Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the armamentarium of antibacterial agents, advanced diagnostic technologies and sophisticated, sometimes aggressive treatments used in intensive care facilities. In developing countries community-acquired pneumonia causes ten times as many deaths as all infectious diseases together [1]. Pneumonia is the second most frequent cause of hospital-acquired infection in the United States [2].
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
British Thoracic Society Research Committee (1987) Community-acquired pneumonia in adults in British hospitals in 1982–1983: A survey of aetiology, mortality, prognostic factors and outcome. Q J Med 62: 195–220
Horan T, Culver D, Jarvis W (1988) Pathogens causing nosocomial infections. Antimicrob Newsletter 5: 65–67
Davies J (1994) Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes. Science 264: 375–382
Weiss SJ (1989) Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med 320: 365–375
Tsai WC, Strieter RM, Zisman DA, et al (1997) Nitric Oxide is required for effective innate immunity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Immun 65: 1870–1875
Hopken UE, Lu B, Gerard NP, Gerard C (1996) The C5a chemoattractant receptor mediates mucosal defense to infection. Nature 383: 86–89
Winkelstein JA (1981) The role of complement in the host’s defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Rev Infect Dis 3: 289–297
Pajkrt D, van der Poll T, van Deventer SJH (1997) Inflammatory responses during human endotoxemia. In: Vincent JL (ed) 1997 Yearbook of intensive care and emergency medicine. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 14–30
Van der Poll T, Lowry SF (1995) Tumor necrosis factor in sepsis: Mediator of multiple organ failure or essential part of host defense? Shock 3: 1–12
Dinarello CA (1996) Biological basis for interleukin 1 in disease. Blood 87: 2095–2147
Suffredini AF, Reda D, Banks SM, Tropea M, Agosti JM, Miller R (1995) Effects of recombinant dimeric TNF receptor on human inflammatory responses following intravenous endotoxin administration. J Immunol 155: 5038–5045
Van der Poll T, Levi M, Hack CE, et al (1994) Elimination of interleukin 6 attenuates coagulation activation in experimental endotoxemia in chimpanzees. J Exp Med 179: 1253–1259
Moore KW, O’Garra A, de Waal Malefyt R, Vierra P, Mosmann TR (1993) Interleukin-10. Annu Rev Immunol 11: 165–190
Kragsbjerg P, Vekerfors T, Holmberg H (1993) Serum levels of interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma and C-reactive protein in adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Serodiagn Immunoth Infect Disease 5: 156–160
Kragsbjerg P, Jones I, Vikerfors T, Holmberg H (1995) Diagnostic value of blood cytokine concentrations in acute pneumonia. Thorax 50: 1253–1257
Puren AJ, Feldman C, Savage N, Becker P), Smith C (1995) Patterns of cytokine expression in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 107: 1342–1349
Moussa K, Michie HJ, Cree IA, et al (1994) Phagocyte function and cytokine production in community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax 49: 107–111
Silva-Mejias C, Gamboa-Antinolo F, Lopez-Cortez LF, Cruz-Ruiz M, Pachon J (1995) Interleukin 1 beta in pleural fluids of different etiologies. Its role as inflammatory mediator in empyema. Chest 108: 942–945
Broaddus VC, Hebert CA, Vitangcol RV, Hoeffel JM, Bernstein MS, Bylan AM (1992) Interleukin-8 is a major neutrophil chemotactic factor in pleural liquid of patients with empyema. Am Rev Respir Dis 146: 825–830
Dehoux MS, Boutten A, Ostinelli J, et al (1994) Compartmentalized cytokine production within human lung in unilateral pneumonia. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 150: 710–716
Boutten A, Dehoux MS, Seta N, et al (1996) Compartmentalized IL-8 and elastase release within the human lung in unilateral pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153: 336–342
Schutte H, Lohmeyer J, Rosseau S, et al (1996) Bronchoalveolar and systemic cytokine profiles in patients with ARDS, severe pneumonia and cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Eur Respir J 9: 1858–1867
Munoz C, Carlet J, Fitting C, Misset B, Bleriot JP, Cavaillon JM (1991) Dysregulation of in vitro cytokine production by monocytes during sepsis. 88: 1747–1754
Huang ZB, Eden E (1993) Effect of corticosteroids on IL-lß and TNF alpha release by alveolar macrophages from patients with AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 104: 751–755
Takashima K, Tateda K, Matsumoto T, Iizawa Y, Nakao M, Yamaguchi K (1997) Role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. Infect Immun 65: 257–260
Van der Poll T, Keogh CV, Buurman WA, Lowry SF (1997) Passive immunization against tumor necrosis factor alpha impairs host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 155: 603–608
Laichalk LL, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM, Danforth JM, Bailie MB, Standiford TJ (1996) Tumor necrosis factor mediates lung antibacterial host defense in murine Klebsiella pneumonia. Infect Immun 64: 5211–5218
Brieland JK, Remick DG, Freeman PJ, Hurley MC, Fontane JC, Engleberg NC (1995) In vivo regulation of replicative Legionella pneumophila lung infection by endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide. Infect Immun 63: 3253–3258
Chen W, Havell EA, Harmsen AG (1992) Importance of endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma in host resistence against Pneumocystis carinii infection. Infect Immun 60: 1279–1284
Amura C, Fontan PA, Sanjuan N, Sordelli DO (1994) The effect of treatment with interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor on Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in a granulocytopenic mouse model. Clin Immunol Immunopath 2: 261–266
Greenberger MJ, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, et al (1996) Neutralization of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 attenuates neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance in murine Klebsiella pneumonia. J Infect Dis 173: 159–165
Van der Poll T, Keogh CV, Guirao X, Buurman WA, Kopf M, Lowry SF (1997) Interleukin-6 gene deficient mice show impaired defense against Streptococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis 176: 439–444
Rubins JB, Pomeroy C (1997) Role of gamma interferon in the pathogenesis of bacteremic pneu-mococcal pneumonia. Infect Immun 65: 2975–2977
Greenberger MJ, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM, et al (1996) IL-12 gene therapy protects mice in lethal Klebsiella pneumonia. J Immunol 157: 3006–3012
Greenberger MJ, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Danforth JM, Goodman RE, Standiford TJ (1995) Neu-tralizing of IL-10 increases survival in a murine model of Klebsiella pneumonia. J Immunol 155: 722–729
Van der Poll T, Marchant A, Keogh CV, Goldman M, Lowry SF (1996) Interleukin-10 impairs host defense in murine pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis 174: 994–1000
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Schultz, M.J., van Deventer, S.J.H., van der Poll, T. (1998). The Role of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Pneumonia. In: Vincent, JL. (eds) Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 1998. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, vol 1998. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72038-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72038-3_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-63798-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-72038-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive