Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

GM-CSF — Biochemical purification and molecular and biologic characterization

  • Chapter
Principles of Cancer Biotherapy

  • 32 Accesses

Abstract

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is one of the original ‘colony-stimulating factors’, whose name is derived from its major target cell lineages (Table 1). Since the original studies, which characterized its ability to stimulate the clonal proliferation of myeloid precursors, however, a broader range of biologic effects on mature, effector cells, and the immune system, have been identified. These expanded areas of activity have carried its more recent clinical application beyond that of ‘colony stimulating factor’ into the realm of immunomodulation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abrahamsen TG, Lange BJ, Packer RJ et al. A phase I and II trial of dose-intensified cyclophosphamide and GM-CSF in pediatric malignant brain tumors. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1995; 17: 134–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Aglietta M, Piacibello W, Sanavio F et al. Kinetics of human hemopoietic cells after in vivo administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 551–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Anaissie EJ, Vartivarian S, Bodey GP et al. Randomi%ed comparison between antibiotics alone and antibiotics plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (Escherichia coli-derived) in cancer patients with fever and neutropenia. Am J Med 1996; 100: 17–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Antin JH, Smith BR, Holmes W, Rosenthal DS. Phase I/II study of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 1988; 72: 705–13.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Antman KS, Griffin JD, Elias A et al. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 593.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Archimbaud E, Fenaux P, Reiffers J et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in association to timed-sequential chemotherapy with mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine for refractory acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia 1993; 7: 372–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Armitage JO. Emerging applications of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1998; 92; 4491–508.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Arnberg H. Letocha H, Nou F, Westlin JF, Nilssen S. GMCSF in chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia-a double-blind randomi%ed study. Anticancer Res 1998; 18: 1255–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Arnout MA, Wang EA, Clark SC, Sieff CA. Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor increases cell-to-cell adhesion and surface expression of adhesion-promoting surface glycoproteins on mature granulocytes. J Clin Invest 1986; 78: 597–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bajorin D, Nichols CR, Schmoll H-J et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as an adjunct to conventional-dose ifosfamide based chemotherapy for patients with advanced or relapsed germ cell tumors: A randomi%ed trial. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 79–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Banchereau J, Briere F, Caux C et al. Immunology of Dendritic Cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2000. 18: 767–811.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Barlogie B, Jagannath S, Dixon DO et al. High-dose melphalan and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor for refractory multiple myeloma. Blood 1990; 76: 677–680

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Benboubker L, Binet C, Cartron G et al. Frequency and differentiation capacity of circulating LTC-IC mobili%ed by G-CSF or GM-CSF following chemotherapy: a comparison with steady-state bone marrow and peripheral blood. Exp Hematol 2002; 30: 74–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bennett CL, Stinson TJ, Tallman MS et al. Economic analysis of a randomi%ed placebo-controlled phase III study of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor in adult patients (>55 to 70 years of age) with acute myelogenous leukemia. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E1490). Ann Oncol 1999; 10: 177–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Berghmans T, Paesmans M, Lafitte JJ et al. Therapeutic use of granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors in febrile neutropenic cancer patients. Supports Care Cancer 2002; 10: 181–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bermude% LE, Martilli J, Petrofsky M, Kolonski P, Young LS. Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances the effects of antibiotics against Mycobacterium avium complex infection in the beige mouse model. J Infect Dis 1994; 169: 575–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Bermude% LE, Young LS. Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor activates human macrophages to inhibit growth or kill Mycobacterium avium complex. J Leukoc Biol 1990; 48: 67–73.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bettelheim P, Valent P, Andreeff M et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in combination with standard induction chemotherapy in de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1991; 77: 700–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Biesma B, de Vries EG, Willemse PH et al. Efficacy and tolerability of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with chemotherapy-related leukopenia and fever. Eur J Cancer 1990; 26: 932–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bishop MR, Anderson JR, Jackson JD et al. High-dose therapy and peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation: effects of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on the autograft. Blood 1994; 83: 610–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bla%ar BR, Kersey JH, McGlave PB et al. In vivo administration of recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients receiving purged autografts. Blood 1989; 73: 849–57.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bodey GP, Anaissie E, Gutterman J, Vadhan-Raj S. Role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as adjuvant therapy for fungal infection in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 705–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bodey GP, Anaissie E, Gutterman J, Vadhan-Raj S. Role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as adjuvant treatment in neutropenic patients with bacterial and fungal infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13 (Suppl. 2): S18–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Brach MA, deVos S, Gruss HJ, Herrmann F. Prolongation of survival of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is caused by inhibition of programmed cell death. Blood 1992; 80: 2920–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Brandt SJ, Peters WP, Atwater SK et al. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor on hematopoietic reconstitution after high dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 869–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Brummer E. Maqbool A, Stevens DA. In vivo GM-CSF prevents dexamethasone suppression of killing Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by bronchoalveolar macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2001; 70: 868–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Brummer E. Maqbool A, Stevens DA. Protection of peritoneal macrophages by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) against dexamethasone suppression of killing Aspergillus, and the effect of human GM-CSF. Microbes Infect 2002; 4: 133–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Buchner T, Hiddemann W, Koenigsmann Metal. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia at higher age or after relapse. Blood 1991; 78: 1190–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Budel LM, Elba% O, Hoogerbrugge H et al. Common binding structure for granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 on human acute myeloid leukemia cells and monocytes. Blood 1990; 75: 1439–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Budel LM, Touw IP, Delwel R, Clark SC, Lowenberg B. Interleukin-3 and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor receptors on human acute myelocytic leukemia cells and relationship, to the proliferative response. Blood 1989; 74: 565–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bukowski RM, Murthy S, McLain D et al. Phase I trial of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with lung cancer. Clinical and immunologic effects. J Immunother 1993; 13: 267–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bunn PA, Crowley J, Kelly K et al. Chemoradiotherapy with or without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: a prospective phase III randomi%ed study of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 1632–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Burdach SE, Muschenich M, Josephs W et al. Granulocytemacrophage-colony stimulating factor for prevention of neutropenia and infections in children and adolescents with solid tumors. Results of a prospective randomi%ed study. Cancer 1995; 76: 510–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Burgess AW, Begley CG, Johnson GR et al. Purification and properties of bacterially synthesi%ed human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor. Blood 1987; 69: 43–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bussolino F, Wang JM, Defilippi P et al. Granulcoyte-and granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factors induce human endothelial cells to migrate and proliferate. Nature 1989; 337: 471–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bussolino F, Ziche M, Wang JM et al. In vitro and in vivo activation of endothelial cells by colony-stimulating factors. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 986–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Calderwood S, Romeyer F, Blanchette V et al. Concurrent RhGM-CSF does not offset myelosuppression from intensive chemotherapy: randomi%ed placebo-controlled study in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am J Hematol 1994; 47: 27–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cannistra SA, DiCarlo J, Groshek P et al. Simultaneous administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and cytosine arabinoside for the treatment of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1991; 5: 230–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cannistra SA, Groshek P, Garlick R et al. Regulation of surface expression of the granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor in normal human myeloid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Cannistra SA, Rambaldi A, Spriggs DR, Herrmann F, Kufe D, Griffin JD. Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces expression of the tumor necrosis factor gene by the U937 cell line and by normal human monocytes. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1720–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Cannistra SA, Vallenga E, Groshek P et al. Human granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 3 stimulate monocyte cytotoxicity through a tumor necrosis factor-dependent mechanism. Blood 1988; 71: 672–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cantrell MA, Anderson D, Ceretti DP et al. Cloning sequence and expression of human granulocyte/ macrophage colony stimulating factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 73: 6250–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Cartree L, Petros WP, Rosner GL et al. Evaluation of GMCSF mouthwash for prevention of chemotherapy-induced mucositis: a randomi%ed, double-blind, dose-ranging study. Cytokine 1995; 7: 471–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Caux C, De%utter-Dambuyant C, Schmitt D, Banchereau J. GM-CSF and TNF-alpha cooperate in the generation of dendritic Langerhans cells. Nature 1992; 360: 258–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Caux C, Massacrier C, Vanbervliet B et al. CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from human cord blood differentiate along two independent dendritic cell pathways in response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus tumor necrosis factor alpha: II. Functional analysis. Blood 1997; 90: 1458–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Cebon J, Dempsey P, Fox R et al. Pharmacokinetics of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor using a sensitive immunoassay. Blood 1988; 72: 1340–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Cernelc P, Andoljsek D, Mlakar U et al. Effects of molgramostim, filgrastim and lenograstim in the treatment of myelokathexis. Pflugers Arch 2000; 440 (5 Suppl.): R81–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Chi KH, Chen CH, Chan WK et al. Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients after cisplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 2620–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Chiller T, Farrokhshad K, Brummer E, Stevens DA. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes or monocyte-derived macrophages combined with voricona%ole against Cryptococcus neoformans. Med Mycol 2002; 40: 21–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Craig JI, Langlands K, Parker AC, Anthony RS. Molecular detection of tumor contamination in peripheral blood stem cell harvests. Exp Hematol 1994; 22: 898–902.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Da Costa RM, Ribeiro JFM, Ancieto C, Mendes M. Randomi%ed, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in patients with chronic venous leg ulcers. Wound Repair Regen 1999; 7: 17–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. de Gast GC, Vyth-Dreese FA, Nooijen W et al. Reinfusion of autologous lymphocytes with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces rapid recovery of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after high-dose chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 58–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Demirer T, Besinger WI, Buckner CD. Peripheral blood stem cell mobili%ation for high-dose chemotherapy. J Hematotherapy 1999; 8: 103–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Devereux S, Bull HA, Campos-Costa D et al. Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor induced changes in cellular adhesion molecule expression and adhesion to endothelium: in-vitro and in-vivo studies in man. Br J Haemoto1 1989; 71: 323–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Devereux S, Linch DC, Campos-Costa D et al. Transient leucopenia induced by granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (Letter). Lancet 1987; ii: 1524.

    Google Scholar 

  56. de Vries EGE, Biesma B, Willemse PHB et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor during chemotherapy for ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 116–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. De Witte T, Gratwohl A, Van Der Lely Net al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor accelerates neutrophil and monocyte recovery after allogeneic T-cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1992; 79: 1359–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. DiPersio J, Billing P, Kaufman S et al. Characteri%ation of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 1834–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Dranoff G, Jaffee E, La%enby A et al. Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 3539–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Dranoff G, Soiffer R, Lynch T et al. A phase I study of vaccination with autologous, irradiated melanoma cells engineered to secrete human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8: 111–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Dranoff G, Weinstein HJ, Ferrara JL, Bierer BE, Croop JM. Gene immunotherapy in murine acute myeloid leukemia: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor tumor cell vaccines elicit more potent antitumor immunity compared with B7 family and other cytokine vaccines. Blood 1998; 91: 222–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Eaton JD, Perry MJ, Nicholson S et al. Allogeneic whole-cell vaccine: a phase I/II study in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. BJU Int 2002; 89: 19–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Economopoulos T, Papageorgiou E, Stathakis N et al. Treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes with human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or GM-CSF combined with low-dose cytosine arabinoside. Eur J Haemato1 1992; 49: 138–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Edmonson JH, Colon-Otero G, Long HG et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) permits escalation of carboplatin (CBDCA) doses. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1990; 9: 330a.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Edmonson JH, Hartman LC, Long HG et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Preliminary observations on the influences of dose, schedule, and route of administration in patients receiving cyclophosphamide and carboplatin. Cancer 1992; 70: 2529–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Elias AD, Ayash L, Anderson KC et al. Mobili%ation of peripheral blood progenitor cells by chemotherapy and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for hematologic support after high-dose intensification for breast cancer. Blood 1992; 79: 3036–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ellem KA, O’Rourke MG, Johnson GR et al. A case report: immune responses and clinical course of the first human use of granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating-factortransduced autologous melanoma cells for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1997; 44: 10–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Elliott MJ, Vadas MA, Eglinton JM et al. Recombinant human interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor show common biological effects and binding characteristics on human monocytes. Blood 1989; 74: 2349–59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Estey EH, Dixon D, Kantarjian HM et al. Treatment of poor-prognosis, newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia with ara-C and recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1990; 75: 1766–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Estey EH, Kur%rock, R, Talpa% M et al. Effects of low doses of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol 1991; 77: 291–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Estey E. Thall PF, Kantarjian H et al. Treatment of newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) before and during continuous-infusion high-dose ara-C + daunorubicin: comparison to patients treated without GM-CSF. Blood 1992; 79: 2246–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Fattorossi A, Battaglia A, Pierelli L et al. Effects of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte/ macrophage-colony-stimulating factor administration on T cell proliferation and phagocyte cell surface molecules during hematopoietic reconstitution after autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2001; 49: 641–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Fischmeister G, Gadner H. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells from healthy donors. Curr Opin Hematol 2000; 7: 150–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Fischmeister G, Kurt% M, Haas OA et al. G-CSF versus GM-CSF for stimulation of peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) and leukocytes in healthy volunteers: comparison of efficacy and tolerability. Ann Hematol 1999; 78: 117–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Frenck RW, Sarman G, Harper TE, Buescher ES. The ability of recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to protect neonatal rats from septic death due to Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 109–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Furman WL, Fairclough DL, Huhn RD et al. Therapeutic effects and pharmacokinetics of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in childhood cancer patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 1022–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Galvani DW, Dang Y, Watson Fetal. Combination of GMCSF and cytosine in myelodysplasia results in improved neutrophil function. Acta Haematol 1992; 87: 129–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ganser A, Ottman OG, Erdmann H et al. The effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on neutropenia and related morbidity in chronic severe neutropenia. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 887–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ganser A, Seipelt G, Eder M et al. Treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes with cytokines and cytotoxic drugs. Semin Oncol 1992; 19 (2 Suppl. 4): 95–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Ganser A, Volkers B, Greher J et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes–A phase I/II trail. Blood 1989; 73: 31–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Garcia-Dia% JB, Palau L, Pankey GA. Resolution of rhino-cerebral %ygomycosis associated with adjuvant administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: e166–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Gasson JC, Kaufman SE, Weisbart RH, Tomonaga M, Golde DW. High-affinity binding of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor to normal and leukemic human myeloid cells. Pro Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 669–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Gasson JC, Weisbart RH, Kaufman SE et al. Purified human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: direct action on neutrophils. Science 1984; 226: 1339–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Ga%itt Y. Immunologic profiles of effector cells and peripheral blood stem cells mobili%ed with different hematopoietic growth factors. Stem Cells 2000; 18: 390–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Gearing DP, King JA, Gog NM, Nicola NA. Expression cloning of a receptor for human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. EMBO J 1989; 8: 3667–676.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gerhart% HH, Engelhard M, Meusers P et al. Randomi%ed, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as adjunct to induction treatment of high-grade malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Blood 1993; 82: 2329–39.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Gerhart% HH, Marcus R, Delmer A et al. A randomi%ed phase II study of low-dose cytosine arabinoside (LD-AraC) plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with a high risk of developing leukemia. EORTC Leukemia Cooperative Group. Leukemia 1994; 8: 16–23.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Gesner T, Mufson RA, Turner KJ, Clark SC. Identification through chemical cross-linking of distinct granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 receptors on myeloid leukemic cells, KG-1. Blood 1989; 74: 2652–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Gianni AM, Bregni M, Siena S et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor reduces hematologic toxicity and widens clinical applicability of high-dose cyclophosphamide treatment in breast cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 768–78.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gianni AM, Bregni M, Stern AC et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to harvest circulating hemopoietic stem cells for autotransplantation. Lancet 1989; 2: 580–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Gianni AM, Tarella C, Siena S et al. Durable and complete hematopoietic reconstitution after autografting of rhGMCSF exposed peripheral blood progenitor cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 1990; 6: 143–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Gorin NC, Coiffier B. Hayat M et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation with unpurged and purged marrow in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a double blind placebo-controlled trial. Blood 1992; 80: 1149–57.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Gosselin EJ, Wardwell K, Rigby WF, Guyre PM. Induction of MHC class II on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, INF-gamma and IL-3. J Immunol 1993; 151: 1482–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Gough NM, Gearing DP, Nicola NA et al. Locali%ation of the human GM-CSF receptor gene to the ~-Y pseudoautosomal region. Nature 1990; 345: 734–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Guinan EC, Lope% KD, Huhn RD, Felser JM, Nathan DG. Evaluation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for treatment of pancytopenia in children with fanconi anemia. J Pediatr 1994; 124: 144–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Grabstein KH, Urdal DL, Tushinski RJ et al. Induction of macrophage tumoricidal activity by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Science 1986; 232: 506–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Gradishar W, Le Beau MM, O’Laughlin R et al. Clinical and cytogenetic responses to GM-CSF in therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 1992; 80: 2463–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Grem JL, McAtee N, Murphy RF et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor given in combination with fluorouracil plus calcium leucovorin in metastatic gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 560–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Griffin JD, Spertini O, Ernst TJ et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and other cytokines regulate surface expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 on human neutrophils, monocytes, and their precursors. J lmmunol 1990; 145: 576–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Griffin JD, Young D, Herrmann F et al. Effects of recombinant human GM-CSF on proliferation of clonogenic cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Blood 1986; 67: 1448–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Groopman JE, Mitsuyasu RT, De Leo MJ et al. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on myelopoiesis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 593–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Gulati S, Bennett CL. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as adjunct therapy in relapsed Hodgkin’s disease. Ann Int Med 1992; 116: 177–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Haas R, Ho AD, Bredthauer U et al. Successful autologous transplantation of blood stem cells mobili%ed with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Exp Hematol 1990; 18: 94–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Handman E, Burgess AW Stimulation by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor of Leishmania tropica killing by macrophages. J Immunol 1979; 120: 1134–7.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Hart PH, Whitty GA, Piccoli DS, Hamilton JA. Synergistic activation of human monocytes by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IFN-gamma. Increased TNF-alpha but not IL-1 activity. J Immunol 1988; 141: 1516–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Hayashida K, Kitamura T, Gorman DM et al. Molecular cloning of a second subunit of the receptor for human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF): reconstitution of a high-affinity GM-CSF receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 9655–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Heil G, Chadid L, Hoel%er D et al. GM-CSF in a double-blind randomi%ed, placebo controlled trial in therapy of adult patients with de novo/acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Leukemia 1995; 9: 3–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Hejna M, Kostler WJ, Waderer M et al. Decrease of duration and symptoms in chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis by topical GM-CSF: results of a prospective randomi%ed trial. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37: 1994–2002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Herrlinger U, Kramm CM, Johnston KM et al. Vaccination for experimental gliomas using GM-CSF-transduced glioma cells. Cancer Gene Ther 1997; 4: 345–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Hermann F, Lindemann A, Klein H et al. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts. Leukemia 1989; 3: 335–8.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Herrmann F, Schul% G, Lindemann A et al. Yeast expressed granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in cancer patients: a phase Ib clinical study. Behring Inst Mitt 1988; 83: 107–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Herrmann F, Schul% G, Lindemann A et al. Hematopoietic responses in patients with advanced malignancy treated with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 159–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Herrmann F, Wieser M, Kolbe K et al. Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on neutropenia and related morbidity induced by myelotoxic chemotherapy. Am J Med 1990; 88: 619–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Ho AD, Del Valle F, Engelhard M et al. Mitoxantrone/highdose Ara-C and recombinant human GM-CSF in the treatment of refractory Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer 1990; 66: 423–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Hoekman K, Wagstaff J, van Groeningen CJ et al. Effects of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on myelosuppression induced by multiple cycles of high-dose chemotherapy in patients with advanced breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 1546–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Hoffken K, Overkamp F, Stirbu J et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and low-dose cytosine-arabinoside in the treatment of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. A phase II study. Onkologie 1990; 13: 33–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Hovgaard DJ, Nissen NI. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with Hodgkin’s disease: a phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 390–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Huebner K, Isobe M, Croce CM et al. The human gene encoding GM-CSF is at 5q21-q32, the chromosome region deleted in the 5q-anomaly. Science 1985; 230: 1282–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Hurst D, Kilpatrick L, Becker J et al. Recombinant human GM-CSF treatment of neutropenia in glycogen storage disease-1b. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1993; 15: 71–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Ishibashi T, Naka%ato K, Shindo J, Yokoyama K, Maruyama Y. Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on the levels of VLDL and LDL receptor mRNAs in vivo. J Atheroscler Thromb 1996; 2: 76–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Inoue I, Inaba T, Motoyoshi K et al. Macrophage colony stimulating factor prevents the progression of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Atherosclerosis 1992; 93: 245–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Jaschke E, Zabernigg A, Gattringer C. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor applied locally in low doses enhances healing and prevents recurrence of chronic venous ulcers. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 380–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Jaffee EM, Hruban RH, Biedr%ycki B et al. Novel allogeneic granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting tumor vaccine for pancreatic cancer: a phase I trial of safety and immune activation. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 145–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Jyung RW, Wu L, Pierce GF, Mustoe TA. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; differential action on incisional wound healing. Surgery 1994; 115: 325–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Kantarjian HM, Estey EH, O’Brien S et al. Intensive chemotherapy with mitoxantrone and high-dose cytosine arabinoside followed by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1992; 79: 876–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Kaplan LD, Kahn JO, Crowe S et al. Clinical and virologic effects of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients receiving chemotherapy for human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: results of a randomi%ed trial. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 929–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Keever-Taylor CA, Klein JP, Eastwood D et al. Factors affecting neutrophil and platelet reconstitution following T cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation: differential effects of growth factor type and role of CD34(+) cell dose. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 27: 791–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Kehoe S, Poole CJ, Stanely A et al. A phase I/II trial of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the intensification of cisplatin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 537–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Kemahli S, Canatan D, Uysal Z, Akar N, Cin S, Arcasoy A. GM-CSF in the treatment of Fanconi’s anaemia. Br J Haematol 1994; 87: 871–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Krigel RL, Palackdharry CS, Padavic K et al. Ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a phase I study with apparent activity in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 1251–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Kur%rock R, Talpa% M, Gome% JA et al. Differential dose-related haematological effects of GM-CSF in pancytopenia: evidence supporting the advantage of low-over high-dose administration in selected patients. Br J Haematol 1991; 78: 352–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Lane TA, Ho AD, Bashey A, Peterson S, Young D, Law P. Mobili%ation of blood-derived stem and progenitor cells in normal subjects by granulocyte-macrophage-and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factors. Transfusion 1999; 39: 39–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. La%arus HM, Andersen J, Chen MG et al. Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after autologous bone marrow transplantation for relapsed non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: blood and bone marrow progenitor growth studies. A phase II Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial. Blood 1991; 78: 830.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Le Beau MM, Epstein ND, O’Brien SJ et al. The interleukin 3 gene is located on human chromosome 5 and is deleted in myeloid leukemias with a deletion of 5q. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 5913–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Lechner AJ, Lamprech KE, Potthoff LH, Tredway TL, Matuschak GM. Recombinant GM-CSF reduces lung injury and mortality during neutropenic Candida sepsis. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: L561–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Leong SP, Enders-Zohr P, Zhou YM et al. Recombinant human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and autologous melanoma vaccine mediate tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Immunother 1999; 22: 166–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Lieschke GJ, Maher D, Cebon J et al. Effects of bacterially synthesi%ed recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced malignancy. Ann Int Med 1989; 110: 357–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Lieschke GJ, Maher D, O’Connor M et al. Phase I study of intravenously administered bacterially synthesi%ed granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and comparison with subcutaneous administration. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 606–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Logothetis CJ, Dexeus FH, Sella A et al. Escalated therapy for refractory urothelial tumors: methotrexate-vinblastinedoxorubicin-cisplatin plus unglycosylated recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating actor. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 667–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Lope% AF, Williamson J, Gamble JR et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates in vitro mature human neutrophil and eosinophil function, surface receptor expression and survival. J Clin Invest 1986; 78: 1220–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Luikart SD, MacDonald M, Hu%ar D et al. Ability of daily or twice daily granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to support dose escalation of etoposide and carboplatin in extensive small cell lung cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 242.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Malik IA, Zahid M, Haq S, Skyed S, Moid I, Waheed I. Effect of subcutaneous injection of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on healing of chronic refractory wounds. Eur J Surg 1998; 164; 737–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Mandujano JF, D’Sou%a NB, Nelson S, Summer WR, Beckerman RC, Shellito JE. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and Pneumoncysts carinii pneumonia in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1233–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Mann A, Breuhahn K, Schirmacher P, Blessing M. Keratinocyte-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor accelerates wound healing. Stimulating of keratinocyte proliferation, granulation tissue formation, and vasculari%ation. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117: 1382–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Marina NM, Shema SJ, Bowman LC et al. Failure of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to reduce febrile neutropenia in children with recurrent solid tumors treated with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide chemotherapy. Med Pediatr Oncol 1994; 23: 328–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Mayer P, Schut%e E, Lam C, Kricek F, Liehl E. Recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments neutrophil recovery and enhances resistance to infections in myelosuppressed mice. J Infect Dis 1991; 163: 584–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Mayordomo JI, Rivera F, Dia%-Puente MT et al. Improving treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenic fever by administration of colony-stimulating factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 803–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Merlano M, Benasso M, Cavallari M et al. Intensified chemotherapy with granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor protection in advanced, relapsed squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Am J Clin Oncol 1994; 17: 494–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Metcalf D, Begley CG, Johnson GR et al. Biologic properties in vitro of a recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Blood 1986; 67: 37–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Miyauchi J, Kelleher CA, Yang YC et al. The effects of three recombinant growth factors, IL-3, GM-CSF, and G-CSF, on the blast cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia maintained in short-term suspension culture. Blood 1987 70: 657–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Moore JDF, Pa%dur R. Phase I study of 5-fluorouracil with folinic acid combined with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Am J Clin Oncol 1992; 15: 464–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Moore MJ, Iscoe N, Tannock IF. A phase II study of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin plus recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol 1993; 150: 1131–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Mud%inski SP, Christian TP, Guo TL, Ciren%a E, Ha%lett KR, Gosselin EJ. Expression of HLA-DR (major histocompatibility complex class II) on neutrophils from patients treated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for mobili%ation of stem cells. Blood 1995; 86: 2452–3.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Mui AL, Wakao H, O’Farrell AM, Harada N, Miyajima A. Interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin-5 transduce signals through two STAT5 homologs. EMBO J 1995; 14: 1166–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Nelson WG, Simons JW, Mikhak B et al. Cancer cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor using ex vivo gene transfer as vaccines for the treatment of genitourinary malignancies. Cancer Che-mother Pharmacol 2000; 46 (Suppl.): S67–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Nemunaitis J, Anasetti C, Storb R et al. Phase II trial of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from unrelated donors. Blood 1992; 79: 257–7.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Nemunaitis J, Buckner CD, Appelbaum FR et al. Phase I/II trial of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1991; 77: 2065–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Nemunaitis J, Buckner CD, Dorsey KS, Willis D, Meyer W, Appelbaum F. Retrospective analysis of infectious disease in patients who received recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor versus patients not receiving a cytokine who underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation for treatment of lymphoid cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 1998; 21: 341–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Nemunaitis J, Rabinowe SN, Singer JW et al. Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after autologous bone marrow transplantation for lymphoid cancer. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1773–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Nemunaitis J, Rosenfeld CS, Ash R et al. Phase III randomi%ed, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of rhGM-CSF following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 15; 949–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Nemunaitis J, Singer J, Buckner CD et al. Use of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in graft failure after bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1990; 76: 245–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Nemunaitis J, Singer JW, Buckner CD et al. Use of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in autologous marrow transplantation for lymphoid malignancies. Blood 1988; 72: 834–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 2471–508.

    Google Scholar 

  164. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Update of recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 1957–60.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Physicians’ Desk Reference, 55th edn. 2001: 1554–9.

    Google Scholar 

  166. O’Day SJ, Rabinowe SIN, Neuberg D et al. A phase II study of continuous infusion recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as an adjunct to autologous bone marrow transplantation for patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in first remission. Blood 1994; 83: 2707–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. O’Dwyer PJ, LaCreta FP, Schilder R et al. Phase I trial of thiotepa in combination with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 1352–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Onetto-Pothier N, Aumont N, Haman A et al. Characteri%ation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor on the blast cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia. Blood 1990; 75: 59–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. O’Reilly SE, Gelmon KA, Onetto N et al. Phase I trial of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor derived from yeast in patients with breast cancer receiving cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and fluorouracil. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 2411–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. O%er H, Armitage JO, Bennett CL et al. 2000 update of recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3558–85.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Papamichael D, Andrews T, Owen D et al. Intensive chemotherapy for adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia given with or without granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Ann Hematol 1996; 73: 259–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Parsons SK. Oncology practice patterns in the use of hematopoietic growth factors. Curr Opin Pediatr 2000; 12: 10–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Passos-Coelho JL, Ross AA, Moss TJ et al. Absence of breast cancer cells in a single-day peripheral blood progenitor cell collection after priming with cyclophosphamide and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1995; 85: 1138–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Peters BG, Adkins DR, Harrison BR et al. Antifungal effects of yeast-derived rhu-GM-CSF in patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy given with or without autologous stem cell transplantation: a retrospective analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 18: 93–102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Peters WP, Rosner G, Ross M et al Comparative effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on priming peripheral blood progenitor cells for use with autologous bone marrow after high-dose chemotherapy. Blood 1993; 81: 1709–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Peters WP, Shogan J, Shpall EJ et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor produces fever. Lancet 1988; 1: 950.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Peters WP, Stuart A, Affronn ML et al. Neutrophil migration is defective during recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor infusion after autologous bone marrow transplantation in humans. Blood 1988; 72: 1310–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Pettenati MJ, Le Beau MM, Lemons RS et al. Assignment of CSF-1 to 5q33.1: evidence for the clustering of genes regulating hematopoiesis and for their involvement in the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 in myeloid disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 2970–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Pierelli L, Perillo A, Ferrandina G et al. The role of growth factor administration and T-cell recovery after peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation in the treatment of solid tumors: results from a randomi%ed comparison of GCSF and GM-CSF. Transfusion 2001; 41: 1577–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Polverini PJ, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA et al. Activated macrophages induce vascular proliferation. Nature 1997; 269: 804–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. Poplin E, Smith H, Behrens B et al. SWOG 8825: Melphalan GM-CSF: a phase I study. Gynecol Oncol 1992; 44: 66–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Powles R, Smith C, Milan S et al. Human recombinant GMCSF in allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation for leukemia: double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet 1990; 336: 1417–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Pratt G, Rawstron AC, English AE, Johnson RJ, Jack AS, Morgan GJ, Smith GM. Analysis of CD34+ cell subsets in stem cell harvests can more reliably predict rapidity and durability of engraftment than total CD34+ cell dose, but steady state levels do not correlate with bone marrow reserve. Br J Haematol 2001; 114: 937–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Quelle FW, Sato N, Witthuhn BA et al. JAK2 associates with the beta c chain of the receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and its activation requires the membrane-proximal region. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14: 4335–41.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Rabinowe SN, Neuberg D, Beirman PJ et al. Long-term follow-up of a phase III study of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after autologous bone marrow transplantation from lymphoid malignancies. Blood 1993; 81: 1903–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Ravaud A, Chevreau C, Cany L et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with neutropenic fever is potent after low-risk but not after high-risk neutropenic chemotherapy regimens: results of a randomi%ed phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2930–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Reed E, Janik J, Bookman MA et al. High-dose carboplatin and recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in advanced-stage recurrent ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 2118–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Rifkin RM, Hersh EM, Hultquist KN et al. Therapy of the myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with subcutaneously (SC) administered recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 178a.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Riikonen P, Saarinen UM, Makipernaa A et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of febrile neutropenia: a double blind placebo-controlled study in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13: 197–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Roilides E, Farmaki E. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and other cytokines in antifungal therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001; (7 Suppl 2 ): 62–7.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Rose C, Wattel E, Bastion Y et al. Treatment with very low-dose GM-CSF in myelodysplastic syndromes with neutropenia. A report on 28 cases. Leukemia 1994; 8: 1458–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Ross AA, Cooper BW, La%arus HM et al. Detection and viability of tumor cells in peripheral blood stem cell collections from breast cancer patients using immunocytochemical and clonogenic assay techniques. Blood 1993; 82: 2605–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Rossman MD, Rui% P, Comber P, Gome% R, Rottem M, Schreiber AD. Modulation of macrophage Fc gamma receptors by rGM-CSF. Exp Hematol 1993; 21: 177–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Rowe JM, Andersen JW, Ma%%a JJ et al. A randomi%ed placebo-controlled phase III study of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adult patients (> 55 to 70 years of age) with acute myelogenous leukemia: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E1490). Blood 1995; 86: 457–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Rowe JM. Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia with cytokines: effect on duration of neutropenia and response to infections. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1290–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Rusthoven J, Levin L, Esienhauer E et al. Two phase I studies of carboplatin dose escalation in chemotherapy-naive ovarian cancer patients supported with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 1748–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. San Miguel JF, Hernande% MD, Gon%ale% M et al. A randomi%ed study comparing the effect of Gm-CSF and GCSF on immune reconstitution after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 1996; 94: 140–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Santoli D, Clark SC, Kreider BL, Maslin PA, Rovera G. Amplification of IL-2-driven T cell proliferative by recombinant human IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Immunol 1988; 141: 519–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Saarinen-Pihkala UM, Lanning M, Perkkio M et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor support in therapy of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Med Pediatr Oncol 2000; 34: 319–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Sato N, Sakamaki K, Terada N, Arai K, Miyajimi A. Signal transduction by the high-affinity GM-CSF receptor: two distinct cytoplasmic regions of the common beta subunit responsible for different signaling. EMBO J 1993; 12: 4181–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Schaison G, Eden OB, Hen%e G et al. Recommendations on the use of colony-stimulating factors in children: conclusions of a European panel. Eur J Pediatr 1998; 157 ): 955–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Schuster MW, Thompson JA, Larson R et al. Randomi%ed trial of subcutaneous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) versus observation in patients (pts) with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or aplastic anemia (AA). Proc Amer Soc Clin Oncol 1990; 9: 793a.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Seiler C, Pohl T, Wustmann K et al. Promotion of collateral growth by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001; 104: 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Shea TC, Mason JR, Storniolo AM et al. Sequential cycles of high-dose carboplatin administered with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and repeated infusions of autologous peripheral-blood progenitor cells: a novel and effective method for delivering multiple courses of dose-intensive therapy. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 464–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Shepherd FA, Gross PE, Rusthoven J, Eisenhauer EA. Phase I trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor with high-dose cisplatin and etoposide for treatment of small-cell lung cancera study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 59–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Sieff C, Emerson SG, Donahue RE et al. Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a multi-lineage hematopoietin. Science 1985; 230: 1171–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Siena S, Bregni M, Brando B et al. Circulation of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells in the peripheral blood of high-dose cyclophosphamide-treated patients: enhancement by intravenous recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1989; 74: 1905–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Silberstein DS, Owen WF, Gasson JC et al. Enhancement of human eosinophil cytotoxicity and leukotriene synthesis by biosynthetic (recombinant) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Immunol 1986; 137: 3290–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Singhal S, Powles R, Treleaven J, Horton C, Mehta J. Longterm safety of GM-CSF (molgramostim) administration after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies: five-year follow-up of a double-blind randomi%ed placebo-controlled study. Leuk Lymphoma 1997; 24: 301–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Smith PD, Lamerson CL, Banks SM, Saini SS, Wahl LM, Calderone RA, Wahl SM. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments human monocyte fungicidal activity for Candida albicans. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 999–1005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Socinski MA, Cannistra SA, Sullivan R et al. Human granulocyte-macrophage e colony stimulating factor induces expression of the CD 11 b surface adhesion molecule on granulocytes in vivo. Blood 1988; 72: 691–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Socinski MA, Schnipper EA et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expands the circulating hemopoietic progenitor cell compartment in man. Lancet 1988; 1: 1194–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Soiffer R, Lynch T, Mihm M et al. Vaccination with irradiated autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor generates potent antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 13141–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Sprin%l Gm, Galvan O, de Vries A et al. Local application of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF) for the treatment of oral mucositis. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37: 2003–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  215. Steis RG, VanderMolen LA, Longo DL et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced malignancy: a phase Ib trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 697–703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Steward WP, Scarffe JH, Dirix LY et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) after high-dose melphalan in patients with advanced colon cancer. Br J Cancer 1990; 61: 749–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Stone R, George S, Berg D et al. GM-CSF ‘v’ placebo during remission induction for patients > 60 years old with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: CALGB study ##8923. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1994; 13: 992a.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Stute N, Furman WL, Schell M, Evans WE. Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in children after intravenous and subcutaneous administration. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84: 824–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Sutherland GR, Baker E, Callen DF et al. Interleukin-5 is at 5q31 and is deleted in the 5q-syndrome. Blood 1988; 71: 1150–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Su%uki K, Lee WJ, Hashimoto T et al. Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) activate human alveolar macrophages to inhibit growth of Mycobacterium avium complex. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 98: 169–73.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Takai S, Yamada K, Hirayama N et al. Mapping of the human gene encoding the mutual signal transducing subunit ((i-chain) of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM- CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and interleukin-5 (IL-5) receptor complexes to chromosome 22q13.1. Hum Genet 1994; 93: 198–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Teshima T, Mach N, Hill GR et al. Tumor cell vaccine elicits potent antitumor immunity after allogeneic T-cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 162–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Thompson JA, Gilliland DG, Prchal JT et al. Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin combined with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 2000; 95: 1175–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Thompson JA, Lee DJ, Kidd P et al. Subcutaneous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and hematologic effects. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 629–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Vadhan-Raj S, Broxmeyer HE, Hittelman WN et al. Abrogating chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression by recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with sarcoma: protection at the progenitor cell level. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 1266–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Vadhan-Raj S, Keating M, LeMaistre A et al. Effects of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med 1988; 317: 1545–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  227. Van der Lelie H, Thomas BL, van Oers RH et al. Effect of locally applied GM-CSF on oral mucositis after stem cell transplantation: a prospective placebo-controlled double-blind study. Ann Hematol 2001; 80: 150–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Van der Rijt CC, van Zuijlen L. Studies on supportive care in oral mucositis; random or randomi%ed? Eur J Cancer 2001; 37: 1971–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Va%que% JA. Therapeutic options for the management of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients. HIV Clin Trials 2000; 1: 47–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. Va%que% JA, Hidalgo JA, De Bono S. Use of sargramostim (rh-GM-CSF) as adjunctive treatment of flucona%ole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS: a pilot study. HIV Clin Trials 2000; 1: 23–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  231. Vellenga E, Uyl-de Groot CA, de Wit R et al. Randomi%ed placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with chemotherapy-related febrile neutropenia. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 619–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Vellenga E, Delwel HR, Touw IP, Lowenberg B. Patterns of acute myeloid leukemia colony growth in response to recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF). Exp Hematol 1987; 15: 652–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Vellenga E, Young DC, Wagner K, Wiper D, Ostapovic% D, Griffin JD. The effects of GM-CSF and G-CSF in promoting growth of clonogenic cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Blood 1987; 69: 1771–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Vesole DH, Jagannath S, Glenn LD, Barlogic B. Effect of low-dose granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (LD-GM-CSF) on platelet transfusion-dependent thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol 1994; 47: 203–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Wang M, Friedman H, Djeu JY. Enhancement of human monocyte function against Candida albicans by the colony-stimulating factors (CSF): IL-3, granulocyte-macrophageCSF, and macrophage-CSF. J Immunol 1989; 143: 671–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Weaver CH, Ha%elton B, Birch R et al. An analysis of engraftment kinetics as a function of CD34 content of peripheral blood progentor cell collections in 692 patients after the administration of myeloablative chemotherapy. Blood 1995; 86: 3961–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Weisbart RH, Golde DW, Clark SC et al. Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a neutrophil activator. Nature 1985; 314: 361–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Weisbart RH, Golde DW, Gasson JC. Biosynthetic human GM-CSF modulates the number and affinity of neutrophil F-met-leu-phe receptors. J Immunol 1986; 137: 3584–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Weisdorf DJ, Verfaillie CM, Davies SM et al. Hematopoietic growth factors for graft failure after bone marrow transplantation: a randomi%ed trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) versus sequential GMCSF plus granulocyte-CSF. Blood 1995; 85: 3452–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Weiser WY, Van Niel A, Clark SC et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor activates intracellular killing of Leishmania donovani by human monocyte-derived macrophage. J Exp Med 1987; 166: 1436–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Welte K, Zeidle C, Reiter A et al. Differential effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in children with severe congenital neutropenia. Blood 1990; 75: 1056–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Wexler LH, Weaver-McClure L, Steinberg SM et al. Randomi%ed trial of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in pediatric patients receiving intensive myelosuppressive chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 901–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Williams MA, Kelsey SM, Collins PW, Gutteridge CN, Newland AC. Administration of rHuGM-CSF activates monocyte reactive oxygen species secretion and adhesion molecule expression in vivo in patients following high-dose chemotherapy. Br J Haematol 1995; 90: 31–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Winter JN, La%arus HM, Rademaker A et al. Phase I/II study of combined granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor administration for the mobili%ation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 277–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Wong GG, Witek JS, Temple PA et al. Human GM-CSF molecular cloning of the complementary DNA and purification of the natural and recombinant proteins. Science 1985; 228: 810–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Yarden Y, Escobedo JA, Kuang WJ. Structure of the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor helps define a family of closely related growth factor receptors. Nature 1986; 323: 226–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Yokota T, Arai N, De Vries V et al. Molecular biology of interleukin 4 and interleukin 5 genes and biology of their products that stimulate B cells, T cells and hematopoietic cells. Immunol Rev 1988; 102: 137–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Ann Jakubowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Singleton Oncology Center, Florida State University College of Medicine, 116 Mimosa Avenue, 31792, Thomasville, GA, USA

    Robert K. Oldham MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jakubowski, A. (2003). GM-CSF — Biochemical purification and molecular and biologic characterization. In: Oldham, R.K. (eds) Principles of Cancer Biotherapy. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2757-0_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2757-0_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-017-2759-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2757-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation