Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Oceanographic and Biological Aspects of the Red Sea pp 387–400Cite as

Current Knowledge of Coral Diseases Present Within the Red Sea

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Springer Oceanography ((SPRINGEROCEAN))

Abstract

Disease is defined as a disorder of structure or function in an organism, which produces specific signs or symptoms and is not simply a direct result of physical injury. In scleractinian corals, as in all other organisms, diseased individuals show morphologically distinct lesions, which manifest themselves in alterations of colour, shape, size, or texture. Coral diseases are routinely described by macroscopic signs, with notes on the extent of tissue loss, tissue colour, and exposure of coral skeleton aiding in the nomenclature and diagnosis. However, despite their reported significance in reefs around the world, the aetiologies of the majority of diseases are still unknown and coral epidemiology remains poorly understood. The majority of published literature suggests numerous microorganisms are capable of causing coral disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. That said, the initial trigger for disease is often recorded as being abiotic factors such as temperature, UV exposure, pollution (such as heavy metals, and agricultural chemicals) or predation scars, for example. Coral diseases have been shown to be prevalent on both well-managed (for example marine protected areas) and unmanaged reefs alike. Despite the serious negative implications associated with coral disease, not all geographic areas are as well documented as others. For example, diseases affecting corals throughout the Red Sea are one of the least well explored and documented. Here we sum up the current knowledge of the diseases described on the reefs in this area and give a brief background into what is currently known about the cause of such diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aeby GS (1991) Behavioural and ecological relationship of a parasite and its hosts within a coral reef system. Pac Sci 45:262–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Aeby GS, Ross M, Williams GJ, Lewis TD, Work TM (2010) Disease dynamics of Monitpora white syndrome within Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii: distribution, seasonality, virulence, and transmissibility. Dis Aquat Org 91:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aeby GS, Williams GJ, Franklin EC, Haapkyla J, Harvell CD, Neale S, Page CA, Raymundo L, Vargas-Ángel B, Willis BL, Work TM, Davy SK (2011) Growth anomalies on the coral genera Acropora and Porites are strongly associated with host density and human population size across the Indo-Pacific. PLoS ONE 6:e16887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth TD, Kramasky-Winter E, Loya Y, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Fine M (2007) Coral disease diagnostics: what’s between a plague and a band? Appl Envir Microbiol 73(3):981–992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali AAM, Hamed MA, Abd El-Azim H (2011) Heavy metals distribution in the coral reef ecosystems of the northern Red Sea. Helgoland Marine Res 65:67–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alkershi A, Menon N (2011) Phytoplankton in polluted waters of the Red Sea coast of Yemen. J Mar Biol Ass India 53:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Moghrabi SM (2001) Unusual black band disease (BBD) outbreak in the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba (Jordan). Coral Reefs 19:330–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Najjar T, Rasheed M, Ababneh Z, Ababneh A, Al-Omarey H (2011) Heavy metals pollution in sediment cores from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Nat Sci 3:775–782

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony SL (2004) Coral disease in a large-scale reef mesocosm. In: Proceedings of 10th Coral Reef Symp, Japan, p 379

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonius A (1973) New observations on coral destruction in reefs. Abs Assoc Isl Mar Lab Caribb 10:3

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonius A (1985) Coral diseases in the Indo-Pacific: a first record. Mar Eco l6:197–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antonius A (1988) Distribution and dynamics of coral diseases in the eastern Red Sea. In: Proceedings of 6th International Coral Reef Symposium 2:293–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonius A (1999) Halofolliculina corallasia, a new coral killing ciliate on Indo-Pacifc reefs. Coral Reefs 18:300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antonius A, Lipscomb D (2001) First protozoan coral-killer identified in the Indo-Pacific. Atoll Res Bull 481–493:1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonius A, Riegl B (1997) A possible link between coral diseases and a corallivorous snail (Drupella cornus) outbreak in the Red Sea. Atoll Res Bull 447:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antonius A, Riegl B (1998) Coral diseases and Drupella cornus invasion in the Red Sea. Coral Reefs 17:48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arboleda MD, Reichardt WT (2010) Vibrio sp. causing Porites ulcerative white spot disease. Dis Aquat Organ 90:93–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arotsker L, Kramarsky-Winter E, Ben-Dov E, Kushmaro A (2016) Microbial transcriptome profiling of black band disease in a Faviid coral during a seasonal disease peak. Dis Aquat Org 118:77–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badr NBE, El-Fiky AA, Mostafa AR, Al-Mur BA (2009) Metal pollution records in core sediments of some Red Sea coastal areas, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Environ Monit Assess 155:509–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Haim Y, Rosenberg E (2002) A novel Vibrio sp. pathogen of the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mar Biol 141:47–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Haim Y, Zicherman-Keren M, Rosenberg E (2003) Temperature-regulated bleaching and lysis of the coral Pocillopora damicornis by the novel pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(7):4236–4242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benzoni F, Galli P, Pichon M (2010) Pink spots on Porites: not always a coral disease. Coral Reefs 29:153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borneman EH (2002) Bacterial infections: a response to recent ‘reef notes’ columns. Reefkeeping 1(4). http://www.reefkeeping.com

  • Bourne D, Iida Y, Uthicke S, Smith-Keune C (2008) Changes in coral-associated microbial communities during a bleaching event. ISME J 2:350–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourne DG, Ainsworth TD, Pollock FJ, Willis BL (2015) Towards a better understanding of white syndromes and their causes on Indo-Pacific coral reefs. Coral Reefs 34:233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher LM (1986) Coral predation by muricid gastropods of the genus Drupella at Enewetak, Marshall Islands. Bull Mar Sci 38:9–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruckner AW (2015) White syndromes of western Atlantic reef-building corals. In: Downs CA, Bruckner AW, Porter JW, Galloway SB, Woodley CM (eds) Diseases of coral. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ, Williams EH (1997) Spread of a black-band disease epizootic through the coral reef system in St Ann’s Bay Jamaica. Bull Mar Sci 61:919–928

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruckner AW, Dempsey AC (2015) The status, threats, and resilience of reef-building corals of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. In: Rasul NMA, Stewart ICF (eds) The Red Sea: the formation, morphology, oceanography and environment of a young ocean basin. Springer Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg, pp 471–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Cervino JM, Thompson FL, Gomez-Gil B, Lorence EA, Goreau TJ, Hayes RL, Winiarski-Cervino KB, Smith GW, Hughen K, Bartels E (2008) The Vibrio core group induces yellow band disease in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific reef-building corals. J App Microbiol 105(5):1658–1671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooney RP, Pantos O, Le Tissier MDA, Barer MR, Donnell AGO, Bythell JC (2002) Characterization of the bacterial consortium associated with black band disease in coral using molecular microbiological techniques. Environ Microbiol 4:401–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croquer A, Bastidas C, Lipscomb L (2006) Folliculinid ciliates: a new threat to Caribbean corals? Dis Aquat Organ 69(1):75–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croquer A, Bastidas C, Elliott A, Sweet M (2013) Bacterial assemblages shifts from healthy to yellow band disease states in the dominant reef coral Montastrea faveolata. Environ Microbiol Rep 5(1):90–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards FJ (1987) Climate and oceanography. In: Edwards FJ, Head SM (eds) Red Sea—key environment. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 45–69

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • El-Taher A, Madkour HA (2013) Environmental and radio-ecological studies on shallow marine sediments from harbour areas along the Red Sea coast of Egypt for identification of anthropogenic impacts. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 50:120–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fabricius KE (2005) Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis. Marine Poll Bull 50:125–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frias-Lopez J, Zerkle AL, Bonheyo GT, Fouke BW (2002) Partitioning of bacterial communities between seawater and healthy black band diseased and dead coral surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2214–2228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genin A, Karp L (1994) Effects of flow on competitive superiority in scleractinian corals. Limnol Oceanogr 39(4):913–924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerges MA (2002) The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden action plan-facing the challenges of an ocean gateway. Ocean Coast Manage 45:885–903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gil-AgudeloDL Garzon-Ferreira J (2001) Spatial and seasonal variation of dark spots disease in coral communities of the Santa Marta area (Colombian Caribbean). Bull Mar Sci 69(2):619–629

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladstone W, Tawfiq N, Nasr D, Andersen I, Cheung C, Drammeh H, Krupp F, Lintner S (1999) Sustainable use of renewable resources and conservation in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: issues, needs and strategic actions. Ocean Coast Manag 42:671–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glas MS, Sato Y, Ulstrup KE, Bourne DG (2012) Biogeochemical conditions determine virulence of black band disease in corals. ISME J 6:1526–1534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green EP, Bruckner AW (2000) The significance of coral disease epizootiology for coral reef conservation. Biol Conserv 96:347–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haapkyla J, Unsworth RKF, Flavell M, Bourne D, Schaffelke B, Willis BL (2011) Seasonal rainfall and runoff promote coral disease on an inshore reef. PLoS ONE 6(2):e16893

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harborne AR, Rogers A, Bozec Y, Mumby PJ (2017) Multiple stressors and the functioning of coral reefs. Ann Rev Mar Sci 9:445–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins JP, Roberts CM (1997) Effects of recreational SCUBA diving on coral reefs. Trampling of reef flats communities. J Appl Ecol 30:25–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RJ, Bowyer J, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Blackall LL (2004) Dynamics of a temperature related coral disease outbreak. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 281:63–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korruble J, Riegl B (1998) A new coral disease from the Persian Gulf. Coral Reefs 17(1):35

    Google Scholar 

  • Kushmaro A, Rosenberg E, Fine M, Ben-Haim Y, Loya Y (1998) Effect of temperature on bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica by Vibrio AK-1. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 171:131–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuta KG, Richardson LL (2002) Ecological aspects of black band disease of corals: relationships between disease incidence and environmental factors. Coral Reefs 21:393–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence SA, Davy JE, Wilson WH, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Davy SK (2015) Porites white patch syndrome: associated viruses and disease physiology. Coral Reefs 34(1):249–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loya Y (1972) Community structure and species diversity of hermatypic corals at Eilat, Red Sea. Mar Biol 13:100–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luna GM, Biavasco F, Danovaro R (2007) Bacteria associated with the rapid tissue necrosis of stony corals. Environ Microbiol 9(7):1851–1857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luna GM, Bongiorni L, Gili C, Biavasco F, Danovaro R (2010) Vibrio harveyi as a causative agent of the white syndrome in tropical stony corals. Environ Microbiol Rep 2:120–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClanahan TR (1994) Coral-eating snail Drupella cornus population increases in Kenyan coral reef lagoons. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 115:131–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medio D, Sheppard CRC, Gascoigne J (2000) The Red Sea. In: McClanaha TR, Sheppard CRC, Obura DO (eds) Coral reefs of the Indian ocean: Their ecology and conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 231–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed AR (2011) Distribution and prevalence of coral diseases in some locations along the Red Sea coast, Egypt. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed AR, Ali AAM, Abdel-Salam HA (2012) Status of coral reef health in the northern Red Sea, Egypt. In: Yellowless D, Hughes TP (eds) Proceedings of 12th international coral reef symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9–13 July 2012. 9A Coral bleaching and climate change. James Cook University, Townsville

    Google Scholar 

  • Montaser M, Mahfouz ME, El-Shazly SA, Abdel-Rahman GH, Bakry S (2010) Toxicity of heavy metals on fish at Jeddah coast KSA: metallothionein expression as a biomarker and histopathological study on liver and gills. World J Fish Mar Sci 2:174–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers R, Lieske E (2004) Coral reef guide Red Sea. Collins Publishers, London, p 384

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagelkerken IK, Buchan GW, Smith K, Bonair P, Bush J, Garzon-Ferreira L, Botero P, Gayle CD, Harvell CD, Heberer C, Kim K, Petrovic C, Pors L, Yoshioka P (1997) Widespread disease in Caribbean Sea fans: II. Patterns of infection and tissue loss. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 160:255–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pantos O, Cooney RP, Le Tisser MDA, Barer MR, O’Donnell AG, Bythell JC (2003) The bacterial ecology of a plague-like disease affecting the caribbean coral Montastrea annularis. Environ Microbiol 5(5):370–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters EC (1983) The role of environmental-stress in the development of coral diseases and microparasite infestations. Am Zool 23:960

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters EC, Halas JC, McCarty HB (1986) Calicoblastic neoplasms in Acropora palmata, with a review of reports on anomalies of growth and form in corals. J Natl Cancer Inst 76(5):895–912

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollock FJ, Wada N, Torda G, Willis BL, Bourne DG (2017) White syndrome-affected corals have a distinct microbiome at disease lesion fronts. Appl Environ Microbiol 83:e02799-16

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollock FJ, Lamb JB, Field SN, Heron SF, Schaffelke B, Shedrawi G, Bourne DG, Willis BL (2016) Correction: sediment and turbidity associated with offshore dredging increase coral disease prevalence on nearby reefs. PLoS ONE 11(11):e0165541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasoulouniriana D, Siboni N, Ben-Dov E, Kramarsky-Winter E, Loya Y, Kushmaro A (2009) Pseudoscillatoria coralii gen. nov., sp nov., a cyanobacterium associated with coral black band disease (BBD). Dis Aquat Organ 87:91–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravindran J, Raghukumar C, Raghukumar S (2001) Fungi in Porites lutea: association with healthy and diseased corals. Dis Aquat Org 47:219–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravindran JC, Raghukumar C (2002) Pink line syndrome (PLS) in the scleractinian coral Porites lutea. Coral Reefs 21:252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravindran JC, Raghukumar C (2006) Histological observations on the scleractinian coral Porites lutea affected by pink-line syndrome. Curr Sci 90(5):720–724

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravindran J, Raghukumar C, Manikandan B (2015) Pink line syndrome (PLS). In: Downs CA, Bruckner AW, Porter JW, Galloway SB, Woodley CM (eds) Diseases of coral. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymundo LJ, Harvell CD, Reynolds T (2003) Porites ulcerative white spot disease: description, prevalence and host range of a new coral disease affecting Indo-Pacific Reefs. Dis Aquat Organ 56:95–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymundo LJ, Rosell KB, Reboton C, Kaczmarsky L (2005) Coral diseases on Philippine reefs: genus Porites is a dominant host. Dis Aquat Organ 64:181–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymundo LJ, Weil E (2015) Indo-Pacific coloured-band diseases of corals. In: Downs CA, Bruckner AW, Porter JW, Galloway SB, Woodley CM (eds) Diseases of coral. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  • Redding JE, Myers-Miller RL, Baker DM, Fogel M, Raymundo LJ, Kim K (2013) Link between sewage-derived nitrogen pollution and coral disease severity in Guam. Mar Poll Bull 73:57–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riegl B, Antonius A (2003) Halofolliculina skeleton eroding band (SEB): a coral disease with fossilization potential? Coral Reefs 22(1):48

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson LL (1992) Red band disease: a new cyanobacterial infestation of corals. In: Cahoon LB (ed) Proceedings of the 10th American Academy of Underwater Sciences, 24–27 Sept 1992, Wilmington, NC. American Academy of Underwater Sciences, Costa Mesa, CA, pp 153–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson LL (2004) Black band disease. In: Rosenberg E, Loya Y (eds) Coral health and disease. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 325–336

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson L, Smith G, Ritchie K, Carlton R (2001) Integrating microbiological, microsensor, molecular and physiologic techniques in the study of coral disease pathogenesis. Hydrobiologia 460:71–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sato Y, Civiello M, Bell SC, Willis BL, Bourne DG (2016) Integrated approach to understanding the onset and pathogenesis of black band disease in corals. Environ Microbiol 18:752–765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuhmacher H (1992) Impact of some corallivorous snails on stony corals in the Red Sea. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam, vol 2, pp 840–846

    Google Scholar 

  • Selig ER, Harvell CD, Bruno JF, Willis BL, Page CA, Casey KS, Sweatman H (2006) Analysing the relationship between ocean temperature anomalies and coral disease outbreaks at broad spatial scales. In: Phinney J, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Kleypas J, Skirving W, Strong A (eds) Coral reefs and climate change: science and management. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp 111–128

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Séré MG, Schleyer MH, Quod JP, Chabanet P (2012) Porites white patch syndrome: an unreported coral disease on Western Indian Ocean reefs. Coral Reefs 31(3):739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Séré MG, Chabanet P, Turquet J, Quod JP, Schleyer MH (2015) Identification and prevalence of coral diseases on three western Indian Ocean coral reefs. Dis Aquat Organ 114(3):249–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Séré M, Wilkinson DA, Schleyer MH, Chabanet P, Quod JP, Tortosa P (2016) Characterisation of an atypical manifestation of black band disease on Porites lutea in the western Indian Ocean. PeerJ 4:e2073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC (ed) (2000) The Red Sea: seas at the millennium—an environmental evaluation, vol 2. Elsevier Science, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith GW, Ritchie KB (1995) Bacteriological studies on white-band disease of Acropora cervicornis. In: European Meeting of the International Society for Reef Studies, 5–9 Sept 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Spalding MD, Ravilious C, Green EP (2001) World atlas of coral reefs. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, University. California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Stella JS, Pratchett MS, Hutchings PA, Johns GP (2011) Coral-associated invertebrates: Diversity, ecological importance, and vulnerability to disturbance. Oceanogr Mar Biol 49:43–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Sussman M, Bourne DG, Willis BL (2006) A single cyanobacterial ribotype is associated with both red and black bands on diseased corals from Palau. DAO 69:111–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sussman M, Victor S, Willis BL, Bourne DG (2008) Coral pathogen identified for white syndrome (WS) epizootics in the Indo-Pacific. PLoS ONE 3(6):e2393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland KP, Ritchie KB (2004) White pox disease of the Caribbean Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata. In: Rosenberg E, Loya Y (eds) Coral health and disease. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 289–297

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland KP, Porter JW, Torres C (2004) Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 266:273–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland KP, Porter JW, Turner JW, Thomas BJ, Looney EE, Luna TP, Meyers MK, Futch JC, Lipp EK (2010) Human sewage identified as likely source of white pox disease of the threatened Caribbean elkhorn coral Acropora palmata. Environ Microbiol 12(5):1122–1131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet MJ, Jones R, Bythell JC (2011) Coral diseases in aquaria and in nature. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 92:791–801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet M, Bythell J (2012) Ciliate and bacterial communities associated with white syndrome and brown band disease in reef-building corals. Environ Microbiol 14:2184–2199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet M, Burn D, Croquer A, Leary P (2013) Characterisation of the bacterial and fungal communities associated with different lesion sizes of dark spot syndrome occurring in the coral Stephanocoenia intersepta. PLoS ONE 8(4):e62580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet M, Croquer A, Bythell J (2014) Experimental antibiotic treatment identifies potential pathogens of white band disease in the endangered Caribbean coral Acropora cervicornis. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 281:20140094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet MJ, Bythell J (2015) White syndrome in Acropora muricata: non specific bacterial infection and ciliate histophagy. Mol Ecol 24:1150–1159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet JM, Séré GM (2015) Ciliate communities consistently associated with coral diseases. J Sea Res 113:119–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2015.06.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet MJ, Bulling MT (2017) On the importance of the microbiome and pathobiome in coral health and disease. Front Mar Sci 4:9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ushijima B, Smith A, Aeby GS, Callahan SM (2012) Vibrio owensii induces the tissue loss disease Montipora white syndrome in the Hawaiian Reef Coral Montipora capitata. PLoS ONE 7(10):e46717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Woesik R (1998) Lesion healing on massive Porites spp. corals. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 164:213–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weil E (2004) Coral reef diseases in the wider Caribbean. In: Rosenberg E, Loya Y (eds) Coral health and diseases. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 35–68

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Weil E, Croquer A, Urreiztieta (2009) Yellow band disease compromises the reproductive output of the Caribbean reef-building coral Montastraea faveolata (Anthozoa, Scleractinia). Dis Aquat Organ 87:45–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weil E, Irikawa A, Casareto B, Suzuki Y (2012) Extended geographic distribution of several Indo-Pacific coral reef diseases. Dis Aquat Organ 98:163–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis BL, Page CA, Dinsdale LA (2004) Coral disease on the Great Barrier Reef. In: Rosenberg E, Loya Y (eds) Coral health and disease. Springer, Berlin, pp 69–104

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler R, Antonius A, Renegar DA (2004) The skeleton eroding band disease on coral reefs of Aqaba Red Sea. PSZNI Mar Ecol 25(2):129–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodley CM, Downs CA, Bruckner AW, Porter JW, Galloway S (2015) Diseases of coral. Wiley, Hoboken

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Work TM, Aeby GS (2006) Systematically describing gross lesions in corals. Dis Aquat Organ 70:155–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Work T, Meteyer C (2014) To understand coral disease, look at coral cells. Eco Health 11(4):610–618

    Google Scholar 

  • Work TM, Kaczmarsky LTV, Peters EC (2015) Skeletal growth anomalies in corals. In: Downs CA, Bruckner AW, Porter JW, Galloway SB, Woodley CM (eds) Diseases of coral. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia 4067, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Amin R. Mohamed

  2. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

    Amin R. Mohamed

  3. Aquatic Research Facility, Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK

    Michael Sweet

Authors
  1. Amin R. Mohamed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael Sweet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amin R. Mohamed .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Marine Geology, Saudi Geological Survey, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Najeeb M.A. Rasul

  2. Stewart Geophysical Consultants Pty. Ltd., College Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Ian C.F. Stewart

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mohamed, A.R., Sweet, M. (2019). Current Knowledge of Coral Diseases Present Within the Red Sea. In: Rasul, N., Stewart, I. (eds) Oceanographic and Biological Aspects of the Red Sea. Springer Oceanography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99417-8_21

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation