Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bakterielle Kontamination von Blutkomponenten

Bacterial contamination of blood components

  • Chapter
Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz

  • 22 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Seitdem im Jahre 1915 ein Fall von Syphilis-Übertragung durch Bluttransfusion publiziert wurde, ist die Diskussion um die transfusionsassoziierte bakterielle Infektion nicht mehr verstummt. Nachdem diese Problematik angesichts der Virusinfektionen durch Blut und Blutprodukte über einige Zeit etwas in den Hintergrund geraten war, erfuhr sie in der Literatur der letzten Jahre wieder die erforderliche Aufmerksamkeit. In dieser Arbeit wird die aktuelle Situation hinsichtlich der Kontaminationsraten von Blutkomponenten und der Häufigkeit von transfusionsbedingten bakteriellen Infektionen dargestellt. Das Spektrum der involvierten Keime wird diskutiert. Weiterhin werden die heutigen präventiven und diagnostischen Möglichkeiten sowie die Verfahren zur Inaktivierung von Bakterien einer kritischen Wertung unterzogen.

Summary

Since the publication of a case of Syphilis transmission by blood transfusion in 1915 the discussion about transfusion-associated bacterial infection is ongoing. For some time, virus infections through blood and blood products have been highlighted. However, in the last years the attention required has been drawn to the problem of transmission of bacteria. In this publication the present situation concerning the contamination rates through blood components and the frequency of transfusion-associated microbial infections is outlined. The bacteria involved are discussed. Furthermore, the state of the art for prevention and diagnosis as well as the methods for inactivation of bacteria are assessed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 199.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Sazama K (1994) Bacteria in blood for transfusion. A review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 118: 350–365.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Borden CW, Hall WH (1951) Fatal transfusion reactions from massive bacterial contamination of blood. N Engl J Med 245:760–765.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mueller-Eckhardt C (Hrsg) (1996) Transfusionsmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Blajchman MA, Ali AM, Richardson HL (1994) Bacterial contamination of cellular blood components. Vox Sang 67:25–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Goldman M, Blajchman MA (1996) Bacterial Contamination. In: Popovsky MA (ed) Transfusion Reactions. AABB Press, Bethesda, MD, pp 125–165.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Klein HG, Dodd RY, Ness PM, Fratantoni JA, Nemo GJ (1997) Current status of microbial contamination of blood components: summary of a conference. Transfusion 37: 95–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Alvarez FE, Rogge K, Tarrand J, Lichtinger B (1995) Bacterial contamination of cellular blood components. A retrospective review at a large cancer center. Ann Clin Lab Sci 25: 283–290.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Blajchman MA (1995) Bacterial contamination of blood products and the value of pre-transfusion testing. Immunol Invest 24: 163–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Illert WE, Sänger W, Weise W (1995) Bacterial contamination of single-donor blood components. Transfus Med 5:57–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Leiby DA, Kerr KL, Campos JM, Dodd RY (1997) A retrospective analysis of microbial contaminants in outdated random-donor platelets from multiple sites. Transfusion 37:259–263.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Soeterboek AM, Welle FH, Marcelis JH, Jansz A, van der Loop CMF (1995) Prevalence of bacterial contamination in whole blood after donation. Vox Sang 69:149.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Soeterboek AM, Welle FH, Marcelis JH, van der Loop CM (1997) Sterility testing of blood products in 1994/1995 by three cooperating blood banks in The Netherlands. Vox Sang 72:61–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Blajchman MA (1998) Bacterial contamination and proliferation during the storage of cellular blood products. Vox Sang 74: 155–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Walther-Wenke G, Dörner R, Baumann B, Brandstädter W, Exner M, Heinz HP, Lange H, Montag T, Trobisch H, Werner E (1998) Methoden und Ergebnisse der Sterilitätstestung von Blutkomponenten in Deutschland in 1995 und 1996. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 25:1.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bösenberg A, Bösenberg E, Sibrowski N (1994) Problematik der bakteriellen Infektion im Rahmen der Hämotherapie. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 21:51–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Högman CF, Engstand L (1998) Serious bacterial complications from blood components — how do they occur? Transfus Med 8(1): 1–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Höher PG (1996) Mikrobielle Sicherheit von Blutprodukten. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 23:42–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Krishnan LA, Brecher ME (1995) Transfusiontransmitted bacterial infection. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 9:167–185.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wagner SJ, Friedman U, Dodd RY (1994) Transfusion-assiociated bacterial sepsis. Clin Microbiol Rev 7:290–302.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Gottlieb T (1993) Hazards of bacterial contamination of blood products. Anaesth Intens Care 21:20–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Transfusionsgesetz (TFG). In: BGBI. 1,1998: S. 1752.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Noel L, Debeir J, Cosson A (1998) The f rench haemovigilance system. Vox Sang 74: 441–445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Noël L (1996) Transfusion related bacterial sepsis as seen by the French hemovigilance. First European symposium on the non-sterility of blood and blood-components in bloodbanks, Luxemburg, 5.9.96.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Barrett BB, Andersen JW, Anderson KC (1993) Strategies for the avoidance of bacterial contamination of blood components. Transfusion 33:228–234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Chiu EKW, Yuen KY, Lie AKW, Liang R, Lau YL, Lee ACW, Kwong YL, Wong S, Ng MH, Chan TK (1994) A prospective study of symptomatic bacteremia following platelet transfusion and of its management. Transfusion 34: 950–954.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesärztekammer und Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (1996). Richtlinien zur Blutgruppenbestimmung und Bluttransfusion (Hämotherapie). Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Goldman M, Blajchman MA (1991) Blood product-associated bacterial sepsis. Transfus Med Rev 5:77–83.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Zaza S, Tokars JI, Yomtovian R, Hirschler NV, Jacobs MR, Lazarus HM, Goodnough LT, Bland LA, Arduino MJ, Jarvis WR (1994) Bacterial contamination of platelets at a university hospital: increased identification due to intensified surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 15:82–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Morduchowicz G, Pitlik SD, Huminer D, Alkan M, Drucker M, Rosenfeld JB, Block CS (1991) Transfusion reactions due to bacterial contamination of blood and blood products. Rev Infect Dis 13:307–314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Peters G, Pulverer G (1994) Micrococcaceae. In: Brandis H, Köhler W, Eggers HJ, Pulverer G (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Medizinischen Mikrobiologie, 7. Auflage. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart Jena New York, S 350–360.

    Google Scholar 

  31. James JD, Stokes EJ (1957) Effect of temperature on survival of bacteria in blood for transfusion. Brit Med J 2:1389–1395.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Braine HG, Kickler TS, Charache P, Ness PM, Davis J, Reichart C, Fuller AK (1986) Bacterial sepsis secondary to platelet transfusion: an adverse effect of extended storage at room temperature. Transfusion 26:391–393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Cid J, Lozano M, Nomdedeu B, Mazzara R, Vila J, Rives S, Ordinas A (1997) Staphylococcal sepsis associated with platelet transfusion: report of a new case and review of the literature. Sangre (Barc) 42:407–409.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Halpin TJ, Kilker S, Epstein J (1992) Bacterial contamination of platelet pools. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 41:36–37.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Muder RR, Yee YC, Rihs JD, Bunker M (1992) Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia from transfusion of contaminated platelets: application of bacterial DNA analysis. Transfusion 32:771–774.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Buchholz DH, Young GM, Friedman NR, Reilly JA, Mardiney MR Jr (1973) Detection and quantitation of bacteria in platelet products stored at ambient temperature. Transfusion 13:268–275.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Anderson KC, Lew MA, Gorgone BC, Martel J, Leamy CB, Sullivan B (1986) Transfusion-related sepsis after prolonged platelet storage. Am J Med 81:405–411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Morrow JF, Braine HG, Kickler TS, Ness PM, Dick JD, Fuller AK (1991) Septic reactions to platelet transfusions. A persistant problem. JAMA 266: 555–558.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Centers for Disease Control (1991) Bacterial contamination of platelet pools-Ohio. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 41:36–37.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Griffiths MW (1990) Toxin production by psychrotrophic bacillus spp. present in milk. Journal of Food Protection 53:790–792.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. McDonald CP, Hartley S, Orchard K, Hughes G, Brett MM, Hewitt PE, Barbara JA (1998) Fatal Clostridium perfringens sepsis from a pooled platelet transfusion. Transfus Med 8: 19–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Yates D, McCarthy, Dowdeswell IR, Danielson CFM (1998) Clostridium perfringens sepsis presenting as an acute transfusion reaction. Transfusion 38:146.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Arduino MJ, Bland LA, Tipple MA, Aguero, SM, Favero MS, Jarvis WR (1989) Growth and Endotoxin Production of Yersinia enterocolitica and Enterobacter agglomerans in Packed Erythrocytes. J Clin Microbiol 27: 1483–1485.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. FDA Interims Guidance (1991) Guideline on validation of the Limulus Amebocyte test as an in-product endotoxin test for human and animal parenteral drugs, biological products, and medical devices

    Google Scholar 

  45. Eckstein R (1990) Immunhämatologie und Transfusionsmedizin. Gustav-Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Rüden H, Gundermann KO (1982) Kasuistischer Beitrag zur Kontamination von Blutkonserven mit Klebsieila oxytoca und Serratia liquefaciens. Zbl Bakt Hyg I Abt Orig B 176:444–452.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Brecher ME, Boothe G, Kerr A (1993) The use of a chemiluminescence-linked universal bacterial ribosomal RNA gene probe and blood gas analysis for the rapid detection of bacterial contamination in white cellreduced and nonreduced platelets. Transfusion 33:450–457.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Badon SJ, Pfister RD, Cable RG (1989) Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in blood products. Transfusion 29:581–583.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Halkier-Sörensen L, Kragballe K, Nedergaard ST (1990) Lack of transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi by blood transfusion. Lancet i: 550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Leitlinie zur Therapie mit Blutkomponenten und Plasmaderivaten (1950). Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, Köln.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Puckett A (1986) Bacterial contamination of blood for transfusion: a study of the growth characteristics of four implicated organisms. Med Lab Sci 43:252–257.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Farmer JJ, Davis BR, Hickman FW (1976) Detection of Serratia outbreaks in hospital. Lancet ii: 455–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Boulton FE, Chapman ST, Walsh TH (1998) Fatal reaction to transfusion of red-cell concentrate contamined with Serratia liquefaciens. Transfus Med 8:15–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Davda RK, Collins KA, Kitchens CS (1994) Case report: fatal Staphylococcus aureus sepsis from single-donor platelet transfusion. Am J Med Sci 307:340–341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Blajchman MA (1994) Transfusion-associated bacterial sepsis: the phoenix rises yet again. Transfusion 34:940–942.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Beresford AM (1995) Transfusion reaction due to Yersinia enterocolitica and review of other reported cases. Pathology 27: 133–135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Centers of Disease Control (1991) Update: Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia and endotoxin shock associated with red blood cell transfusions-United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 40:176–178.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Högman CF, Engstrand L (1996) Factors affecting growth of Yersinia enterocolitica in cellular blood products. Transfus Med Rev 10:259–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Neumeister B, Koerner K, Schwalbe B, Kubanek B (1997) Fatal Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia after transfusion of red cells — case report and review of the literature. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 24:14–19.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Department of Health and Human Services and Food and Drug Administration (1986) Septic reactions after platelet transfusions. In: Blood Products, 16th Meeting, Vol 1, Baker, Hames and Burkes Reporting, Washington DC, pp 151-241.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Cortus MA, Chong C, Garcez R, Carmen R (1998) Bacterial growth in single vs. pooled platelet rich plasma derived platelet concentrates (PRP-PC). Transfusion 38:S50.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Heal JM, Signal S, Sardisco E., Mayer T (1986) Bacterial proliferation in platelets concentrates. Transfusion 26:388–390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Punsalang A, Heal JM, Murphy PJ (1989) Growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in platelet concentrates. Transfusion 29:596–599.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mollison PL (1983) Blood transfusion in clinical medicine. F Edition Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Bottone EJ (1997) Yersinia enterocolitica: the charisma continues. Clin Microbiol Rev 10:257–276.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gibb AR Martin KM, Davidson GA, Walker B, Murphy WG (1994) Modeling the growth of Yersinia enterocolitica in donated blood. Transfusion 34:304–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Tipple MA, Bland LA, Murphy JJ, Arduino MJ, Panlilio AL, Farmer JJ, III MAJourault MA, Macpherson CR, Menitove JE, Grindon AJ, Johnson PS, Strauss RG, Bufill JA, Ritch PS, Archer JR, Tablan OC, Jarvis WR (1990) Sepsis associated with transfusion of red cells contamined with Yersinia enterocolitica. Transfusion 30: 207–213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Montag T, Baumann B, Dörner R, Exner M, Heinz HP, Lange H, Trobisch H, Walther-Wenke G, Werner E (1997) Mitteilungen des Arbeitskreises Blut des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit: Mindestanforderungen zur Sterilitätstestung (Test auf Kontamination durch Bakterien und Pilze) von Blutkomponenten (Zellkonzentrate, Gefrorenes Frischplasma, quarantänegelagert, und Methylenblau/Licht-behandeltes Frischplasma). Bundesgesundhbl. 8:307–309 sowie Hygiene und Mikrobiologie 3:60-61.

    Google Scholar 

  69. AuBuchon JP, Kruskall MS (1997) Transfusion safety: realigning efforts with risks. Transfusion 37:1211–1216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Wagner S, Robinette D (1998) Evaluation of an automated microbiologic blood culture device for detection of bacteria in platelet components. Transfusion 38:674–679.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. D’Antonio D, Iacone A, Betti S, Violante B, Parruti G, Piergallini A, Di Gianfilippo, Catinella V, Striani R Dell’lsola M, Colaci G, Torlontano G (1993) Rapid diagnosis of bacterial contamination of blood: comparison of three automated microbial detection systems. Int J Artif Organs 16:229–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Gong J, Högman CF, Lundholm M, Gustafsson I (1994) Novel automated microbial screening of platelet concentrates. APMIS 102: 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Högman CF, Gong J (1994) Studies of one invasive and two noninvasive methods for detection of bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates. Vox Sang 67:351–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kim DM, Brecher ME, Bland LA, Estres TJ, Carmen RA, Nelson EJ (1992) Visual identification of bacterially contamined red cells. Transfusion 32:221–225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Perry EH, Averbeck D, Hanson MR, Polesky HF (1998) Transfusion complication avoided by visual inspection of red blood cells. Transfusion 38:51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Pickard C, Herschel L, Seery R AuBuchon JP (1998) Visual identification of bacterially contaminated red blood cells. Transfusion 38:12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Vengelen-Tyler V (ed) Technical Manual 12th Edition. American Association of Blood Banks, Bethesda MD.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Asai T, Hashimoto S, Ito M, Kubo S, Kanno H, Takase T, Ohya H, Imadome A, Funabashi S (1998) Endotoxin measurement in stored blood for screening of gram negative bacilli. Transfusion 38:17.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Härtung T, Wendel A (1995) Die Erfassung von Pyrogenen in einem humanen Vollblutmodell. ALTEX 12:70–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Brecher ME, Wong ECC, Chen SE, Vampola C, Rocco RM (1998) Vancomycin linked probes and microvolume fluorimetry for the rapid detection of gram positive bacterial contamination in platelet products. Transfusion 38:106.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Brecher ME, Hogan JJ, Boothe G, Kerr L, McClannan L, Jacobs MR, Yomotovian R, Chongokolwatana V, Tegtmeier G, Henderson S, Pineda A, Hailing V, Kemper M, Kuramato K, Holland PV, Longiaru M (1994) Platelet bacterial contamination and the use of a chemiluminescence-linked universal bacterial RNA gene probe. Transfusion 34:750–755.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Burstain JM, Brecher ME, Workman K, Foster M, Faber GH, Mair D (1997) Rapid identification of bacterially contamined platelets using reagent strips: glucose and pH analysis as markers of bacterial metabolism. Transfusion 37:255–258.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Feng R Keasler SP, Hill WE (1992) Direct identification of Yersinia enterocolitica in blood by Polymerase chain reaction amplification. Transfusion 32:850–854.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Wagner SJ, Robinette D (1996) Evaluation of swirling, pH, and glucose test for the detection of bacterial contamination in platelet concentrates. Transfusion 36: 989–993.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Arpi M, Bremmelgrad A, Abel Y, Olsson K, Hansen L (1993) A novel screening method for the detection of microbial contamination of platelet concentrates. An experimental pilot study. Vox Sang 65:335–336.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Wenz B, Burns ER, Freundlich LF (1993) Prevention of growth of Yersinia enterocolitica in blood by polyester fiber filtration. Transfusion 32:663–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Goldman M, Delage G (1995) The role of leukodepletion in the control of transfusion-transmitted disease. Transf Med Rev 9:9–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Dzik W (1995) Use of leukodepletion filters for the removal of bacteria. Immunol Invest 24:95–115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Lin L, Alfonso R, Behrman B, Corten L, Damonte PB, Dikeman R, Dupuis K, Hei D. Lin CY, Londe HF, Metchette K, Phan T, Reames AA, Rheinschmidt M, Savoor A, Tessman J, Corash L (1998) Photochemical treatment of platelet concentrates with a novel psoralen and UVA to enhance the safety of platelet transfusions. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 25:39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Huston BM, Brecher ME, Bandarenko N (1998) Lack of effiacay for conventional gamma irradiation of platelet concentrates to abrogate bacterial growth. Am J Clin Pathol 109:743–747.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Wong ECC, Brecher ME, Huston B, Kaplan A, Lehman K, Mitchell K, Bandarenko N (1998) Efficacy of high dose gamma irradiation on bacterial growth in apheresis platelets. Transfusion 38:75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Wong ECC, Brecher ME, Madden V, Bandarenko N (1998) Ultrastrucural changes of platelets iradiated at 30,000 cGy. Transfusion 38: 76.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Sarkodee-Adoo CB, Kendall JM, Sridhara R, Lee EJ, Schiffer CA (1998) The relationship between the duration of platelet storage and the development of transfusion reactions. Transfusion 38:229–235.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, D-63225, Langen, Deutschland

    Dr. Thomas Montag, H. Lange, U. Schmidt & J. Strobel

  2. Hygiene-Institut der Universität Bonn, Deutschland

    M. Exner

Authors
  1. Dr. Thomas Montag
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. Lange
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. U. Schmidt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. Strobel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. Exner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Montag, T., Lange, H., Schmidt, U., Strobel, J., Exner, M. (1999). Bakterielle Kontamination von Blutkomponenten. In: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-38283-7_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-38283-7_25

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-37515-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-38283-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation