Skip to main content

Secondary Control for Islanded Microgrids

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Microgrids Design and Implementation

Abstract

This chapter introduces concepts, characteristics, advantages, and drawbacks of different secondary control approaches for islanded microgrids. First, multilayer hierarchical control is reviewed, defining the main features and control objectives of each control layer. Second, centralized and distributed control approaches (and the best-known distributed techniques: averaging and consensus) are presented. The sections include the main equations and aspects about the corresponding communications schemes. Then, the impacts of communications issues over these techniques are analyzed. Third, control with no communication is discussed considering its pros and cons. Finally, experimental demonstrations in a laboratory microgrid are presented to analyze the characteristics of the approaches described. The chapter concludes with key findings and remarks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Parhizi, S., Lotfi, H., Khodaei, A., & Bahramirad, S. (2015). State of the art in research on microgrids: A review. IEEE Access, 3(1), 890–925.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Vasquez, J., Guerrero, J. M., Miret, J., Castilla, M., & Garcia de Vicuña, L. (2010). Hierarchical control of intelligent microgrids. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 4(4), 23–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bidram, A., & Davoudi, A. (2012). Hierarchical structure of microgrids control system. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(4), 1963–1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Vandoorn, T. L., Vasquez, J. C., De Kooning, J., Guerrero, J. M., & Vandevelde, L. (2013). Microgrids: Hierarchical control and an overview of the control and reserve management strategies. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 7(4), 42–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Guerrero, J. M., Chandorkar, M., Lee, T., & Loh, P. C. (2013). Advanced control architectures for intelligent microgrids—Part I: Decentralized and hierarchical control. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 60(4), 1254–1262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Lopes, J. A. P., Moreira, C. L., & Madureira, A. G. (2006). Defining control strategies for microgrids islanded operation. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 21(2), 916–924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Tsikalakis, A. G., & Hatziargyriou, N. D. (2011) Centralized control for optimizing microgrids operation. In 2011 I.E. Power and Energy Society General Meeting (Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 1–8).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Guerrero, J. M., Vasquez, J. C., Matas, J., García de Vicuña, L., & Castilla, M. (2011). Hierarchical control of droop-controlled AC and DC microgrids—A general approach toward standardization. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 58(1), 158–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Savaghebi, M., Jalilian, A., Vasquez, J. C., & Guerrero, J. M. (2012). Secondary control scheme for voltage unbalance compensation in an islanded droop-controlled microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(2), 797–807.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Savaghebi, M., Jalilian, A., Vasquez, J. C., & Guerrero, J. M. (2012). Secondary control for voltage quality enhancement in microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(4), 1893–1902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Mehrizi-Sani, A., & Iravani, R. (2010). Potential-function based control of a microgrid in islanded and grid-connected modes. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 25(4), 1883–1891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Liang, H., Choi, B. J., Zhuang, W., & Shen, X. (2013). Stability enhancement of decentralized inverter control through wireless communications in microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(1), 321–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bidram, A., Davoudi, A., Lewis, F. L., & Sam Ge, S. (2014). Distributed adaptive voltage control of inverter-based microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 29(4), 862–872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Lewis, F. L., Qu, Z., Davoudi, A., & Bidram, A. (2013). Secondary control of microgrids based on distributed cooperative control of multi-agent systems. IET Generation Transmission and Distribution, 7(8), 822–831.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Shafiee, Q., Guerrero, J. M., & Vasquez, J. C. (2014). Distributed secondary control for islanded microgrids—A novel approach. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 29(2), 1018–1031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Shafiee, Q., Stefanovic, C., Dragicevic, T., Popovski, P., Vasquez, J. C., & Guerrero, J. M. (2014). Robust networked control scheme for distributed secondary control of islanded microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 61(10), 5363–5374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Lu, L.-Y., & Chu, C.-C. (2015). Consensus-based secondary frequency and voltage droop control of virtual synchronous generators for isolated AC micro-grids. IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, 5(3), 443–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Guo, F., Wen, C., Mao, J., & Song, Y.-D. (2015). Distributed secondary voltage and frequency restoration control of droop-controlled inverter-based microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 62(7), 4355–4364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Simpson-Porco, J. W., Shafiee, Q., Dorfler, F., Vasquez, J. C., Guerrero, J. M., & Bullo, F. (2015). Secondary frequency and voltage control of islanded microgrids via distributed averaging. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 62(11), 7025–7038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kounev, V., Tipper, D., Yavuz, A. A., Grainger, B. M., & Reed, G. F. (2015). A secure communication architecture for distributed microgrid control. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6(5), 2484–2492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lai, J., Zhou, H., Lu, X., Yu, X., & Hu, W. (2016). Droop-based distributed cooperative control for microgrids with time-varying delays. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 7(4), 1775–1789.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Dominguez-Garcia, A. D., Hadjicostis, C. N., & Vaidya, N. H. (2012). Resilient networked control of distributed energy resources. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 30(6), 1137–1148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Olivares, D. E., Mehrizi-Sani, A., Etemadi, A. H., Canizares, C. A., Iravani, R., Kazerani, M., Hajimiragha, A. H., Gomis-Bellmunt, O., Saeedifard, M., Palma-Behnke, R., Jimenez-Estevez, G. A., & Hatziargyriou, N. D. (2014). Trends in microgrid control. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 5(4), 1905–1919.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Liu, S., Wang, X., & Liu, P. X. (2015). Impact of communication delays on secondary frequency control in an islanded microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 62(4), 2021–2031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ci, S., Qian, J., Wu, D., & Keyhani, A. (2012). Impact of wireless communication delay on load sharing among distributed generation systems through smart microgrids. IEEE Wireless Communications, 19(3), 24–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ahumada, C., Cardenas, R., Saez, D., & Guerrero, J. M. (2016). Secondary control strategies for frequency restoration in islanded microgrids with consideration of communication delays. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 7(3), 1430–1441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Xin, H., Zhao, R., Zhang, L., Wang, Z., Wong, K. P., & Wei, W. (2016). A decentralized hierarchical control structure and self-optimizing control strategy for F-P Type DGs in islanded microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 7(1), 3–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Xin, H., Zhang, L., Wang, Z., Gan, D., & Wong, K. P. (2015). Control of island AC microgrids using a fully distributed approach. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6(2), 943–945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Shi, H., Fang, Z., Yi, H., Wang, F., Zhang, D., & Geng, Z. (2014). A novel real-time voltage and frequency compensation strategy for photovoltaic-based microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 62(6), 1–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hua, M., Hu, H., Xing, Y., & Guerrero, J. M. (2012). Multilayer control for inverters in parallel operation without intercommunications. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 27(8), 3651–3663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Rey, J. M., Marti, P., Velasco, M., Miret, J., & Castilla, M. (2017). Secondary switched control with no communications for islanded microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(11), 8534–8545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juan M. Rey .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rey, J.M., Torres-Martínez, J., Castilla, M. (2019). Secondary Control for Islanded Microgrids. In: Zambroni de Souza, A., Castilla, M. (eds) Microgrids Design and Implementation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98687-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98687-6_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98686-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98687-6

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics