Abstract
Radioisotopes of iodine have been incorporated into a wide variety of radiopharmaceuticals ranging from small, low molecular weight compounds to large molecules like antibodies. Because of the routine availability of radioisotopes of iodine with different nuclear decay properties, radioiodination is an attractive strategy because the same chemistry can be utilized for both radionuclide imaging and targeted radiotherapy. Over the years, various methods have been developed for the synthesis of radioiodinated compounds. This chapter gives an overview of these methods as well as their potential advantages and disadvantages. Some useful tips and tactics for the radioiodination chemistry are provided. Important milestones in radioiodination chemistry are summarized and some thoughts about the future of radioiodination as a radiopharmaceutical chemistry strategy are provided.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Mennicke E, Holschbach M, Coenen HH. Direct n.c.a. electrophilic radioiodination of deactivated arenes with N-chlorosuccinimide. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2000;43(7):721–37.
Takahashi M, Seki K, Nishijima K, Zhao S, Kuge Y, Tamaki N, et al. Synthesis of a radioiodinated thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor and its preliminary evaluation as a potential SPECT tracer for angiogenic enzyme expression. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2008;51(11–12):384–7.
Racys DT, Sharif SA, Pimlott SL, Sutherland A. Silver(I)-catalyzed iodination of Arenes: tuning the Lewis acidity of N-Iodosuccinimide activation. J Org Chem. 2016;81(3):772–80.
Tamborini L, Chen Y, Foss CA, Pinto A, Horti AG, Traynelis SF, et al. Development of radiolabeled ligands targeting the glutamate binding site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor as potential imaging agents for brain. J Med Chem. 2016;59(24):11110–9.
Jia J, Song J, Dai J, Liu B, Cui M. Optically pure diphenoxy derivatives as more flexible probes for beta-amyloid plaques. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2016;7(9):1275–82.
Vaidyanathan G, Affleck DJ, Alston KL, Zalutsky MR. A tin precursor for the synthesis of no-carrier-added [*I]MIBG and [211At]MABG. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2007;50(3–4):177–82.
Garg S, Garg PK, Zalutsky MR. N-succinimidyl 5-(trialkylstannyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylates: a new class of reagents for protein radioiodination. Bioconjug Chem. 1991;2(1):50–6.
Chen K, He P, Zhang S, Li PF. Synthesis of aryl trimethylstannanes from aryl halides: an efficient photochemical method. Chem Commun. 2016;52(58):9125–8.
Seevers RH, Counsell RE. Radioiodination techniques for small organic molecules. Chem Rev. 1982;82(6):575–90.
Zea-Ponce Y, Baldwin RM, Zoghbi SS, Innis RB. Formation of 1-[123I]iodobutane in labeling [123I]iomazenil by iododestannylation: implications for the reaction mechanism. Appl Radiat Isot. 1994;45(1):63–8.
Arstad E, Hoff P, Skattebol L, Skretting A, Breistol K. Studies on the synthesis and biological properties of non-carrier-added [125I and 131I]-labeled arylalkylidenebisphosphonates: potent bone-seekers for diagnosis and therapy of malignant osseous lesions. J Med Chem. 2003;46(14):3021–32.
Vaidyanathan G, Zalutsky MR. No-carrier-added synthesis of meta-[131I]iodobenzylguanidine. Appl Radiat Isot. 1993;44(3):621–8.
Green M, Lowe J, Kadirvel M, McMahon A, Westwood N, Chua S, et al. Radiosynthesis of no-carrier-added meta-[124I]iodobenzylguanidine for PET imaging of metastatic neuroblastoma. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2017;311(1):727–32.
Champion S, Gross J, Robichaud AJ, Pimlott S. Radiosynthesis of 123I-labelled benzimidazoles as novel single-photon emission computed tomography tracers for the histamine H3 receptor. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2011;54(9–10):674–7.
Tang P, Ritter T. Silver-mediated fluorination of aryl silanes. Tetrahedron. 2011;67(24):4449–54.
Wilbur DS, Svitra ZV. Organopentafluorosilicates – reagents for rapid and efficient incorporation of no-carrier-added radiobromine and radioiodine. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 1983;20(5):619–26.
McNeill E, Barder TE, Buchwald SL. Palladium-catalyzed silylation of aryl chlorides with hexamethyldisilane. Org Lett. 2007;9(19):3785–8.
Coenen HH, Moerlein SM, Stocklin G. No-carrier-added radiohalogenation methods with heavy halogens. Radiochim Acta. 1983;34(1–2):47–68.
Foulon CF, Zhang YZ, Adelstein SJ, Kassis AI. Instantaneous preparation of radiolabeled 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine. Appl Radiat Isot. 1995;46(10):1039–46.
Kawai K, Ohta H, Kubodera A, Channing MA, Eckelman WC. Synthesis and evaluation of radioiodinated 6-iodo-L-DOPA as a cerebral L-amino acid transport marker. Nucl Med Biol. 1996;23(3):251–5.
Hylarides MD, Wilbur DS, Hadley SW, Fritzberg AR. Synthesis and iodination of methyl 4-tri-normal-butylstannylbenzoate, para-(methoxycarbonyl) phenylmercuric chloride and para-(methoxycarbonyl) phenylboronic acid. J Organomet Chem. 1989;367(3):259–65.
Kabalka GW, Yao ML. No-carrier-added radiohalogenations utilizing organoboranes: the synthesis of iodine-123 labeled curcumin. J Organomet Chem. 2009;694(11):1638–41.
Kabalka GW, Sastry KAR, Muralidhar K. Synthesis of iodine-125 labeled aryl and vinyl iodides. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 1982;19(6):795–9.
Kabalka GW, Akula MR, Zhang J. Synthesis of radioiodinated aryl iodides via boronate precursors. Nucl Med Biol. 2002;29(8):841–3.
Kabalka GW, Tang G, Mereddy AR. No-carrier-added radiohalogenations utilizing organoborates. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2007;50(5–6):446–7.
Akula MR, Yao ML, Kabalka GW. Triolborates: water-soluble complexes of arylboronic acids as precursors to iodoarenes. Tetrahedron Lett. 2010;51(8):1170–1.
Moerlein SM. Regiospecific incorporation of no-carrier-added radiobromine and radioiodine into aromatic rings via halodegermylation. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1. 1985;8:1687–92.
Haberkorn U, Kinscherf R, Krammer PH, Mier W, Eisenhut M. Investigation of a potential scintigraphic marker of apoptosis: radioiodinated Z-Val-Ala-DL-Asp(O-methyl)-fluoromethyl ketone. Nucl Med Biol. 2001;28(7):793–8.
Ronnest MH, Nissen F, Pedersen PJ, Larsen TO, Mier W, Clausen MH. A mild method for regioselective labeling of aromatics with radioactive iodine. Eur J Org Chem. 2013;19:3970–3.
Wieland DM, Mangner TJ, Inbasekaran MN, Brown LE, Wu JL. Adrenal medulla imaging agents: a structure-distribution relationship study of radiolabeled aralkylguanidines. J Med Chem. 1984;27(2):149–55.
Mertens J, Vanryckeghem W, Bossuyt A. High-yield preparation of 123I-N-isopropyl-para-iodoamphetamine (Iamp) in presence of Cu(I). J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 1985;22(1):89–93.
Eersels JLH, Mertens J, Herscheid JDM. Optimization of the labeling yield by determination of the Cu+-acetonitrile complex constant in Cu+-catalyzed nucleophilic exchange reactions in mixed solvent conditions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2011;288(1):291–6.
Eersels JL, Mertens J, Herscheid JD. The Cu+-assisted radioiodination kit: mechanistic study of unexplored parameters concerning the acidity and redox properties of the reaction medium. Appl Radiat Isot. 2010;68(2):309–13.
Eersels JLH, Travis MJ, Herscheid JDM. Manufacturing I-123-labelled radiopharmaceuticals. Pitfalls and solutions. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2005;48(4):241–57.
Chacko AM, Divgi CR. Radiopharmaceutical chemistry with iodine-124: a non-standard radiohalogen for positron emission tomography. Med Chem. 2011;7(5):395–412.
Eersels JLH, Mertens J, Herscheid JDM. New insights into the Cu plus -assisted nucleophilic radioiodination of bromopyridine and iodopyridine analogues. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2012;55(4):135–9.
Cant AA, Champion S, Bhalla R, Pimlott SL, Sutherland A. Nickel-mediated radioiodination of aryl and heteroaryl bromides: rapid synthesis of tracers for SPECT imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013;52(30):7829–32.
Wilson TC, McSweeney G, Preshlock S, Verhoog S, Tredwell M, Cailly T, et al. Radiosynthesis of SPECT tracers via a copper mediated 123I iodination of (hetero)aryl boron reagents. Chem Commun (Camb). 2016;52(90):13277–80.
Zhang P, Zhuang R, Guo Z, Su X, Chen X, Zhang X. A highly efficient copper-mediated radioiodination approach using aryl boronic acids. Chemistry. 2016;22(47):16783–6.
Michelot JM, Moreau MF, Labarre PG, Madelmont JC, Veyre AJ, Papon JM, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of new iodine-125 radiopharmaceuticals as potential tracers for malignant melanoma. J Nucl Med. 1991;32(8):1573–80.
Pickett JE, Nagakura K, Pasternak AR, Grinnell SG, Majumdar S, Lewis JS, et al. Sandmeyer reaction repurposed for the site-selective, non-oxidizing radioiodination of fully-deprotected peptides: studies on the endogenous opioid peptide alpha-neoendorphin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013;23(15):4347–50.
Vivier M, Rapp M, Papon J, Labarre P, Galmier MJ, Sauziere J, et al. Synthesis, radiosynthesis, and biological evaluation of new proteasome inhibitors in a tumor targeting approach. J Med Chem. 2008;51(4):1043–7.
Khalaj A, Beiki D, Rafiee H, Najafi R. A new and simple synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[127/125I] iodobenzoate involving a microwave-accelerated iodination step. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2001;44(3):235–40.
Foster NI, Dannals R, Burns HD, Heindel ND. A condition variation study for radioiodination via triazene intermediates. J Radioanal Chem. 1981;65(1–2):95–105.
Hu B, Miller WH, Neumann KD, Linstad EJ, DiMagno SG. An alternative to the Sandmeyer approach to aryl iodides. Chemistry. 2015;21(17):6394–8.
DiMagno SG. WO 2016201128 A1 20161215 preparation of guanidinium compounds; 2016.
Guerard F, Lee YS, Baidoo K, Gestin JF, Brechbiel MW. Unexpected behavior of the heaviest halogen astatine in the nucleophilic substitution of aryliodonium salts. Chemistry. 2016;22(35):12332–9.
Kothari P, De BP, He B, Chen A, Chiuchiolo MJ, Kim D, et al. Radioiodinated capsids facilitate in vivo non-invasive tracking of adeno-associated gene transfer vectors. Sci Rep. 2017;7:39594.
Culbert PA, Hunter DH. Polymer-supported radiopharmaceuticals – 123I labeled and 131I-labeled N-isopropyl-4-iodoamphetamine. React Polym. 1993;19(3):247–53.
Hunter DH, Zhu XZ. Polymer-supported radiopharmaceuticals: [131I]MIBG and [123I]MIBG. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 1999;42(7):653–61.
Chin BB, Kronauge JF, Femia FJ, Chen J, Maresca KP, Hillier S, et al. Phase-1 clinical trial results of high-specific-activity carrier-free 123I-iobenguane. J Nucl Med. 2014;55(5):765–71.
Gifford AN, Kuschel S, Shea C, Fowler JS. Polymer-supported organotin reagent for prosthetic group labeling of biological macromolecules with radioiodine. Bioconjug Chem. 2011;22(3):406–12.
Janabi M, Pollock CM, Chacko AM, Hunter DH. Resin-supported arylstannanes as precursors for radiolabeling with iodine: benzaldehydes, benzoic acids, benzamides, and NHS esters. Can J Chem. 2015;93(2):207–17.
Kabalka GW, Namboodiri V, Akula MR. Synthesis of 123I labeled Congo red via solid phase organic chemistry. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2001;44(13):921–9.
Hernan AG, Horton PN, Hursthouse MB, Kilburn JD. New and efficient synthesis of solid-supported organotin reagents and their use in organic synthesis. J Organomet Chem. 2006;691(8):1466–75.
Rajerison H, Faye D, Roumesy A, Louaisil N, Boeda F, Faivre-Chauvet A, et al. Ionic liquid supported organotin reagents to prepare molecular imaging and therapy agents. Org Biomol Chem. 2016;14(6):2121–6.
Wang G, Chen ZM, Wu EM, Wang Y, Huang HY. A convenient method for the preparation of radioiodinated meta-iodobenzylguanidine at a no-carrier-added level. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2015;58(11–12):442–4.
Dzandzi JP, Beckford Vera DR, Genady AR, Albu SA, Eltringham-Smith LJ, Capretta A, et al. Fluorous analogue of chloramine-t: preparation, x-ray structure determination, and use as an oxidant for radioiodination and s-tetrazine synthesis. J Org Chem. 2015;80(14):7117–25.
Dzandzi JP, Vera DR, Valliant JF. A hybrid solid-fluorous phase radioiodination and purification platform. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2014;57(9):551–7.
Donovan A, Forbes J, Dorff P, Schaffer P, Babich J, Valliant JF. A new strategy for preparing molecular imaging and therapy agents using fluorine-rich (fluorous) soluble supports. J Am Chem Soc. 2006;128(11):3536–7.
Billaud EM, Vidal A, Vincenot A, Besse S, Bouchon B, Debiton E, et al. Development and preliminary evaluation of TFIB, a new bimodal prosthetic group for bioactive molecule labeling. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2015;6(2):168–72.
Carter RL, Johnson BF, Sood A, Rishel MJ, Valliant JF, Stephenson KA, et al. Biotin stannane for HPLC-free radioiodination. CA 28855223 A1. Google Patents 28 Mar 2013. https://www.google.com/patents/CA2866223A1?cl=en.
Wu T, Yang Y, Stephenson K, Valliant J, Carter R, Johnson B, et al. Biotin stannanes for HPLC-free radioiodination (abstract). J Nucl Med. 2013;54(Suppl 2):496.
Nakagawa C, Toyama M, Takeuchi R, Takahashi T, Tanaka H. Synthesis of [I-123]-iodometomidate from a polymer-supported precursor with a large excluded volume. RSC Adv. 2016;6(15):12215–8.
Yong L, Yao ML, Kelly H, Green JF, Kabalka GW. Radioiodination of polymer-supported organotrifluoroborates. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2011;54(4):173–4.
Spivey AC, Tseng CC, Jones TC, Kohler AD, Ellames GJ. A method for parallel solid-phase synthesis of iodinated analogues of the CB1 receptor inverse agonist rimonabant. Org Lett. 2009;11(20):4760–3.
Doll S, Woolum K, Kumar K. Radiolabeling of a cyclic RGD (cyclo Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Tyr-Lys) peptide using sodium hypochlorite as an oxidizing agent. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2016;59(11):462–6.
Haubner R, Wester HJ, Reuning U, Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R, Diefenbach B, Kessler H, et al. Radiolabeled αvβ3 integrin antagonists: a new class of tracers for tumor targeting. J Nucl Med. 1999;40(6):1061–71.
Terriere D, Chavatte K, Ceusters M, Tourwe D, Mertens J. Radiosynthesis of new radio neurotensin (8-13) analogues. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 1998;41(1):19–27.
Vaidyanathan G, Affleck D, Welsh P, Srinivasan A, Schmidt M, Zalutsky MR. Radioiodination and astatination of octreotide by conjugation labeling. Nucl Med Biol. 2000;27(4):329–37.
Dissoki S, Hagooly A, Elmachily S, Mishani E. Labeling approaches for the GE11 peptide, an epidermal growth factor receptor biomarker. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2011;54(11):693–701.
Rossouw DD. Radioiodine labelling of a small chemotactic peptide, utilizing two different prosthetic groups: a comparative study. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2008;51(1–2):48–53.
Kondo N, Temma T, Shimizu Y, Ono M, Saji H. Radioiodinated peptidic imaging probes for in vivo detection of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase in cancers. Biol Pharm Bull. 2015;38(9):1375–82.
Bhojani MS, Ranga R, Luker GD, Rehemtulla A, Ross BD, Van Dort ME. Synthesis and investigation of a radioiodinated F3 peptide analog as a SPECT tumor imaging radioligand. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22418.
Amartey JK, Esguerra C. A facile method for post-conjugation prosthetic radioiodination of “mini-peptides”. Appl Radiat Isot. 2006;64(12):1549–54.
Vaidyanathan G, Affleck DJ, Schottelius M, Wester H, Friedman HS, Zalutsky MR. Synthesis and evaluation of glycosylated octreotate analogues labeled with radioiodine and 211At via a tin precursor. Bioconjug Chem. 2006;17(1):195–203.
Choi MH, Shim HE, Yun SJ, Kim HR, Mushtaq S, Lee CH, et al. Highly efficient method for 125I-radiolabeling of biomolecules using inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction. Bioorg Med Chem. 2016;24:2589–94.
Verel I, Visser GW, Vosjan MJ, Finn R, Boellaard R, van Dongen GA. High-quality 124I-labelled monoclonal antibodies for use as PET scouting agents prior to 131I-radioimmunotherapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31(12):1645–52.
Lane DJR, Richardson DR. Revolutions in the labelling of proteins with radionuclides of iodine: William Hunter and radioiodination. Biochem J. 2011;4:34–8.
Vaidyanathan G, Zalutsky MR. Preparation of N-succinimidyl 3-[*I]iodobenzoate: an agent for the indirect radioiodination of proteins. Nat Protoc. 2006;1(2):707–13.
Wilbur DS, Hadley SW, Hylarides MD, Abrams PG, Beaumier PA, Morgan AC, et al. Development of a stable radioiodinating reagent to label monoclonal antibodies for radiotherapy of cancer. J Nucl Med. 1989;30(2):216–26.
Tolmachev V, Orlova A, Lundqvist H. Approaches to improve cellular retention of radiohalogen labels delivered by internalising tumour-targeting proteins and peptides. Curr Med Chem. 2003;10(22):2447–60.
Sugiura G, Kuhn H, Sauter M, Haberkorn U, Mier W. Radiolabeling strategies for tumor-targeting proteinaceous drugs. Molecules. 2014;19(2):2135–65.
Yan R, Sander K, Galante E, Rajkumar V, Badar A, Robson M, et al. A one-pot three-component radiochemical reaction for rapid assembly of 125I-labeled molecular probes. J Am Chem Soc. 2013;135(2):703–9.
Ono M, Watanabe H, Ikehata Y, Ding N, Yoshimura M, Sano K, et al. Radioiodination of BODIPY and its application to a nuclear and optical dual functional labeling agent for proteins and peptides. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):3337.
Reist CJ, Archer GE, Kurpad SN, Wikstrand CJ, Vaidyanathan G, Willingham MC, et al. Tumor-specific anti-epidermal growth factor receptor variant III monoclonal antibodies: use of the tyramine-cellobiose radioiodination method enhances cellular retention and uptake in tumor xenografts. Cancer Res. 1995;55(19):4375–82.
Choi J, Vaidyanathan G, Koumarianou E, McDougald D, Pruszynski M, Osada T, et al. N-Succinimidyl guanidinomethyl iodobenzoate protein radiohalogenation agents: influence of isomeric substitution on radiolabeling and target cell residualization. Nucl Med Biol. 2014;41(10):802–12.
Shankar S, Vaidyanathan G, Affleck DJ, Peixoto K, Bigner DD, Zalutsky MR. Evaluation of an internalizing monoclonal antibody labeled using N-succinimidyl 3-[131I]iodo-4-phosphonomethylbenzoate ([131I]SIPMB), a negatively charged substituent bearing acylation agent. Nucl Med Biol. 2004;31(7):909–19.
Karmani L, Leveque P, Bouzin C, Bol A, Dieu M, Walrand S, et al. Biodistribution of 125I-labeled anti-endoglin antibody using SPECT/CT imaging: impact of in vivo deiodination on tumor accumulation in mice. Nucl Med Biol. 2016;43(7):415–23.
Pruszynski M, Koumarianou E, Vaidyanathan G, Chitneni S, Zalutsky MR. D-amino acid peptide residualizing agents bearing N-hydroxysuccinimido- and maleimido-functional groups and their application for trastuzumab radioiodination. Nucl Med Biol. 2015;42(1):19–27.
Lee FT, Burvenich IJ, Guo N, Kocovski P, Tochon-Danguy H, Ackermann U, et al. l-tyrosine confers residualizing properties to a d-amino acid-rich residualizing peptide for radioiodination of internalizing antibodies. Mol Imaging. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1177/15:1536012116647535.
van Schaijk FG, Broekema M, Oosterwijk E, van Eerd JE, McBride BJ, Goldenberg DM, et al. Residualizing iodine markedly improved tumor targeting using bispecific antibody-based pretargeting. J Nucl Med. 2005;46(6):1016–22.
Boswell CA, Marik J, Elowson MJ, Reyes NA, Ulufatu S, Bumbaca D, et al. Enhanced tumor retention of a radiohalogen label for site-specific modification of antibodies. J Med Chem. 2013;56(23):9418–26.
Vaidyanathan G, White BJ, Affleck DJ, Zhao XG, Welsh PC, McDougald D, et al. SIB-DOTA: a trifunctional prosthetic group potentially amenable for multi-modal labeling that enhances tumor uptake of internalizing monoclonal antibodies. Bioorg Med Chem. 2012;20(24):6929–39.
Albu SA, Al-Karmi SA, Vito A, Dzandzi JP, Zlitni A, Beckford-Vera D, et al. 125I-Tetrazines and inverse-electron-demand diels-alder chemistry: a convenient radioiodination strategy for biomolecule labeling, screening, and biodistribution studies. Bioconjug Chem. 2016;27(1):207–16.
Cavina L, van der Born D, Klaren PHM, Feiters MC, Boerman OC, Rutjes F. Design of radioiodinated pharmaceuticals: structural features affecting metabolic stability towards in vivo deiodination. Eur J Org Chem. 2017;2017(24):3387–414.
Genady AR, Tan J, El-Zaria ME, Zlitni A, Janzen N, Valliant JF. Reprint of: synthesis, characterization and radiolabeling of carborane-functionalized tetrazines for use in inverse electron demand Diels-Alder ligation reactions. J Organomet Chem. 2015;798:278–88.
DiMagno SG. US 20140275539 A1. Preparation of radioiodinated and astatinated organic compounds as imaging agents; 2014.
Sajjad M, Lambrecht RM, Bakr SA. Autoradiolytic decomposition of reductant-free sodium I-124 iodide and I-123 iodide. Radiochim Acta. 1990;50(1–2):123–7.
Sartor J, Guhlke S, Tentler M, Biersack HJ. A simple and efficient method for purification and reduction of radioiodine for pharmaceutical syntheses. J Nucl Med. 1998;39(5):143P.
Sahu S, Sahoo PR, Patel S, Mishra BK. Oxidation of thiourea and substituted thioureas: a review. J Sulfur Chem. 2011;32(2):171–97.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vaidyanathan, G., Zalutsky, M.R. (2019). The Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry of the Radioisotopes of Iodine. In: Lewis, J., Windhorst, A., Zeglis, B. (eds) Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98947-1_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98947-1_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98946-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98947-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)