Reciprocity and Power

Zhao, Xudong

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53834-0_5

Reciprocity and Power

Xudong Zhao²

Chapter
First Online: 11 April 2019

173 Accesses

Part of the book series: China Academic Library ((CHINALIBR))

Abstract

The stories that were probably most often chatted about in streets were those related to debt, specifically those cases that were sent to court.

Each community has, therefore, a weapon for the enforcement of its rights: reciprocity .

Malinowski (1926: 23)

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Notes

1.

Disputes solved by the National Court between 1948–1995 in Li Village.

File number	Type	Year	Plaintiff (name and village)	Defendant (name and village)	Cause	Solution
1948-32	Civil case	1948	Ren Huimin, Liu Xingkui; Zhao County	Li Xinduo, Wang Jingxi; Li Village	Debt
1949-1	Civil case	1949	Song Shuzhi; Li Village	Shi Mingtai; Dongzhuang Village	Debt
1949-116	Civil case	1949	Song Shuzhi; Li Village	Zhao Quanfu, Shi Jingfu; Dongzhuang Village	Articles ownership
1949-157	Civil case	1949	Jia Sijun; Xiaohaozhuang Village	Li Xiaowu; Li Village	Divorce
1949-269	Civil case	1949	Daughter of Li Erdan; Li Village	Wang Xiaoju; Xiezhuang Village	Divorce	Mediation
1949-307	Civil case	1949	Li Bing; Li Village	Jia Shengxi; Chang Xin	Divorce
1950-37	Criminal case	1950		Li Shunfa; Li Village	Steal
1950-52	Criminal case	1950		Li Lansuo; Li Village	Confirmed thief	Three-year imprisonment
1950-52	Criminal case	1950		Li Heizi; Li Village	Confirmed thief	Three-year imprisonment
1951-89	Criminal case	1951		Zhang Hujiao; Li Village	A17 counterrevolutionary murder	Fifteen-year imprisonment
1951-150	Criminal case	1951		Li Qiufu; Li Village	Landlord counterattack	Three-and-half-year imprisonment
1951-198	Criminal case	1951		Li Lankui; Li Village	Counterrevolutionary	Four-year imprisonment
1951-212	Criminal case	1951		Wang Huanshu; Li Village	Murder	Death penalty
1954-180	Civil case	1954	Li Sumei; Li Village	Bai Xiaochen; Gezi	Divorce
1954-375	Civil case	1954	Zhang Liannv; Guangzong Lizhi Village	Li Wuchen; Li Village	Divorce
1954-452	Civil case	1954	Feng Jinghuai; Li Village	Geng Xinju; Xiaoyou	Divorce	Divorce decree
1954-488	Civil case	1954	Li Huansheng; Xianmenlou	Li Wentai; Li Village	Divorce
1955-151	Civil case	1955	Li Meihua; Li Village	Yao Shengqiao; Yaojiazhuang Village	Divorce
1955-291	Civil case	1955	Wang Zhizhang; Li Village	Geng Dani; Xiaoyou	Divorce
1955-307	Civil case	1955	Li Jinggai; Caozhuang Village	Li Erchen; Li Village	Divorce
1955-322	Civil case	1955	Li Jilin; Li Village	Zhao Qinhua; Li Village	Divorce
1955-457	Civil case	1955	Li Shenghua; Li Village	Ren Genkui; Xiezhuang Village	Divorce
1955-97	Criminal case	1955		Li Fengkui; Li Village	E02 stealing	Nine-year imprisonment
1956-109	Criminal case	1956		Li Laobian; Li Village	Counterrevolutionary	Three-year imprisonment
1956-81	Civil case	1956	Su Meixiu; Li Village	Li Baogen; Li Village	Divorce
1957-18	Civil case	1957	Li Xiulian; Li Village	Zhang Qingwen; Fanzhuang Village	Divorce
1957-22	Civil case	1957	Ling Chunrui; Da’an Village	Li Yinxiang; Li Village	Divorce	Reconciliation
1957-35	Civil case	1957	Sun Sheng; Li Village	Li Daqing, Li Hunong; Li Village	Debt
1958-24	Criminal case	1958		Wang Shuangsheng; Li Village	G07 Offenses against marriage	One-and-half- year imprisonment
1960-48	Criminal case	1960		Li Tonghuai; Li Village	D06 rape young female	Ten-year imprisonment
1964-19	Criminal case	1964		Li Changzao; Li Village	G03 violation of the PLA man’s marriage	One-year imprisonment
1965-194	Criminal case	1965		Li Lansuo; Li Village	Stealing	Eight-year imprisonment
				Shi Xiaoqun; Li Village	Stealing	Four-year imprisonment
1965-200	Criminal case	1965		Li Lansuo	Stealing	Eight-year imprisonment
1966-62	Civil case	1966	Li Meiqiao; Li Village	Li Zhensuo; Fanzhuang Village	Divorce	Reconciliation
1966-224	Civil case	1966	Zheng Zhongyi; Li Village	Li Shuqiao; Li Village	Divorce
1966-83	Civil case	1966	Li Fengju; Qiandama Village	Feng Duchen; Li Village	Divorce
1966-104	Civil case	1966	Li Xinque; Li Village	Duan Rongjiang; Da’an Village	Divorce
1966-113	Civil case	1966	Liu Zhengfang; Tianzhuang Village	Li Qingfang; Li Village	Divorce
1968-11	Civil case	1968	Li Genxi; Li Village	Feng Jinglu; Li Village	Divorce	Lawsuit withdrawal
1969-55	Civil case	1969	Li Qingxian; Li Village	Gao Suhuan; Gao Village	Divorce
1969-27	Civil case	1969	Gu Shuhua; Handan	Li Kaiyin; Li Village	Divorce
1970-6	Civil case	1970	Li Qingchuan; Li Village	Li Lingqiao; Li Village	Divorce
1973-26	Civil case	1973	Fan Genxu; Fanzhuang Village	Li Chunsu; Li Village	Divorce	Mediation
1973-48	Civil case	1973	Li Ruike; Li Village	An Yuejiu; Anjiazhuang Village	Divorce	Reconciliation
1973-67	Civil case	1973	Li Shuzhong; Li Village	Cheng Zhongbao; Dadongping Village	Divorce	Judgment
1973-110	Civil case	1973	Shi Qinrui; Dongzhuang Village	Li Qingchuan; Li Village	Divorce	Mediation
1979-14	Criminal case	1979		Li Binsuo; Li Village	Murder	Death penalty; three-year probation
1980-31	Criminal case	1980		Li Jianmin; Li Village	Traffic accident	Two-year imprisonment, three-year probation
1983-6	Administrative economy	1983	Seventh Group; Li Village	Eighth Grouo; Gedatou Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1983-33	Civil case	1983	Song Yueping; Anjiazhuang Village	Li Jianjun; Li Village	Divorce	Mediation
1984-80	Civil case	1984	Ren Jidun; Xiezhuang Village	Li Yinrui; Li Village	Divorce	Mediation
1984-98	Civil case	1984	Li Haishuan; Li Village	Wang Junxiao; Anjiazhuang Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1984-183	Civil case	1984	Gao Wenzeng; Dasizhuang Village	Li Rongsu; Li Village	Divorce	Mediation
1985-170	Civil case	1985	Li Guangsheng; Li Village	Li Meisheng; Li Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1986-51	Administrative economy	1986	Li Village Committee	County-Town-Village Business Administration	Loan	Mediation
1986-156	Civil case	1986	Li Guangjin; Li Village	Li Erjun; Li Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1986-159	Civil case	1986	Li Jianguo; Li Village	Liu Guojun; Caozhuang Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1987-5	Civil case	1987	An Xi Road; Xinzhai Store Cement Plant	Li Zengshui; Li Village	Compensation
1987-26	Criminal case	1987		Li Shuanping; Li Village	Harm	Lawsuit withdrawal
1987-69	Civil case	1987	Wang Yingshan, Li Zengmin; Li Village	Han Village; Sujiatin Village Committee	Debt
1988-34	Administrative economy	1988	Li suoyin; Li Village	Li Dongliang, Wu Qingzhen, Li Lihui, Li Guofen, Yao Huandong; Gedatou Village
1988-40	Administrative economy	1988	Packaging Decoration Plant of City Shi	Li Qingshuang; Li Village	Arrearage	Lawsuit withdrawal
1988-63	Civil case	1988	Cao Tongfang; Li Village	Zhang Zhihui; Xiezhuang Village	Divorce	Mediation
1988-239	Civil case	1988	Li Shuzi; Li Village	Li Qingke; Li Village	Homestead	Judge
1988-325	Civil case	1988	Li Jianguo; Li Village	Geng Sujun; Xiaoyou	Arrearage	Mediation
1988-338	Civil case	1988	Cao Congjun; Li Village	Zhang Shucheng; Shahe River Store	Divorce	Mediation
1988-364	Civil case	1988	Li Haishuan; Li Village	Geng Sujun; Xiaoyou, Zhang Guobin; Changxinying	Arrearage	Mediation
1988-383	Civil case	1988	Shi Xiaoqun; Li Village	Li Jianmin, Li Jjishuan; Li Village	Homestead dispute	Mediation
1989-53	Civil case	1989	Li Shuwei; Li Village	Zheng Zhongsheng; Dahaozhuang	Arrearage	Mediation
1989-112	Civil case	1989	Wang Tongxi, Cao Hongrui; Li Village	Wang Jibin; Li Village	Maintenance dispute	Mediation
1989-157	Civil case	1989	Zhao Qingzhen; Li Village	Yan Qunyang; Mazhuang Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1989-187	Civil case	1989	Li Zhongyuan; Dasizhuang Village	Li Ronggui; Li Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1989-211	Civil case	1989	Li Zhongqi; Dasizhuang Village	Li Yonggui; Li Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1989-232	Civil case	1989	Zhao Qingzhen; Li Village	Lu Shuanzhen; Dahaozhuang Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1989-333	Civil case	1989	Li Dongmin; Li Village	Liu Chunyang; Yaojiazhuang Village	Arrearage	Judgment
1989-345	Civil case	1989	Zhao Qingzhen; Li Village	Zheng Subin; Dahaozhuang Village	Debt	Mediation
1989-385	Civil case	1989	Li Ruishen; Li Village	Yao Guangyan; Yaojiazhuang Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1989-522	Civil case	1989	Li Ruishen; Li Village	Li Sanhuan; Yaojiazhuang Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1989-529	Civil case	1989	Li Ruishen; Li Village	Li Shizhen; Gedatou Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1989-565	Civil case	1989	Zhao Qingzhen; Li Village	Zheng Zhongliang; Dahaozhuang Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1989-650	Civil case	1989	Li Qingke; Li Village	Li Village Committee , (Li Shuzi; Li Village)	Homestead dispute	Judgment
1989-694	Civil case	1989	Li Ruishen; Li Village	Li Shiying; Gedatou Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1989-712	Civil case	1989	Li Zhencai; Li Village	Fan Village People’s Government	Refuse administrative penalty	Lawsuit withdrawal
1989-720	Civil case	1989	Tian Jingmei; Li Village	Li Junjiang, Li Junhai; Li Village	Support	Mediation
1989-722	Civil case	1989	Li Meisheng; Li Village	Li Zengshou; Li Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1989-727	Civil case	1989	Li Shenghuai; Li Village	Fan Village People’s Government	Refuse administrative penalty	Lawsuit withdrawal
1989-732	Civil case	1989	Shi Xiaoqun; Li Village	Li Shiying; Gedatou Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1990-41	Administrative economy	1990	Packaging Decoration Plant of Boxiang County	Li Ruishen; Li Village	Arrearage dispute	Judgment
1990-49	Administrative economy	1990	Li Wenjie; Li Village	Printery Retail Salesroom of Zhao County	Arrearage	Mediation
1990-54	Criminal case	1990		Li Jinyan; Li Village	Harm	Lawsuit withdrawal
1990-323	Civil case	1990	Clip Packaging Materials Plant of City Shi	Li Shuquan; Li Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1990-349	Civil case	1990	An Jingke; Anjiazhuang Village	Li Zhenfang; Li Village	Arrearage	Lawsuit withdrawal
1990-372	Civil case	1990	Zheng Guoping; Dahaozhuang Village	Li Minshe; Li Village	Divorce	Mediation
1990-409	Civil case	1990	Qinghua Carton Plant of Xingtang County	Li Jianguo; Li Village	Overdue obligations to suppliers	Mediation
1990-421	Civil case	1990	Yin Qingle; Li Village	Li Zhidong, Li Heizi, Li Ruibin, Wang Chunzhen, Xu Bingchen; Li Village	Economic dispute
1990-485	Civil case	1990	Shi Ruisu; Dongzhuang Village	Feng Jingbin; Li Village	Divorce	Mediation
1991-162	Civil case	1991	Li Village	Zhang Shengzu; Li Village	Inheritance	Lawsuit withdrawal
1991-34	Criminal case	1991		Li Mengji; Li Village	Mild harm	Lawsuit withdrawal
1991-260	Civil case	1991	Packaging Production Plant of Boxiang County	Li Jichen, Li Ruixing; Li Village	Arrearage	Lawsuit withdrawal
1991-343	Civil case	1991	Feng Jingjun; Li Village	Tian Shenghui; Ying’enpu Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1991-426	Civil case	1991	Packaging Printing Plant of Zhao County	Packaging Plant of Li Village	Arrearage	Judgment
1991-488	Civil case	1991	Shi Xiaoqun; Li Village	Li Qingshan; Gedatou Village	Arrearage	Judgment
1991-501	Civil case	1991	Guo Xianghui, Meng Zhenkui; Yanghu North Gate	Li Jianguo; Li Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1991-503	Civil case	1991	Li Shuanping; Li Village	Yao Shengguo; Yaojiazhuang Village	Divorce	Judgment
1991-511	Civil case	1991	Shi City Yongchang industrial corporation carton plant	Li Ruitian; Li Village	Arrearage	Judgment
1992-38	Civil case	1992	Li Ruilin; Li Village	Li Xingwei; Gedatou Village, Li Dongwei; Li Village	Business dispute	Judgment
1992-55	Criminal case	1992		Li Weiqiang; Li Village	Intentional injury	Three-year prisonment
1992-62	Administrative economy	1992	Carton Plant of Li Village	Zheng Yingjun, Zheng Wensheng; Dahaozhuang Village	Direct purchase contract	Judgment
1992-79	Civil case	1992	Zhang Siba; Northeast Ying Village	Li Zhenguo; Li Village, Ren Jichen; Xiezhuang	Arrearage	Judgment
1992-90	Civil case	1992	Yin Qingle; Li Village	Qi Mengzhen; Li Village	Illegal detention	Lawsuit withdrawal
1992-96	Civil case	1992	Wang Guangjun; Anbaishe Village	Zheng Guangzhi; Li Village	Arrearage	Lawsuit withdrawal
1992-186	Civil case	1992	Wang Juezhen; Li Village	Jia Qingyi; Gaojiazhuang Village	Divorce	Judgment
1992-219	Civil case	1992	Li Qinghua, Wang Jingzhu; Li Village	Li Guoyan; Li Village, Anxi Road, Anwang Village	Arrearage	Judgment
1993-143	Civil case	1993	An Xianjun; Anjiazhuang Village	Feng Yuerui; Li Village	Relieve concubinage
1994-9	Civil case	1994	Li Tuilin; Li Village	Huang Xiuqing; Xibailu Gaocheng Town	Divorce	Judgment
1994-13	Administrative economy	1994	Zhao Zongqiao; Xianqian Village	Li Xianbin; Li Village	Loan	Mediation
1994-33	Administrative economy	1994	Li Huisuo; Li Village	Zhang Genhui; Changxin Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1994-436	Civil case	1994	Li Pinghai; Li Village	Fruit Stop of Zhao County in Li Village (third party: Xia Chunqing, Beijing Fédération Aéronautique)	Arrearage
1994-447	Civil case	1994	Li Yanjun; Li Village	Zhao Jiancai; Zhangjiazhuang Village	Relieve concubinage	Mediation
1994-513	Civil case	1994	Li Qunsuo; Li Village	Li Jingshun; Li Village	Default pear money	Lawsuit withdrawal
1995-4	Administrative economy	1995	Carton Plant of Li Village	Ling Guanghui; Liu Erbeng; Da’an Village	Arrearage	Lawsuit withdrawal
1995-39	Civil case	1995	Water Conservancy Bureau of Zhao County	An Tongxu; Li Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1995-41	Civil case	1995	Water Conservancy Bureau of Zhao County	Li Yimin; Li Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1995-42	Civil case	1995	Water Conservancy Bureau of Zhao County	Li Shuanzhu; Li Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1995-54	Civil case	1995	Water Conservancy Bureau of Zhao County	Li Zengxu; Li Village	Arrearage	Mediation
1995-382	Civil case	1995	Wang Guanghua; Xiaowangzhuang in Zaozhuang, Shandong Province	Li Yurui; Li Village	Illegal detention	Lawsuit withdrawal

The original source Zhao County court archive department

2.
From the archive of Ba County of Sichuan in Qing Dynasty, in law suits of land selling and debt presented to the court, complainants’ logic read between the lines was hoping the county officer to be a mediator to recover the “giving-paying back ” reciprocal relationship. Take a farmland selling and buying case as an example, “in the 13th year of Qianlong period, Yi bought the farmland of Wang. Several years later, Yi was in debt, he sold his property to Tian Taihua in the 38th year of Qianlong period at the price of 960,000 copper coins. At that time, Yi received 790,000 copper coins, with the left 170,000 copper coins unpaid. Besides Yi’s original contract, Yi asked Zhang Mingyang to write another one. Tian (the borrower) didn’t pay back the rest money. Since Tian was rich and powerful, Yi had no way but to ask the officer for help.” (Sichuan Provincial Archives 1991: 17).
3.
It is common in rural areas to exchange gifts like money or agricultural products for country’s authority resources. A recent study on popular Chinese ballads conducted by Li Qingshan showed another type of exchange: the “exchanging things for things” reciprocal relationship, which means “both sides own some rights which control resources that the other side needed”. To realize one’s goal, each side should meet the other side’s request. Namely, two parties are both the requesting side and the requested side. If they want to realize their own goal, they have to help the other side reach his. This is the commonly said “exchanging things for other things that the reciprocal relationship is convenient for both” (Li 1996: 313). This reciprocal relationship is common in urban area instead of rural area, because farmers do not have any state power. It is more often for rural residents to exchange their economic resources for taking advantage of the state power.
4.
Since this dispute involved 14 families’ interests, these families sued the defendant jointly. Thus, every family shared the cost evenly. The cost was recorded by Li Shuhai and other two people and each cost was recorded in detail. Information of the table is from this account book.
5.
Demographers always express the reciprocity in revenue in the term of “making both ends meet”. He Bingdi’s study on the population development from Ming Dynasty to 1950s showed a law that the efficiency of a government could be indirectly reflected from whether breaking the principle of “making both ends meet”. The ruling class generally calculated expenses at the beginning of state-founding, hereby setting the nationwide tax amount and assuring nation surplus. Once the tax amount was set, it could not be changed (He 1989: 118). Reasons for the increase in tax resulted from the fact that the government had intensified state-building or hadn’t implemented strong supervision on corruption. He Bingdi’s comparison of tax system between the government of late Qing Dynasty and that of Republic China may be inspiring. He asserted that “if the tax burden of farmers was heavy in the late Qing Dynasty, their situation would be worse in the early Republic of China. Even if the financial system of late Qing Dynasty had decayed, it was still based on the traditional tax amount and the principle of ‘making both ends meet’. In the republican period, warlords were unscrupulous and were totally shameless blackmailers. They added taxes and levied at will and often collected land taxes in advance. Until the end of 1920s and the beginning of 1930s, the financial reformation of the National Government had seldom improved farmers’ life, although it did make some progress technically” (He 1989: 214).
6.
Selected from an interview with a Li villager on Novermber 14th, 1997.
7.
In Chinese Gentry, Urban-rural Relationship, Fei Xiaotong clearly pointed out the urban-rural relationship that before 1949: Gentries who lived inside urban areas extracted land interests from farmers, but they didn’t return necessary products that farmers needed. Their actions caused damage to rural villagers, thus leading to many social problems (1953: 91–107). This condition can be still reflected by the present urban-rural relationship. However, it is the administrative system that has extracted farmers’ interests, instead of gentries who acted between the national authority and civil society. Such revenue system aims only at realizing economic goal, forgetting to return the basic interests to farmers. It may cause social problems.
8.
Potlatch of Kwakiutl people was first described by the American anthropologist Franz Boas, and then explained by Benedict, which was generally regarded by subsequent anthropologists as a kind of economic redistribution system. This ceremony distinctly existed among Indians in American northwest coast, especially in groups like Tlingit, Salish and Kwakiutl. According to Chinooks dialect, potlatch can be understood as “give-away”. In that ceremony, local leaders gave away their properties in a seemingly wasteful way. Every family would hold this kind of potlatch . Before the potlatch , they needed to spare no efforts to collect food and valuable articles, such as fish, fur and so on, and gave these materials to local leaders. In potlatch , leaders usually took more articles than their competitors so as to give away their possessions. The more gifts they gave away, the higher status they obtained. Anthropologist Kottak explained this process like: “A village enjoying an especially good year had a surplus of subsistence items, which it could trade for more durable wealth items …. Wealth, in turn, by being distributed, could be converted into prestige …. The long-term adaptive value of intercommunity feasting becomes clear when we consider what happened when a formerly prosperous village had a run of bad luck.” (Kottak 1944: 177).

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Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
Xudong Zhao

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Zhao, X. (2019). Reciprocity and Power. In: Power and Justice. China Academic Library. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53834-0_5

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53834-0_5
Published: 11 April 2019
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