Abstract
“Husserl at Harvard: The Origins of American Phenomenology” examines the first interactions between American philosophers and Edmund Husserl, describing a pattern of serious and sustained interest in the phenomenological movement centered at Harvard University during the first three decades of the twentieth century. Beginning in 1902 with W.E. Hocking, at least seven Harvard students had studied with Husserl by 1925. By examining these transatlantic exchanges systematically, this essay argues that Husserlian philosophy enjoyed a promising initial reception in the United States and shows why Harvard was particularly fertile ground for Husserl’s thought.
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Notes
- 1.
The name “Husserl” appears in 146 articles in The Monist, The Journal of Philosophy, and The Philosophical Review between 1900 and 1930. The vast majority of these mention Husserl only in passing and in connection to other philosophers. There is only one article specifically about his philosophical program and just a single summary of an article by Husserl (these will be addressed in the next section). In comparison, John Dewey appears in 1446 articles in these journals during the same period. Both Husserl and Dewey were born in 1859. These results were compiled from a JSTOR searches on the terms “Husserl” and “Dewey”.
- 2.
“Volume Information,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 1, no. 1 (1940).
- 3.
W.E. Hocking to Edmund Husserl, October 24, 1932, Box 12, Folder Edmund Husserl (4 of 4), William Ernest Hocking Correspondence, Houghton Library, Cambridge, MA.
- 4.
Laurence R. Veysey, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 36.
- 5.
Bruce Kuklick, A History of Philosophy in America, 1720–2000 (Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press, 2001), 1–2, 58–59.
- 6.
Veysey, The Emergence of the American University, 32–36.
- 7.
Ibid., 10–18.
- 8.
Bruce Kuklick, The Rise of American Philosophy, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1860–1930 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), 224.
- 9.
Veysey, The Emergence of the American University, 227.
- 10.
Ibid., 231.
- 11.
George Herbert Palmer and Ralph Barton Perry, “Philosophy, 1870–1929,” in The Development of Harvard University since the Inauguration of President Eliot, 1869–1929 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1930), 3–4.
- 12.
Veysey, The Emergence of the American University, 232–233.
- 13.
W.E. Hocking, “What Does Philosophy Say?,” The Philosophical Review 37, no. 2 (1928): 136.
- 14.
Harvard University, The Harvard University Catalogue: 1920–1921 (Cambridge: Published for the University by C.W. Sever, 1920), 108.
- 15.
It must be noted that Harvard’s conception of diversity entailed only the representation of a variety of philosophical methods. Harvard’s philosophy faculty was, by contrast, nearly uniform in having received a philosophical education at Harvard. Palmer and Perry, “Philosophy, 1870–1929,” 25.
- 16.
Charles Baylis to Dean C.H. Moore, July 6, 1927, Box 15, Folder Sheldon Fellows 1926–1927, Records from the Committee on General Scholarships and the Sheldon Fund, 1903–1969, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 17.
Marvin Farber, “Phenomenology the Last Stronghold of Idealism,” Box 30, Folder 15, Marvin Farber Papers, University Archives: The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
- 18.
Bruce Kuklick, Churchmen and Philosophers: From Jonathan Edwards to John Dewey (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), 85.
- 19.
Students who would make the journey from Harvard to Germany include George Ticknor, Edward Everest, George Bancroft, Frederic Henry Hedge, and William Emerson. Philip F. Gura, American Transcendentalism: A History, 1st ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007), 26–31.
- 20.
Palmer and Perry, “Philosophy, 1870–1929,” 3–19.
- 21.
Kuklick, The Rise of American Philosophy, 235.
- 22.
Harvard University, Reports of the President of and Treasurer Harvard College 1908–1909 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1910), 22.
- 23.
North Americans in contact with Husserl between 1900 and 1925 include W.E. Hocking, Walter Pitkin, Andrew Osborn, Charles Bruce Vibbert, Winthrop Pickard Bell, Marvin Farber, Dorion Cairns, Charles Hartshorne, and V.J. McGill.
- 24.
W.E. Hocking, “From the Early Days of the ‘Logische Untersuchungen’,” in Edmund Husserl, 1859–1959, ed. The editorial committee of Phaenomenologica (La Haye: M. Nijhoff, 1959), 1–5.
- 25.
W.E. Hocking to Hugo Münsterberg, December 3, 1902, Box 18, Folder Hugo Münsterberg (1 of 2), William Ernest Hocking Correspondence, Houghton Library, Cambridge, MA.
- 26.
Hocking, “From the Early Days of the ‘Logische Untersuchungen’,” 5; W.E. Hocking to Hugo Münsterberg, December 19, 1902, Box 18, Folder Hugo Münsterberg (1 of 2), William Ernest Hocking Correspondence, Houghton Library, Cambridge, MA.
- 27.
Hocking, “From the Early Days of the ‘Logische Untersuchungen’,” 8–11.
- 28.
Hocking writes: “Stumpf and a considerable group of writers, among whom Husserl is the most thoroughgoing, they are neither one thing nor the other precisely; they are observable facts, they are phenomena, they are persistent objects in a world of like universal objects. They are not, indeed, independent phenomena of the Platonic type, for they do not exist except as the contents of psychical functions; whence, however free from genetic psychology logic and ethics may become, it is folly to consider their governing ideas in independence of descriptive psychology. Precisely as in immediate experience psychical function and Erscheinung are given together, so in thinking and willing there are given together the function and its governing idea”. William Ernest Hocking, review of Zur Einteilung der Wissenschaften, C. Stumpf, The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 5, no. 10 (1908).
- 29.
Pitkin writes, “Christmas of 1899 in London. Thenceforth until mid-September of 1905 I spent in Central and Western Europe, except for one short trip back to America”. Although no date for their initial encounter is given, Pitkin states had met Husserl at Göttingen a year prior to his translation of Logische Untersuchungen, which occurred late in his European tour. Walter B. Pitkin, On My Own (New York: C. Scribner’s sons, 1944), 250, 319.
- 30.
Ibid., 319.
- 31.
Walter B. Pitkin, “The Psychology of `Eternal Truths’,” The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 2, no. 17 (1905); Walter B. Pitkin, “Time and the Percept,” The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 10, no. 12 (1913).
- 32.
Herbert Spiegelberg, The Phenomenological Movement; a Historical Introduction, 2d ed., vol. 1, Phaenomenologica, (Den Haag: M. Nijhoff, 1965), 113.
- 33.
In subsequent work Spiegelberg argues that Husserl was likely unknown to James, and casts doubt on whether Pitkin had completed his translation of Logische Untersuchungen, or whether, in fact, only a partial draft had been written. While some remnants of the correspondence between Pitkin and Houghton Mifflin exist, they cannot verify Pitkin’s account and provide no evidence of James’s involvement. Walter Pitkin, quoted in Herbert Spiegelberg, The Context of the Phenomenological Movement (Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981), 112; Spiegelberg, The Context of the Phenomenological Movement, 105–18.
- 34.
The translation was completed by J.N. Findlay and published by Routledge and K. Paul in London and Humanities Press in New York. Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, trans. J.N. Findlay, 2 vols., International Library of Philosophy and Scientific Method (New York: Humanities Press, 1970).
- 35.
William Adams Brown to Ralph Barton Perry, May 4, 1921, Box 4, Folder A-B, Ralph Barton Perry Correspondence, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 36.
Yale, by contrast, had “a school but no thought”. William James et al., The Correspondence of William James, 12 vols., vol. 10 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992), 324.
- 37.
Kuklick, A History of Philosophy in America, 1720–2000, 2.
- 38.
Edwin B. Holt et al., “The Program and First Platform of Six Realists,” The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 7, no. 15 (1910): 393.
- 39.
Walter B. Pitkin, “Is Agreement Desirable,” The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 9, no. 26 (1912): 715.
- 40.
Perry appears to have valued phenomenology as a mediating position between realism and idealism. In his Philosophy of the Recent Past, he includes Edmund Husserl in his section on “The Revival of Realism”. He writes: “Whether this view is to be deemed realistic or idealistic is largely a matter of emphasis. The analysis of the cognitive process contains many realistic suggestions... On the other hand, Husserl’s growing to identify phenomenology and metaphysics is suggestive of idealism”. Ralph Barton Perry, Philosophy of the Recent Past (New York, Chicago etc.: C. Scribner’s sons, 1926), 210–11.
- 41.
Dallas Willard, “Knowledge,” in The Cambridge Companion to Husserl, ed. Barry Smith and David Woodruff Smith (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 166.
- 42.
Marvin Farber, Phenomenology as a Method and as a Philosophical Discipline (Buffalo, NY: University of Buffalo, 1928), 9.
- 43.
Fellowship information contained in “Reports of the President and the Treasurer of Harvard College” indicate Chandler studied at Marburg. Harvard University. Harvard University, Reports of the President of and Treasurer Harvard College 1911–1912 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1913), 106. However fellows travelled variously and his name appears on Husserl’s attendance list in 1912. Karl Schuhmann, Husserl-Chronik: Denk- Und Lebensweg Edmund Husserls (Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1977), 169. Albert Richard Chandler, “Plato’s Theory of Ideas Studied in the Light of Husserl’s Theory of Universals” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1913).
- 44.
Robert Lindley Murray Underhill to Ralph Barton Perry, March 3, 1915, Box 3, Folder 3, Ralph Barton Perry Correspondence, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 45.
See “Biography of Dr. Winthrop Pickard Bell,” http://www.mta.ca/wpbell/bio.htm; “Further Education,” http://www.mt.a.ca/wpbell/fureduc.htm
- 46.
Winthrop Pickard Bell to Ralph Barton Perry, March 31, 1914, Box 2, Folder 116, Graduate Student Folders, Pre-1917, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 47.
Ralph Barton Perry to Winthrop Pickard Bell, April 11, 1914, Dept. of Philosophy & Dept. of Philosophy and Psychology: outgoing correspondence, 1910–1915, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 48.
Ralph Barton Perry to Dean C.H. Haskins, April 11, 1914, Dept. of Philosophy & Dept. of Philosophy and Psychology: outgoing correspondence, 1910–1915, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 49.
Bell to Ralph Barton Perry, March 31, 1914, Box 2, Folder 116, Graduate Student Folders, Pre-1917, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA; Ralph Barton Perry to Winthrop Pickard Bell, June 1, 1914, Dept. of Philosophy & Dept. of Philosophy and Psychology: outgoing correspondence, 1910–1915, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 50.
Winthrop Pickard Bell to Ralph Barton Perry, May 2, 1914, Box 2, Folder 116, Graduate Student Folders, Pre-1917, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA; Perry to Winthrop Pickard Bell, June 1, 1914, Dept. of Philosophy & Dept. of Philosophy and Psychology: outgoing correspondence, 1910–1915, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 51.
Winthrop Pickard Bell describes the circumstance of his thesis defense: “I was caught in Germany by the outbreak of the first world war. In fact, my oral examination took place after the war had broken out, and under most unusual circumstances. I was in ‘protective custody’, having been hauled out of bed in the middle of the night when England declared war... The professors with whom I was to have my examination enquired and found that there was no actual rule that a candidate must be examined in the Aula... so they together with the distinguished man who was to be chairman of the affair, came to the place of my “Haft” [detention]... and examined me there.” Bell’s doctorate was later revoked in response to critical remarks he made about Germany. However, it was reinstated in 1922. Winthrop Pickard Bell to Herbert Spiegelberg, September 25, 1955, Box 8550/1/101, Winthrop Pickard Bell fonds, Mount Allison University Archives, Sackville, New Brunswick.
- 52.
Ralph Barton Perry to Abbott Lawrence Lowell, September 25, 1914, Dept. of Philosophy & Dept. of Philosophy and Psychology: outgoing correspondence, 1910–1915, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA; William Phillips to Frank W. Hunnewell, October 1, 1914, Box 2, Folder 116, Graduate Student Folders, Pre-1917, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 53.
E. Murray, “Summaries of Articles: “Psychologische Prinzipienfragen,” by H. Cornelius,” The Philosophical Review 16, no. 1 (1907): 102–04.
- 54.
See, Oscar Ewald, “Contemporary Philosophy in Germany (1906),” The Philosophical Review 16, no. 3 (1907); Oscar Ewald, “German Philosophy in 1907,” The Philosophical Review 17, no. 4 (1908); Oscar Ewald, “German Philosophy in 1908,” The Philosophical Review 18, no. 5 (1909); Oscar Ewald, “German Philosophy in 1913,” The Philosophical Review 23, no. 6 (1914).
- 55.
On phenomenology and psychologism: “This is the path followed by several thinkers, and characteristically for the most part by those thinkers whose starting-point was the extreme psychological position of Brentano: Husserl, Meinong, and Stumpf.” Ewald, “German Philosophy in 1907,” 420. On phenomenology and logic: “I have repeatedly called attention to the connection between the new Fries School, on the one hand, and the phenomenological inquiries and theory of objects (Geganstandtheorie) of such pure logicians as Husserl, Stumpf, and Meinong. Ewald, “German Philosophy in 1908,” 529.
- 56.
J.R. Tuttle, “Summaries of Articles: “Philosophie Als Strenge Wissenschaft,” by Edmund Husserl,” The Philosophical Review 20, no. 5 (1911): 575–76.
- 57.
Albert R. Chandler, “Professor Husserl’s Program of Philosophic Reform,” The Philosophical Review 26, no. 6 (1917): 646.
- 58.
Ibid., 648.
- 59.
For dates and confirmation of their meeting see Ralph Barton Perry to M.M. Bober, November 19, 1930, Box 7, Folder B, Ralph Barton Perry Correspondence, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA; Edmund Husserl to W.E. Hocking, February 16, 1932, Box 12, Folder Edmund Husserl (4 of 4), William Ernest Hocking Correspondence, Houghton Library, Cambridge, MA. Dorion Cairns also reported to Ralph Barton Perry that Husserl “always speaks of the pleasure it was to meet you”. Dorion Cairns to Ralph Barton Perry, November 4, 1932, Box 4, Folder C-F, Ralph Barton Perry Correspondence, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 60.
Everett John Nelson, another recipient of a Sheldon Fellowship, also “became acquainted” with Husserl personally while in Freiburg. However, he was not offering any courses during Nelson’s stay. Paul Weiss briefly describes his studies with Heidegger at Freiburg in a letter to R.B. Perry. William Frankena describes his experiences with Heidegger during 1936 in a letter to R.B. Perry from Freiburg, contrasting his indifference to Heidegger (though the letter also expresses his desire to know Husserl) with the enthusiasm of his fellow Harvard student Charles Malik. Reference to Trayhern’s plans to study with Heidegger under a Sheldon Fellowship are made in a 1938 letter to W.E. Hocking. However, I have been unable to locate other sources verifying his award or an account of his studies in Freiburg, if they did occur. John D. Wild, a former Harvard student and future Harvard professor, also studied under Heidegger in 1931, though not under the auspices of a Harvard fellowship. His correspondence with Perry described his impressions of Heidegger’s courses on Aristotle and Kant: “One can understand from his really extraordinary command of the texts why the students flock to hear him as they do. His clear cut demand for sharp and exact thought is extremely necessary here, as the Germans are so apt to go off in a blurge [sic] of mystical Schwärmerei” (Wild 1931). Everett John Nelson to The Chairman of the Committee on the Sheldon Fund, July 9, 1930, Box 17, Folder Sheldon Fellows 1929–1930, Records from the Committee on General Scholarships and the Sheldon Fund, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA; Paul Weiss to James Woods, November 21, 1929, Box 9, Folder Weiss, Prof. Paul 1935–1936, Dept. of Philosophy & Dept. of Philosophy and Psychology: outgoing correspondence, 1910–1915, Harvard University Archive, Cambridge, MA; William Frankena to Ralph Barton Perry, May 10, 1936, Box 8, Folder 4, Ralph Barton Perry Corresondence, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA; Ruth Allen to W.E. Hocking, March 19, 1938, Box 11, Folder Harvard Uniersity Department of Philosophy (3 of 10), William Ernest Hocking Corresponence, Houghton Library, Cambridge, MA; John Wild to Ralph Barton Perry, May 24, 1931, Box 5, Folder W-Z, Ralph Barton Perry Correspondence, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 61.
Charles Hartshorne to L.B.R. Briggs, March 3, 1924, Box 12, Folder Sheldon Fellows 1923–1924, Records from the Committee on General Scholarships and the Sheldon Fund, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 62.
Vivian Jerould McGill to Sheldon Fellowship Committee, October 23, 1925, Box 14, Folder Sheldon Fellows, Records from the Committee on General Scholarships and the Sheldon Fund, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA; William T. Parry, “V. Jerauld Mcgill (1897–1977),” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 38, no. 2 (1977).
- 63.
Harvard University, Official Register of Harvard University: Announcement of the Courses of Instruction Offered by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences 1922–1923, vol. XIX, no. 45 (1922), 118.
- 64.
Dorion Cairns, “My Own Life,” http://www.dorioncairns.net/mylife.htm; W.E. Hocking to Edmund Husserl, June 20, 1924, Box 12, Folder Edmund Husserl (4 of 4) William Ernest Hocking correspondence, 1860–1979, Houghton Library, Cambridge, MA.
- 65.
Dorion Cairns, quoted in Lester Embree, “Editorial Forward,” in The Philosophy of Edmund Husserl, by Dorion Cairns, ed. Lester Embree (Dordrecht: Springer, 2013), vi.
- 66.
James Woods to C.H. Moore, October 6, 1926, Box 15, Folder Sheldon Fellowships 1926–1927, Records from the Committee on General Scholarships and the Sheldon Fund, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
- 67.
Embree, “Editorial Forward,” vi–vii.
- 68.
Edmund Husserl, quoted in Lester Embree, “The Legacy of Dorion Cairns and Aron Gurwitsch,” in American Phenomenology: Origins and Developments, ed. Eugene Francis Kaelin and Calvin O. Schrag, Analecta Husserliana (Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989), 125.
- 69.
Ibid., 125–28.
- 70.
Herbert Spiegelberg, The Phenomenological Movement; a Historical Introduction, 2d ed., vol. 2, Phaenomenologica, (Den Haag: M. Nijhoff, 1965), 627.
- 71.
Marvin Farber to W.E. Hocking, January 8, 1923, Box 8, Folder 19, Marvin Farber Papers, University Archives: The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
- 72.
Marvin Farber to W.E. Hocking, July 2, 1923, Box 8, Folder 19, Marvin Farber Papers, University Archives: The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
- 73.
Kah Kyung Cho and Lynn E. Rose, “Obituary: Marvin Farber (1901–1980),” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 42, no. 1 (1981): 1–4.
- 74.
Farber, Phenomenology as a Method and as a Philosophical Discipline, 40.
- 75.
Arthur O. Lovejoy, “On Some Conditions of Progress in Philosophical Inquiry,” The Philosophical Review 26, no. 2 (1917): 133.
- 76.
Holt et al., “The Program and First Platform of Six Realists,” 394.
- 77.
Farber, Phenomenology as a Method and as a Philosophical Discipline, v–vi.
- 78.
Ibid., 1.
- 79.
A “system” is the product of a language and set of operations that act on the language to form propositions. A “system function” is a general map of these components onto particular systems. A “system function-function” would map all sets of languages and operators onto particular system functions. Ibid., 1–2.
- 80.
Ibid., 2.
- 81.
Ibid., 37–38.
- 82.
Ibid., 8.
- 83.
Ibid., 2–5.
- 84.
Ibid., 25.
- 85.
Ibid., 2.
- 86.
Ibid., 25.
- 87.
Ibid., 21.
- 88.
Ibid., 7.
- 89.
Ibid., 37.
- 90.
Ibid., 39–40.
- 91.
Section 2, “The Object of Intentional Experience”, Section 4 “The Thing of Nature”, and Section 5 “The Phenomenological Description of Perception” are original to the dissertation, as well as the majority of Section 6 “The Object of Reflection and the Polarity of Objects”. Additionally, an entire paragraph is added to the end of Section 1. Ibid., 101–20.
- 92.
Marvin Farber, “The Perceptual Object,” in Marvin Farber Papers (Cambridge, MA: University Archives: The State University of New York at Buffalo, 1924), 2.
- 93.
Farber, Phenomenology as a Method and as a Philosophical Discipline, 102.
- 94.
Farber, “The Perceptual Object,” 11.
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Strassfeld, J. (2019). Husserl at Harvard: The Origins of American Phenomenology. In: Ferri, M.B. (eds) The Reception of Husserlian Phenomenology in North America. Contributions to Phenomenology, vol 100. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99185-6_1
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