Abstract
There appears to be more variety in the chemical substances involved in synaptic transmission than in those involved in any other single stage of neuro-physiological activity. This fact is utilized in clinical neuropharmacology, where an attempt is made to alter specific aspects of neural function selectively by pharmacological manipulation of individual neurotransmitters. Unlike the disorders so far considered in this book, disorders of neurotransmitter function all appear to be consequences of other disease processes. The natures of the primary disease processes are usually poorly understood. In general, disorders of synaptic transmission are more frequent and more important clinically than most of the disorders of other neurochemical mechanisms so far dealt with in this book.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Watkins, J. C. and Evans, R. H. (1981). Excitatory amino acid transmitters. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 21, 165–204
Schwartz, J-C., Pollard, H. and Quach, T. T. (1980). Histamine as a neurotransmitter in mammalian brain: neurochemical evidence. J. Neurochem., 35, 26–35
Fredholm, B. B. and Hedquist, P. (1980). Modulation of neurotransmission by purine nucleotides and nucleosides. Biochem. Pharmacol., 29, 1635–1643
Calne, D. B. (1979). Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurohormones. Neurology, 29, 1517–1521
O’Dea, R. F., Viveros, O. H. and Diliberto, E. J. Jr. (1981). Protein carboxymethylation: role in the regulation of cell functions. Biochem. Pharmacol., 30, 1163–1168
Snyder, S. H. and Goodman, R. R. (1980). Multiple neurotransmitter receptors. J. Neurochem., 35, 5–15
Starke, K. (1981). Presynaptic receptors. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 21, 7–30
Cooper, J. R., Bloom, F. E. and Roth, R. H. (1978). The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. 3rd Edn. (New York: Oxford University Press)
Sterling, G. H. and O’Neill, J. J. (1978). Citrate as the precursor of the acetyl moiety of acetylcholine. J. Neurochem., 31, 525–530
Cornford, E. M., Braun, L. D. and Oldendorf, W. H. (1978). Carrier mediated blood-brain barrier transport of choline and certain choline analogs. J. Neurochem., 30, 299–308
Kuhar, M. J. and Murrin, L. C. (1978). Sodium-dependent, high affinity choline uptake. J. Neurochem., 30, 15–21
Lindstrom, J. and Dau, P. (1980). Biology of myasthenia gravis. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 20, 337–362
Michelson, M. J. and Danilov, A. F. (1971). Synaptic vesicles, specific granules, autopharma-cology. 5.1. Cholinergic transmissions. In Bacq, Z. M. (ed.) Fundamentals of Biochemical Pharmacology, pp. 221–253. (Oxford: Pergamon)
Iversen, L. L. (1974). Uptake mechanisms for neurotransmitter amines. Biochem. Pharmacol., 23, 1927–1935
Eadie, M. J. and Tyrer, J. H. (1980). Anticonvulsant Therapy. Pharmacological Basis and Practice. 2nd Edn. (Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone)
Rowland, L. P. (1978). Myasthenia gravis. In Matthews, W. B. and Glaser, G. H. (eds.) Recent Advances in Clinical Neurology. Vol. 2, pp. 25–46. (Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone)
Simpson, J. A. (1977). Myasthenia gravis — validation of a hypothesis. Scott. Med. J., 22, 201–210
Engel, A. G. and Santa, I. (1971). Histometric analysis of the ultrastructure of the neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis and in the myasthenic syndrome. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 183, 46–63
Lindstrom, J. M. and Lambert, E. H. (1978). Content of acetylcholine receptor and antibodies bound to receptor in myasthenia gravis, experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and Eaton-Lambert syndrome. Neurology, 28, 130–138
Gutmann, L. and Pratt, L. (1976). Pathophysiologic aspects of human botulism. Arch. Neurol., 33, 175–179
Wonnacott, S., Marchbanks, R. M. and Fiol, C. (1978). Ca2+ uptake by synaptosomes and its effect on the inhibition of acetylcholine release by botulinium toxin. J. Neurochem., 30, 1127–1134
Harris, H. (1970). The Principles of Human Biochemical Genetics. (Amsterdam: North Holland)
McMillen, B. A., German, D. C. and Shore, P. A. (1980). Functional and pharmacological significance of brain dopamine and norepinephrine storage pools. Biochem. Pharmacol., 29, 3045–3050
Kebabian, J. W. and Calne, D. B. (1979). Multiple receptors for dopamine. Nature (London), 277, 93–96
Seeman, P. (1980). Brain dopamine receptors. Pharmacol. Rev., 32, 230–313
Creese, I., Sibley, D. R., Leff, S. and Hamblin, M. (1981). Dopamine receptors: subtypes, localization and regulation. Fed. Proc, 40, 147–152
Minneman, K. P. and Molinoff, P. B. (1980). Classification and quantitation of β-adrenergic receptor subtypes. Biochem. Pharmacol, 29, 1317–1323
Starke, K., Taube, H. D. and Borowski, E. (1977). Presynaptic receptor systems in catechola-minergic transmission. Biochem. Pharmacol, 26, 259–268
Demet, E. M. and Halaris, A. E. (1979). Origin and distribution of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in body fluids. Biochem. Pharmacol, 28, 3043–3049
Ehringer, H. and Hornykewicz, O. (1960). Verteilung von Noradrenalin and Dopamin (3-Hydroxytryptamin) im Gehirn des Menschen und ihr Verhalten bei Erkrankungen des extrapyramidalen Systems. Klin. Wochenschr., 38, 1236–1239
Melamed, E., Hefti, F. and Wurtman, R. J. (1980). Nonaminergic striatal neurons convert exogenous L-dopa to dopamine in Parkinsonism. Ann. Neurol, 8, 558–563
Poirier, L. J., Filion, M., Larochelle, L. and Pecharde, J-C. (1976). Physiopathology of tremor and rigidity. In Birkmayer, W. and Hornykiewicz, O. (eds.) Advances in Parkinsonism, pp. 217–235. (Basle: Roche)
Eadie, M. J. and Sutherland, J. M. (1964). Arteriosclerosis in Parkinsonism. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 27, 237–240
Alvord, E. C. Jr. (1968). The pathology of Parkinsonism. In Minckler, J. (ed.) Pathology of the Nervous System. Vol. 1, pp. 1152–1161. (New York: McGraw-Hill)
Oppenheimer, D. R. (1976). Diseases of the basal ganglia, cerebellum and motor neurons. In Blackwood, W. and Corsellis, J. A. N. (eds.) Greenfield’s Neuropathology. 3rd Edn. pp. 608–651. (London: Arnold)
Bird, E. D. (1980). Chemical pathology of Huntington’s disease. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol Toxicol, 20, 533–551
Shoulson, I., Kartzinel, R. and Chase, T. N. (1976). Huntington’s disease: treatment with dipropylacetic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Neurology, 26, 61–63
Perry, T. L., Wright, J. M., Hansen, S., Allan, B. M., Baird, P. A. and MacLeod, P. M. (1980). Failure of aminooxyacetic acid therapy in Huntington’s disease. Neurology, 30, 772–775
Manyam, B. V, Katz, L., Hare, T. A., Kaniefski, K. and Tremblay, R. D. (1981). Isoniazid-induced elevation of CSF GABA levels and effects on chorea in Huntington’s disease. Ann. Neurol, 10, 35–37
Butterfield, D. A., Oeswein, J. Q., Prunty, M. E., Hisle, K. C. and Markesbery, W. R. (1978). Increased sodium plus potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity in erythrocyte membranes in Huntington’s disease. Ann. Neurol, 4, 60–62
Mann, J. and Chiu, E. (1978). Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in Huntington’s chorea. J. Neurol, Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 41, 809–812
Ando, N., Gold, B. I., Bird, E. D. and Roth, R. H. (1979). Regional brain levels of γ-hydroxybutyrate in Huntington’s disease. J. Neurochem., 32, 617–622
Bird, E. D., Gale, J. S. and Spokes, E. G. (1977). Huntington’s chorea: postmortem activity of enzymes involved in cerebral glucose metabolism. J. Neurochem., 29, 539–545
Urquhart, N., Perry, T. L., Hansen, S. and Kennedy, J. (1975). GABA content and glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in brain of Huntington’s chorea patients and control subjects. J. Neurochem., 24, 1071–1075
Nausieda, P. A., Koller, W. C., Weiner, W. J. and Klawans, H. L. (1979). Chorea induced by oral contraceptives. Neurology, 29, 1605–1609
Dreese, M. J. and Netsky, M. G. (1968). Degenerative disorders of the basal ganglia. In Minckler, J. (ed.) Pathology of the Nervous System. Vol. 1, pp. 1185–1204. (New York: McGraw-Hill)
Corsellis, J. A. N. (1976). Ageing and the dementias. In Blackwood, W. and Corsellis, J. A. N. (eds.) Greenfield’s Neuropathology. 3rd Edn., pp. 796–848. (London: Arnold)
Martin, J. P. (1959). Remarks on the functions of the basal ganglia. Lancet, 1, 999–1005
Goetz, C. G., Weiner, W. J. and Klawans, H. L. (1981). Treatment of the choreas. In Barbeau, A. (ed.) Disorders of Movement, pp. 29–41. (Lancaster: MTP Press)
Baldessarini, R. J. and Tarsy, D. (1979). Relationship of the actions of neuroleptic drugs to the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia. Int. Rev. Neurobioi, 21, 1–45
Gerlach, J. (1979). Tardive dyskinesia. Danish Med. J., 46, 209–245
Snyder, S. H. (1979). Receptors, neurotransmitters and drug responses. N. Engl. J. Med., 300, 465–472
Weiss, B., Greenberg, L. and Cantor, E. (1979). Age-related alterations in the development of adrenergic denervation supersensitivity. Fed. Proc, 38, 1915–1921
Klawans, H. L. (1973). The Pharmacology of Extrapyramidal Movement Disorders. (Basel: Karger)
Creese, I. and Sibley, D. R. (1981). Receptor adaptations to centrally acting drugs. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 21, 357–391
Paulson, G. W. (1981). Treatment of tardive dyskinesia. In Barbeau, A. (ed.) Disorders of Movement, pp. 133–150. (Lancaster: MTP Press)
Wurtman, R. J., Hefti, F. and Melamed, E. (1981). Precursor control of neurotransmitter synthesis. Pharmacol. Rev., 32, 315–335
Eldridge, R., Kanter, W. and Koerber, T. (1973). Levodopa in dystonia. Lancet, 2, 1027–1028
Tolosa, E. S. (1981). Clinical features of Meige’s disease (idiopathic orofacial dystonia). A report of 17 cases. Arch. Neurol., 38, 147–151
Tolosa, E. S. and Lai, C. (1979). Meige disease: striatal dopaminergic preponderance. Neurology, 29, 1126–1130
Casey, D. E. (1980). Pharmacology of blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome. Neurology, 30, 690–695
Snyder, S. H. (1981). Dopamine receptors, neuroleptics and schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry, 138, 460–464
Bird, E. D., Spokes, E. G. S. and Iversen, L. I. (1980). Dopamine and noradrenaline in postmortem brain in Huntington’s disease and schizophrenic illness. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 61 (Suppl. 280), 63–72
Fujita, K., Ito, T., Maruta, K., Teradaira, R., Beppu, H., Nakagami, Y., Kato, Y., Nagatsu, T. and Kato, T. (1978). Serum dopamine-γ-hydroxylase in schizophrenic patients. J. Neurochem., 30, 1569–1572
Leonard, B. E. (1975). Neurochemical and neuropharmacological aspects of depression. Int. Rev. Neurobioi, 18, 357–387
Maggi, A. and Enna, S. J. (1980). Regional alteration in rat brain neurotransmitter systems following chronic lithium treatment. J. Neurochem., 34, 888–892
Zis, A. P. and Goodwin, F. K. (1979). Novel antidepressants and the biogenic amine hypothesis of depression. The case for iprindole and mianserin. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 36, 1097–1107
Sandler, M., Ruthven, C. R. J., Goodwin, B. L., Reynolds, G. P., Rao, V. A. R. and Cohen, A. (1980). Trace amine deficit in depressive illness: the phenylalanine connexion. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 61 (Suppl. 280), 29–38
Sulser, F., Vetulani, J. and Mobley, P. L. (1977). Mode of action of antidepressant drugs. Biochem. Pharmacol., 27, 257–261
Coppen, A. and Wood, K. M. (1980). Peripheral serotonergic and adrenergic responses in depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 61 (Suppl. 280), 21–27
Herskovitz, E. and Blackwood, W. (1969). Essential (familial) tremor — a case report. J. Neurol., Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 32, 509–511
Murray, T. J. (1981). Essential tremor. In Barbeau, A. (ed.) Disorders of Movement, pp. 151–170. (Lancaster: MTP Press)
Van Praag, H. M. and De Haan, S. (1980). Central serotonin deficiency — a factor which increases depression vulnerability. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 61 (Suppl. 280), 89–95
Gillin, J. C., Mendelson, W. B., Sitaram, N. and Wyatt, R. J. (1978). The neuropharmacology of sleep and wakefulness. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 18, 563–579
Wyler, A. R., Wilkus, R. J. and Troupin, A. S. (1975). Methysergide in the treatment of narcolepsy. Arch. Neurol., 32, 265–268
Growdon, J. H., Shahani, B. T. and Young, R. R. (1976). L-5-Hydroxytryptophan in treatment of several different syndromes in which myoclonus is prominent. Neurology, 26, 1135–1140
Magnussen, I., Dupont, E., Prange-Hansen, A. and De Fine Olivarius, B. (1977). Palatal myoclonus treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan and a decarboxylase inhibitor. Acta Neurol. Scand., 55, 251–253
Fennessy, M. R. and Lee, J. R. (1972). The effects of benzodiazepines on brain amines in the mouse. Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn., 197, 37–44
Jenner, P., Chadwick, D., Reynolds, E. H. and Marsden, C. D. (1975). Altered 5HT metabolism with clonazepam, diazepam and diphenylhydantoin. J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 27, 707–710
Goldberg, M. A. and Dorman, J. D. (1976). Intention myoclonus successfully treated with clonazepam. Neurology, 26, 24–26
Lance, J. W. (1981). Headache. Ann. Neurol., 10, 1–10
Lance, J. W. (1978). Migraine. In Matthews, W. B. and Glaser, G. H. (eds.) Recent Advances in Clinical Neurology. Vol. 2, pp. 145–161. (Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone)
Bruyn, G. W. (1976). The biochemical basis of migraine: a critique. In Klawans, H. (ed.) Clinical Neuropharmacology. Vol. 1, pp. 185–213. (New York: Raven Press)
Hardebo, J. E., Edvinsson, L., Owman, C. H. and Svendgaard, N-Aa. (1978). Potentiation and antagonism of serotonin effects on intracranial and extracranial vessels. Neurology, 28, 64–70
Murphy, D. L. (1978). Substrate-selective monoamine oxidases-inhibitor, tissue, species and functional differences. Biochem. Pharmacol., 27, 1889–1893
Sandler, M., Reveley, M. A. and Glover, V. (1981). Human platelet monoamine oxidase activity in health and disease: a review. J. Clin. Pathol., 34, 292–302
Somerville, B. W. (1976). Platelet-bound and free serotonin levels in jugular and forearm venous blood during migraine. Neurology, 26, 41–45
Sicuteri, F. (1976). Migraine, a central biochemical dysnocioception. Headache, 16, 145–159
Anthony, M., Hinterberger, H. and Lance, J. W. (1967). Plasma serotonin in migraine and stress. Arch. Neurol., 16, 544–552
Regoli, D. and Barabe, J. (1980). Pharmacology of bradykinin and related kinins. Pharmacol Rev., 32, 1–46
Hanington, E. (1978). Migraine: a blood disorder. Lancet, 2, 501–502
Sandler, M., Youdim, M. B. H. and Hanington, E. (1974). A phenylethylamine oxidising defect in migraine. Nature (London), 250, 335–337
Glover, V., Sandler, M., Grant, E., Rose, F. C., Orton, D., Wilkinson, M. and Stevens, D. (1977). Transitory decrease in platelet monoamine-oxidase activity during migraine attacks. Lancet, 1, 391–393
Sandler, M. (1978). Implications of the platelet monoamine oxidase deficit during migraine attacks. Res. Clin. Stud. Headache, 6, 65–72
Masel, B. E., Chesson, A. L., Peters, B. H., Levin, H. S. and Alperin, J. B. (1980). Platelet antagonists in migraine prophylaxis. A clinical trial using aspirin and dipyridamole. Headache, 20, 13–18
Moncada, S. and Vane, J. R. (1979). Pharmacology and endogenous roles of prostaglandin endoperoxides, thromboxane A2, and prostacyclin. Pharmacol Rev., 30, 293–331
Sandler, M. (1972). Migraine: a pulmonary disease? Lancet, 1, 618–619
Neligan, P., Harriman, D. G. F. and Pearce, J. (1977). Respiratory arrest in familial hemiplegic migraine: a clinical and neuropathological study. Br. Med. J., 2, 732–734
Raskin, N. H. (1981). Pharmacology of migraine. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol Toxicol, 21, 463–478
Symonds, C. P. (1956). A particular variety of headache. Brain, 79, 217–232
Anthony, M. and Lance, J. W. (1971). Whole blood histamine and plasma serotonin in cluster headache. Arch. Neurol, 25, 225–231
Andrews, P. R. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1979). GABA agonists and antagonists. Biochem. Pharmacol, 28, 2697–2702
Iversen, L. L. and Kelly, J. S. (1975). Uptake and metabolism of γ-aminobutyric acid by neurones and glial cells. Biochem. Pharmacol., 24, 933–938
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 M. J. Eadie and J. H. Tyrer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Eadie, M.J., Tyrer, J.H. (1983). Disturbances of synaptic transmission. In: Biochemical Neurology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0896-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0896-8_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-0898-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0896-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive