Skip to main content

Determination of the Number of Active Centers in Ziegler-Natta Polymerizations of Olefins

  • Conference paper
Catalytical and Radical Polymerization

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 81))

Abstract

The methods developed for the determination of the number of active centers are classified into three main categories, based on: (i) labelling of the macromolecules, (ii) consumption data of an effective catalyst poison, and (iii) other principles. The methods are characterized and their advantages, shortcomings and pitfalls are specified. Examples of procedures used to obtain the number of active centers employing various methods are presented. The importance of the data obtained for understanding Ziegler-Natta polymerizations of olefins is outlined.

Presented in part at the 7th Intern. Symp. On Cationic Polym. And Related Processes, Jena, GDR, Aug. 12–15, 1985.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Natta, G.: J. Polym. Sci. 34, 21 (1959)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Natta, G., Pasquon, I.: Adv. Catal. 11, 1 (1959)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ermakov, Yu. I., Zakharov, V. A., in: Coord. Polym., Chien, J. C. W. (ed.) p. 91, New York, Academic Press 1975

    Google Scholar 

  4. Boor, J., Jr.: Macromol. Rev. 2, 115 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Schnecko, H., Kern, W.: Chem.-Ztg. 94, 229 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ermakov, Yu. I., Zakharov, V. A.: Usp. Khim. 41, 401 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ermakov, Yu. I.: Catal. Rev. — Sci. Eng. 13, 77 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cooper, W., in: Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, Vol. 15, Bamford, H. C., Tipper, C. F. H. (eds.) p. 133, Amsterdam, Elsevier 1976

    Google Scholar 

  9. Tait, P. J. T.: Develop. Polym. 2, 81 (1979)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tait, P. J. T., in: Preparation and Properties of Stereoregular Polymers, Lenz, R. W., Ciardelli, F. (eds.) p. 85, Boston, Reidel Publ. Co. 1979

    Google Scholar 

  11. Zakharov, V. A., Bukatov, G. D., Ermakov, Yu. I.: Usp. Khim. 49, 2213 (1980)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Tait, P. J. T., in: Transition Metal Catalyzed Polymerizations, Part A, p. 115, London, Harwood Publ. 1983

    Google Scholar 

  13. Zakharov, V. A., Bukalov, G. D., Ermakov, Yu. I.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 51, 61 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zakharov, V. A., Bukatov, G. D., Ermakov, Yu. I.: Polym. Sci. and Technol. 9, 267 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Keii, T.: Kinetics of Ziegler-Natta Polymerization, Tokyo, Kodansha, London, Chapman and Hall 1972

    Google Scholar 

  16. Boor, J., Jr.: Ziegler-Natta Catalysts and Polymerizations, New York, Academic Press 1979

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ermakov, Yu. I., in: Int. Union Pure Applied Chem., Structural Order in Polymers, Ciardelli, F., Giusti, P. (eds.) p. 37, Oxford and New York, Pergamon Press 1981

    Google Scholar 

  18. Böhm, L. L.: Polymer 19, 545 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Burfield, D. R.: Polymer 25, 1645 (1984)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Giannini, U.: Makromol. Chem., Suppl. 5, 216 (1981)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Reichert, K.-H.: paper presented at the MMI Symp., Midland 1981

    Google Scholar 

  22. Burfield, D. R., Tait, P. J. T.: Polymer 13, 315 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Keii, T. et al.: Makromol. Chem. 185, 1537 (1984)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Coover, H. W. et al.: J. Polym. Sci., Part C 4, 1511 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Lesnâ, M., Mejzlik, J.: to be published

    Google Scholar 

  26. Schindler, A.: J. Polym. Sci., Part C 4, 81 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Chirkov, N. M., in: Kinetics and Mechanism of Polyreactions, Tüdös, F. (ed.) p. 297, Budapest, Akadémiai kiadó 1971

    Google Scholar 

  28. Chien, J. C. W.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 17, 2555 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ketley, A. D., Moyer, J. D.: J. Polym. Sci., Part A 1, 2467 (1963)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Atarashi, Y.: J. Polym. Sci., Part A-1 8, 3359 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ayrey, G., Mazza, R. J.: Makromol. Chem. 176, 3353 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Burfield, D. R.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 16, 3301 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Burfield, D. R.: Makromol. Chem. 183, 2709 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Boucher, D. G., Parsons, I. W., Haward, R. N.: Makromol. Chem. 175, 3461 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ivanov, L. I., Ermakov, Yu. I., Gel’bshtein, A. I.: Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A 9, 2422 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Nedorezova, P. M., Tsvetkova, V. I., Chirkov, N. M.: Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A 16, 762 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Meyer, H., Reichert, K. H.: Angew. Makromol. Chem. 57, 211 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Nowakowska, M. et al.: Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A 20, 2243 (1978)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Doi, Y., Ueki, S., Keii, T.: Makromol. Chem. 180, 1359 (1979)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Doi, Y., Ueki, S., Keii, T.: Macromolecules 12, 814 (1979)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Doi, Y. et al.: Polymer 23, 258 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Doi, Y., Ueki, S., in: Coordination Polymerization, Price, C. C., Vandenberg, E. J. (eds.) p. 249, Plenum Publ. Corp. 1983

    Google Scholar 

  43. Baulin, A. A., Chirkov, N. M., in: Kompl. Metallorg. Katal. Polym. Olef. 8, p. 26, Chernogolovka, IKhF AN SSSR 1980

    Google Scholar 

  44. Pomogailo, A. D. et al.: Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A 22, 248 (1980)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Boucher, D. G., Parsons, I. W.: Polymer 22, 255 (1981)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Evens, G. G., Pijpers, E. M. J.: paper presented at the MMI Symp., Midland 1981

    Google Scholar 

  47. Kashiwa, N., Yoshitake, J.: Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 3, 211 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kashiwa, N., Yoshitake, J.: Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 4, 41 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kashiwa, N., Yoshitake, J.: Polym. Bull. 11, 479 (1984)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kashiwa, N., Yoshitake, J.: Polym. Bull. 11, 485 (1984)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kashiwa, N., Yoshitake, J.: Polym. Bull. 12, 99 (1984)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Böhm, L. L.: J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 29, 279 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Schröder, S. et al.: Z. Chem. 25, 306 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Franz, H., Meyer, H., Reichert, K.-H.: Polymer 22, 226 (1981)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Zakharov, V. A., Bukatov, G. D., Ermakov, Yu. I.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 51, 61 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Feldman, C. F., Perry, E.: J. Polym. Sci. 46, 217 (1960)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Zakharov, V. A., Demin, E. A., Ermakov, Yu. I.: React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1, 261 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Dudchenko, V. K. et al.: Kinet. Katal. 19, 354 (1978)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ivanchev, S. S., Baulin, A. A., Rodionov, A. G.: paper presented at the IUPAC Symp. Macr. Chem., Tashkent 1978

    Google Scholar 

  60. Baulin, A. A. et al.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 247, 1170 (1979)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Baulin, A. A., Budanova, M. A., Ivanchev, S. S.: Kinet. Katal. 23, 638 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Giesemann, J., Brandt, A., Ulbricht, J.: Acta Polym. 34, 623 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Abu-Eid, M., Davies, S., Tait, P. J. T.: Polym. Prepr., Amer. Chem. Soc. 24, 114 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Chien, J. C. W., Kuo, C. I.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 23, 731 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  65. Schnecko, H., Kern, W., in: Kinetics and Mechanism of Polyreactions, Tüdös, F. (ed.) p. 365, Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó 1971

    Google Scholar 

  66. Mejzlík, J.: Makromol. Chem., Suppl. (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Bier, G. et al.: Makromol. Chem. 58, 1 (1962)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Burfield, D. R., Savariar, C. M.: Macromolecules 12, 243 (1979)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Zambelli, A., Sacchi, C.: Makromol. Chem. 175, 2213 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Mejzlík, J., Lesnâ, M., Majer, J.: Makromol. Chem. 184, 1975 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Waters, J. A., Mortimer, G. A.: J. Polym. Sci., Part A-1 10, 895 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kucera, M. et al.: Chem. Prim. 34, 595 (1984)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Zakharov, V. A. et al.: Kinet. Katal. 16, 417 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Lesnâ, M., Mejzlík, J.: unpublished results

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ziegler, K. et al.: Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 629, 251 (1960)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kohn, E. et al.: J. Polym. Sci. 58, 681 (1962)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Zakharov, V. A., Bukatov, G. D., Ermakov, Yu. I.: Kinet. Katal. 12, 263 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ermakov, Yu. I., Zakharov, V. A., Bukatov, G. D., in: Proc. 5th Int. Congr. Catal., Vol. 1, Hightower, J. W. (ed.) p. 399, Amsterdam—New York, North Holland/American Elsevier 1973

    Google Scholar 

  79. Tsvetkova, V. I. et al.: Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A 25, 606 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Doi, Y., Murata, M., Soga, K.: Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 5, 811 (1984)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Fuji, S., in: Coord. Polym., Chien, J. C. W. (ed.) p. 135, New York, Academic Press 1975

    Google Scholar 

  82. Chien, J. C. W., Hsieh, J. T. T.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 14, 1915 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  83. Caunt, A. D.: Br. Polym. J. 13, 22 (1981)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Tritto, I., Sacchi, M. C., Locatelli, P.: Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 4, 623 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Mejzlík, J., Lesnâ, M.: Makromol. Chem. 178, 261 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  86. Lesnâ, M., Mejzlik, J.: React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 9, 99 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  87. Lesnâ, M., Mejzlík, J.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 45, 1346 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  88. Bukatov, G. D., Zakharov, V. A., Ermakov, Yu. I.: Makromol. Chem. 179, 2097 (1978)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Grigoryan, E. A., Gyulumyan, Kh. R., Menchikova, G. N.: Acta Polym. 35, 33 (1984)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Chien, J. C. W., Kuo, C. I.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 23, 761 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  91. Grigoryan, E. A. et al.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 250, 649 (1980)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Grigoryan, E. A., Gyulumyan, Kh. R., in: Kompl. Metallorg. Katal. Polym. Olef. 8, p. 74, Chernogolovka, IKhF AN SSSR 1980

    Google Scholar 

  93. Grigoryan, E. A., Gyulumyan, Kh. R.: Kinet. Katal. 22, 164 (1981)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Warzelhan, V., Burger, T. F., Stein, D. J.: Makromol. Chem. 183, 489 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Zakharov, V. A. et al.: React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1, 247 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Zakharov, V. A. et al.: Makromol. Chem. 177, 763 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Bukatov, G. D. et al.: Makromol. Chem. 183, 2657 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Zakharov, V. A. et al.: Makromol. Chem. 175, 3035 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Vozka, P., Mejzlik, J.: to be published

    Google Scholar 

  100. Zakharov, V. A. et al.: Makromol. Chem. 178, 967 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Bukatov, G. D. et al.: Makromol. Chem. 178, 953 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Doi, Y., Murata, M., Yano, K.: Ind. Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Dev. 21, 580 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Petts, R. W., Waugh, K. C.: Polymer 23, 897 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Caunt, A. D., Tait, P. J. T., Davies, S., in: Transition Metal Catalyzed Polymerizations, Part A, p. 149, London, Harwood Publ. 1983

    Google Scholar 

  105. Burfield, D. R.: Makromol. Chem. 184, 1469 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Kratochvila, J., Mejzlik, J.: to be published

    Google Scholar 

  107. Rishina, L. A., Vizen, E. I.: Eur. Polym. J. 16, 965 (1980)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Bunin, V. A. et al., in: Kompl. Metallorg. Katal. Polym. Olef. 8, p. 85, Chernogolovka, IKhF AN SSSR 1980

    Google Scholar 

  109. Guttman, J. Y., Giullet, J. E.: Macromolecules 1, 461 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Mezhikovskii, S. M., Kissin, Yu. V., Chirkov, N. M.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 1151 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  111. Kissin, Yu. V., Mezhikovskii, S. M., Chirkov, N. M.: Eur. Polym. J. 6, 267 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Burfield, D. R., Tait, P. J. T.: Polymer 13, 321 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Bier, G.: Polym. Bull. 7, 177 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Bier, G.: Polym. Bull. 11, 91 (1984)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Bukatov, G. D., Zakharov, V. A., Ermakov, Yu. I.: Polym. Bull. 11, 89 (1984)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Gardner, K., Parsons, I. W., Haward, R. N.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 16, 1683 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  117. Baulin, A. A. et al.: Eur. Polym. J. 16, 937 (1980)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Youngman, E. A., Boor, J., Jr.: J. Polym. Sci., Part B 4, 913 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Baulin, A. A. et al.: Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. A 17, 46 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Chumaevskii, N. B. et al.: Makromol. Chem. 177, 747 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Schnecko, H., Jung, K. A., Kern, W.: in Coord. Polym. (ed.) Chien, J. C. W., p. 73, New York, Academic Press 1975

    Google Scholar 

  122. Tanaka, S., Morikawa, H.: J. Polym. Sci., Part A 3, 3147 (1965)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Doi, Y., Morinaga, A., Keii, T.: Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 1, 193 (1980)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Burfield, D. R., McKenzie, I. D., Tait, P. J. T.: Polymer 13, 302 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Tait, P. J. T., in: Coord. Polym., Chien, J. C. W. (ed.) p. 73, New York, Academic Press 1975

    Google Scholar 

  126. Caunt, A. D.: J. Polym. Sci., Part C 4, 49 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  127. Zakharov, V. A. et al.: React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 2, 329 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Heggs, T. G., in: Block Copolymers, Allport, D. C., Janes, W. H. (eds.) p. 105, London, Applied Sci. Publ. 1973

    Google Scholar 

  129. Bukatov, G. D., Goncharov, V. S., Zakharov, V. A.: Makromol. Chem. 187, 1041 (1986)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Mejzlík, J., Lesná, M., Kratochvíla, J. (1986). Determination of the Number of Active Centers in Ziegler-Natta Polymerizations of Olefins. In: Catalytical and Radical Polymerization. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 81. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-15187-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-15187-7_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-15189-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-15187-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics