

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    O. V. Smirnova, L. B. Zaugolnova, A. A. Aleynikov, V. E. Smirnov & M. V. Zaprudina

  2. Institute of Physico-Chemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia

    M. V. Bobrovsky

  3. Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS – Branch of the M.V. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia

    L. G. Khanina & V. E. Smirnov

  4. Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    V. N. Korotkov

  5. Bryanskiy Les (Bryansk Forest) State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Nerussa, Bryansk region, Russia

    O. I. Evstigneev

  6. Pechora-Ilych State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Yaksha, Komi Republic, Russia

    N. S. Smirnov

  7. Institute of Global Climate and Ecology of Roshydromet and the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    N. S. Smirnov

Authors
  1. O. V. Smirnova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. V. Bobrovsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. L. G. Khanina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. L. B. Zaugolnova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. V. N. Korotkov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. A. Aleynikov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. O. I. Evstigneev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. V. E. Smirnov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. N. S. Smirnov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. M. V. Zaprudina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to O. V. Smirnova , M. V. Bobrovsky , L. G. Khanina , V. N. Korotkov or A. A. Aleynikov .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Olga V. Smirnova

  2. Institute of Physico-Chemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia

    Maxim V. Bobrovsky

  3. Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS - Branch of the M.V. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia

    Larisa G. Khanina

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Smirnova, O.V. et al. (2017). Boreal Forests. In: Smirnova, O., Bobrovsky, M., Khanina, L. (eds) European Russian Forests. Plant and Vegetation, vol 15. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1172-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation