Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to grow faster than any other category of connected devices. IoT allows any device with an on-and-off switch to connect to the internet—a concept that has the ability to greatly change our lives and work. These modern systems collect inherently complex data streams due to the volume, velocity, value, variety, variability, and veracity of data, which leads to incremental growth in data traffic on networks and in the cloud. To fulfill the requirements of IoT, including geodistribution, low latency, location awareness, and mobility support, a new paradigm is proposed: edge computing. In edge computing, substantial computing and storage resources are placed at the edge of the network in mobile devices or sensors. The term “edge” is taken from network diagrams; normally, the edge of a network diagram represents the point at which data traffic enters or leaves the workable network. Using the concept of edge computing, an organization can shift huge amounts of data into processed data near the data origin, which helps to reduce data traffic in the network’s central repository (called the “cloud”). Edge computing uses a variety of data reduction techniques close to the data source at the network edge, including data pre-processing, local storage, and filtering. This approach can prevent some critical issues, such as I/O bottlenecks, storage and bandwidth limitations, data traffic increments, and high energy costs. A major advantage of edge computing is improvement of the request-response delay to milliseconds. Edge computing also supports security and network challenges. However, two major obstacles exist toward achieving the benefit of network-edge computing. First, the most efficient algorithms for data reduction in time series (one of the most common types of data in IoT) were developed to work posteriori upon big datasets, but they cannot make decisions for each incoming data item. Secondly, the state of the art lacks systems that can apply any of the possible data reduction methods without adding significant delays or major reconfigurations. Edge computing has also inherited some of the challenges of cloud computing, including data abstraction, naming, and programmability. This chapter presents a detailed taxonomic discussion of edge computing, along with its challenges, opportunities, and data reduction methods.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
A. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M. Aledhari, M. Ayyash, Internet of things: a survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor 17, 2347–2376 (2015)
CISCO, The Internet of Things How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything, White Pap. (2011). http://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT_IBSG_0411FINAL.pdf
M. Chiang, T. Zhang, Fog and IoT: an overview of research opportunities. IEEE Internet Things J. 3, 854–864 (2016)
Ericsson Inc, Ceo to shareholders: 50 billion connections 2020, p. 1, (2010). Available at: http://www.ericsson.com/thecompany/press/releases/2010/04/1403231
Cisco global cloud index: Forecast and methodology, 2014–2019 white paper. (2014)
Oculus, Oculus Rift helmet: next generation virtual reality. (2016). Available at: https://www3.oculus.com/en-us/rift/. 2
Google, Nest IoT devices. (2016). Available at: https://nest.com/.3
D. Evans, The Internet of Things: how the next evolution of the Internet is changing everything. CISCO White Paper, vol. 1, pp. 1–11, 2011.10
F. Wortmann, K. Flüchter, Internet of Things. Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. 57(3), 221–224 (2015)
https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/78767/Kalin_JH_T_2017.pdf?sequence=1
A. Brogi, S. Forti, QoS-aware deployment of IoT applications through the fog. IEEE Internet Things J. 4, 1185–1192 (2017)
Boeing 787s to Create Half a Terabyte of data Per Flight, Says Virgin Atlantic. Accessed on 7 Dec 2016 [Online], Available : https://datafloq.com/read/self-driving-cars-create-2-petabytes-data-annually/172
Self-Driving Cars Will Create 2Petabytes of Data, What are the Big\Data Opportunities for the Car Industry? Accessed on 7 Dec 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/data/boeing-787s-create-half-terabyte-of-data-per-flight says-virgin-atlantic-3433595/
M. Satyanarayanan, P. Bahl, R. Caceres, N. Davies, The case for VM-base cloudlets in mobile computing. Pervasive Comput. 8, 14–23 (2009)
ETSI, Mobile-edge Computing Introductory Technical White Paper, White Paper, Mobile-edge Computing Industry Initiative, (2014). https://portal.etsi.org/portals/0/tbpages/mec/docs/mobile-edge_computing_–_introductory_technical_white_paper_v1
Y.C. Hu, M. Patel, D. Sabella, N. Sprecher, V. Young, Mobile Edge Computing a Key Technology towards 5G, (2015). http://10.3.200.202/cache/8/03/etsi.org/6e14a9668574b8b935111768d9f6e501/etsi_wp11_mec_a_key_technology_towards_5g.pdf
ETSI GS MEC 001, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) Terminology V1.1.1, (2016). http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/MEC/001_099/001/01.01.01_60/gs_MEC001v010101p.pdf
ETSI GS MEC 002, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) Technical Requirements V1.1.1, (2016). http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/MEC/001_099/002/01.01.01_60/gs_MEC002v010101p.pdf
ETSI GS MEC 003, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) Framework and Reference Architecture V1.1.1, (2016). http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/MEC/001_099/003/01.01.01_60/gs_MEC003v010101p.pdf
ETSI GS MEC-IEG 004, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) Service Scenarios V1.1.1, (2015). http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/MEC/001_099/004/01.01.01_60/gs_MEC003v010101p.pdf
ETSI GS MEC-IEG 005, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) Proof of Concept FrameworkV1.1.1,(2015). http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/MECIEG/001_099/005/01.01.01_60/gs_MEC-IEG005v010101p.pdf
ETSI GS MEC-IEG 006: Mobile Edge Computing Market Acceleration MEC Metrics Best Practice and Guidelines V1.1.1, (2017) http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/MECIEG/001_099/006/01.01.01_60/gs_MEC-IEG006v010101p.pdf
T. Taleb, S. Dutta, A. Ksentini, M. Iqbal, H. Flinck, Mobile edge computing potential in making cities smarter. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55, 38–43 (2017)
Open Fog Consortium, [Online]. https://www.openfogconsortium.org/
OpenFog Consortium Architecture Working Group, OpenFog Architecture Overview White Paper, https://www.openfogconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenFog-Architecture-Overview-WP-2-2016.pdf
Q. Shen, L. Huang, G. Zhang, J. Gong, Policy Control and Traffic Aggregation for M2M Services in Mobile Networks. in International Conference on Mechatronic Sciences, Electric Engineering, and Computer (MEC ’13), pp. 3391–3395 (2013)
Cisco. Krikkit open source software, Feb 2014. http://eclipse.org/proposals/technology.krikkit/
H. Zou, Y. Yu, W. Tang, H.-W. M. Chen. FlexAnalytics: a flexible data analytics framework for big data applications with IO performance improvement. Big Data Res. J. 1, 4–13 (2014). Special Issue on Scalable Computing for Big Data
R. Willett, A. Martin, R. Nowak. Backcasting: adaptive sampling for sensor networks. in Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks. ACM, pp. 124–133. (2004)
A. Jain, E.Y. Chang, Adaptive sampling for sensor networks. in Proceeedings of the 1st international workshop on Data management for sensor networks: in conjunction with VLDB 2004. ACM, pp. 10–16, (2004)
S. Li, L. Da Xu, X. Wang, Compressed sensing signal and data acquisition in wireless sensor networks and internet of things. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 9(4), 2177–2186 (2013)
X.-Y. Liu, Y. Zhu, L. Kong, Y.G. Cong Liu, A.V. Vasilakos, M.-Y. Wu, CDC: Compressive data collection for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans Parallel Distributed Syst 26(8), 2188–2197 (2015)
F. Al-Turjman, Fog-based caching in software-defined information-centric networks. Comput Electr Eng J 69(1), 54–67 (2018)
B.A. Bash, J.W. Byers, J. Considine. Approximately uniform random sampling in sensor networks. in Proceeedings of the 1st international workshop on Data management for sensor networks: in conjunction with VLDB 2004. ACM, pp. 32–39, (2004)
S. Lin, B. Arai, D. Gunopulos, G. Das, Region sampling: Continuous Adaptive Sampling on Sensor Networks, IEEE 24th International Conference on Data Engineering, (2008), https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4497488/
N. Kimura, S. Latifi, A survey on data compression in wireless sensor networks. in International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC’05)-Volume II, Vol. 2. IEEE, 8–13, (2005)
Z. Huang, W. Lu, K. Yi, Y. Liu, Sampling based algorithms for quantile computation in sensor networks. in Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Management of data – SIGMOD ‘11. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, 745. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1145/1989323.1989401
K.-W. Fan, S. Liu, P. Sinha, Structure-free data aggregation in sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 6(8), 929–942 (2007)
A. Papageorgiou, B. Cheng, E. Kovacs, Real-time data reduction at the network edge of Internet-of-Things systems. in 2015 11th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM). IEEE, pp. 284–291. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/CNSM.2015.7367373
K.B. Pratt, E. Fink, Search for patterns in compressed time series. Int. J. Image Graph. 2, 89–106 (2002)
J.W. Patty, E.M. Penn, Analyzing big data: social choice and measurement. Polit. Sci. Polit. 48(01), 95–101 (2015)
M. Trovati, Reduced topologically real-world networks: a big-data approach. Int. J. Distrib. Syst. Technol. (IJDST) 6(2), 13–27 (2015)
M. Trovati, N. Bessis, An influence assessment method based on co-occurrence for topologically reduced big data sets. in Soft Computing, pp. 1–10, (2015)
B. Jalali, M.H. Asghari, The anamorphic stretch transform: putting the squeeze on “big data”. Opt. Photonics News 25(2), 24–31 (2014)
B. Di Martino et al., Big data (lost) in the cloud. Int. J. Big Data Intell. 1(1–2), 3–17 (2014)
P. Jiang et al., An intelligent information forwarder for healthcare big data systems with distributed wearable sensors. IEEE Syst. J. 99, 1–9 (2014)
2015 11th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM) in [Real-Time Data Reduction at the Network Edge of Internet-of-Things Systems Apostolos Papageorgiou, Bin Cheng, Erno Kovacs ¨ NEC Laboratories Europe Heidelberg, Germany apostolos.papageorgiou@neclab.eu, bin.cheng@neclab.eu, ernoe.kovacs@neclab.eu]
M.H. Rehman, P.P. Jayaraman, S.R. Malik, A.R. Khan, M.M. Gaber, RedEdge: A Novel Architecture for BigData Processing in Mobile Edge Computing Environments. J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 6(3), 17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan6030017
D.Y. Kim, S. Kim, J.H. Park, A combined network control approach for the edge cloud and LPWAN-based IoT services. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.4406
C. Yang et al., A spatiotemporal compression based approach for efficient big data processing on Cloud. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 80(8), 1563–1583 (2014)
K. Ackermann, S.D. Angus, A resource efficient big data analysis method for the social sciences: the case of global IP activity. Procedia Comput. Sci. 29, 2360–2369 (2014)
B.H. Brinkmann et al., Large-scale electrophysiology acquisition, compression, encryption, and storage of big data. J. Neurosci. Methods 180(1), 185–192 (2009)
M. Weinstein et al., Analyzing big data with dynamic quantum clustering. arXiv preprint arXiv:1310.2700, (2013)
A. Cichocki, Era of big data processing: a new approach via tensor networks and tensor decompositions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1403.2048, (2014)
L. Zhang et al., Named data networking (NDN) project. Xerox Palo Alto Res. Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA, Tech. Rep. NDN-0001, (2010)
D. Raychaudhuri, K. Nagaraja, A. Venkataramani, MobilityFirst: a robust and trustworthy mobility-centric architecture for the future Internet. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Comput. Commun. Rev. 16(3), 2–13 (2012)
F. DaCosta, Rethinking the Internet of Things: A Scalable Approach to Connecting Everything (ApressOpen, New York, NY, 2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jain, K., Mohapatra, S. (2019). Taxonomy of Edge Computing: Challenges, Opportunities, and Data Reduction Methods. In: Al-Turjman, F. (eds) Edge Computing. EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99061-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99061-3_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99060-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-99061-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)