Abstract
Digital Native. Although debated in the international literature, this term refers to a new generation of individuals embedded in a context highly permeated by “New Information and Communications Technologies” (NICTs). In this chapter, we intend to analyze specificities and possible diversities of Brazilian “Digital Natives.” Research indicates that socioeconomic status can restrict access to NICTs, preventing generalization of the term Digital Native. To verify whether this was applicable to the Brazilian context, we conducted an exploratory study with young people in three distinct environments with different socioeconomic statuses. Results suggest that among the young, low-income people participating in the study, their socioeconomic status did not prevent or restrict access to the Internet. On the contrary, we found that they spend more time on the Internet than young, high-income people do. The frequency of online access identified among the participants suggests the central role of NICTs in the lives of “Digital Natives,” as well as in their searches for health information.
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Notes
- 1.
In an excerpt from this Declaration, addressing the rulers of the industrialized world, meeting at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, Barlow (1996) stated: “You are terrified of your own children, since they are natives in a world where you will always be immigrants.” https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence
- 2.
Palfrey and Gasser (2010) also adopted this concept in their studies.
- 3.
For more information on the subject of Internet, games, and health, please read Chap. 20 of this book.
- 4.
The “Brazilian Internet Steering Committee in Brazil” was established with the enactment of Decree No. 4.829, dated September 3, 2003 (Brazil 2003). It conducts research to support the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of public policies to promote the use of information and communication technologies. The indicators and analyses generated by these investigations are an important tool for monitoring the information society and the progress of the network in the country. Thus, the “Brazilian Internet Steering Committee” produces reliable and internationally comparable statistics. https://cgi.br/
- 5.
To date, the CGI has published six issues of this study. All are available in full, in Portuguese and English, at the following link: http://cetic.br/pesquisa/kids-online/publicacoes
- 6.
The criteria for designing, stratifying, selecting, and allocating the sample are detailed in the research report (Lenhart et al. 2015). Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015
- 7.
The criteria for designing, stratifying, selecting, and allocating the sample are detailed in the research report (Byrne et al. 2016). Available from: www.globalkidsonline.net
- 8.
In Portuguese, “Manguinhos” is the plural diminutive of the word “mangue,” which means “mangrove” in English, thus, “small mangrove.”
- 9.
Militia is the generic name of military or paramilitary organizations, not legally recognized, composed of ordinary armed citizens who fight with drug traffickers and police over power in the favelas of various Brazilian cities (Misse 2011).
- 10.
The minimum wage is the lowest legally defined monetary payment that a worker must receive in a company for his services in Brazil for 1 month’s work. The minimum wage amount is defined by federal law and is reassessed annually based on the current cost of living of the population. Currently, the monthly minimum wage in Brazil is 954 reais, approximately 297 US dollars, or 10 US dollars per day.
- 11.
The Germano Sinval Faria School Health Center (CSEGSF) is one of the departments of the National School of Public Health (ENSP) of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. It coordinates, in partnership with the Municipal Health Secretariat of Rio de Janeiro, the “Teias-Escola Manguinhos’ Project.” This project is responsible for the management of primary health care in the region. It adopts the Family Health Strategy (ESF) as a regulator of the local health system. Both the Victor Valla Family Clinic and the Health Center provide primary care and services for residents of Manguinhos (Teias 2014).
- 12.
Victor Valla Family Clinic: http://smsdc-csf-victorvalla.blogspot.com.br/
- 13.
The Unified Health System (SUS) is the name given to the public health system in Brazil. According to Law 8080, the SUS consists of “a set of actions and health services provided by federal, state and municipal public bodies and institutions of the direct and indirect administration and foundations maintained by the public power” (Brazil 1990). Its scope includes medical care, disease prevention, and health promotion, as well as covering policies and strategies in areas such as health surveillance and pharmaceutical care. Its services are provided free-of-charge to all Brazilians (Ministry of Health 2007; Paim 2015).
- 14.
Not all Brazilian municipalities are covered by the “Family Health Program.” In one municipality, not all locations are served by this governmental program. Today, the Family Health Strategy is found in 94% of the municipalities (29,000 teams and population coverage of 48%, corresponding to 92 million people).
- 15.
The federal public power is responsible for higher education in most of the national territory, although some universities are subsidized by the state public power and are all free.
- 16.
According to the Law of Guidelines and Bases (N° 9394/1996), elementary school and early childhood education and secondary education make up basic education.
- 17.
In Brazil, primary- and secondary-level education are typically offered in the same building but at different times of the day.
- 18.
The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) is a public institute of the Brazilian federal administration created in 1934. It is the country’s main data and information provider, which serves the needs of the most diverse segments of civil society, as well as the federal, state, and municipal governmental levels (IBGE 2018).
- 19.
This research was submitted and approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of the National School of Public Health, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under opinion N° 460.098. The Research Ethics Committee (CEP) is an interdisciplinary and independent collegial body in Brazilian institutions that conduct human research. It aims to evaluate the ethics of the research projects submitted, defending the interests and integrity of research subjects, within current ethical standards (Muccioli et al. 2008). The studies were also supported by the Germano Sinval Faria School Health Center (CSEGSF), the Victor Valla Family Clinic, the Clóvis Monteiro State College, and the Escola Parque da Gávea.
- 20.
The World Bank defines that citizens living on less than $1.90 a day as below the poverty line. In Brazil, 8.9 million people are in this condition. The new poverty line will be set at $3.20 a day. If this index were to be applied, 1/5 of Brazil’s population would be living below the poverty line (Cunha and Fagundes 2017).
- 21.
IBGE, the federal government’s census bureau, classifies social classes based on the official minimum monthly salary. At the time of this publication, the minimum monthly salary was R$ 954, which is approximately US$ 300. Therefore, those who make between two to four minimum salaries (i.e., about US$ 600 to US$ 1200 a month) would be in the D class, from 4 to 10 minimum salaries in class C, from 10 to 20 minimum salaries in class B, and above 20 salaries in class A.
- 22.
- 23.
In the United States, it is possible to buy a new smartphone in an online store for U$ 50 or less. In Brazil, the lowest value in the market for a cellphone with the same conditions can be double or triple in price.
- 24.
Chapter 10 will analyze the issue of quality of information in health websites.
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Pereira Neto, A., Barbosa, L., Barão, L., Muci, S. (2019). Digital Natives and Health: An Exploratory Study with Young Brazilians of Different Socioeconomic Profiles. In: Pereira Neto, A., Flynn, M. (eds) The Internet and Health in Brazil . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99289-1_7
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